考研英语11
考研英语模拟题模拟437
Section Ⅰ Use of English
The cellphone, a device we have lived with for more than a decade, offers a good example of a popular technology's unforeseen side effects. More than one billion are (1) around the world, and when asked, their (2) say they love their phones for the safety and convenience (3) provide. People also report that they are (4) in their use of their phones. One opinion survey (5) that "98 percent
of Americans say they move away from (6) when talking on a wireless phone in public" (7) "86 percent say they 'never' or 'rarely'
speak (8) wireless phones" when conducting (9) with clerks or
bank tellers. Clearly, there exists a (10) between our reported
cell phone behavior and our actual behavior.
Cellphone users--that is to say, most of us--
are (11) instigators and victims of this form of conversational panhandling, and it (12) a cumulatively negative effect on social space. As the sociologist Erving Gotfman observed in another (13) , there is something deeply disturbing about people who
are" (14) contact" in social situations because they are blatantly refusing to (15) to the norms of their immediate environment. Placing a cellphone call in public instantly transforms the strangers around you (16) unwilling listeners who must cede to your use of
the public (17) , a decidedly undemocratic effect for so democratic a technology. Listeners don't always passively (18) this situation: in recent years, people have been pepper-sprayed in movie
theaters, (19) from concert hails and deliberately rammed with cars as a result of (20) behavior on their cellphones.
1、A. now using B. got used C. in useD. to be used
2、A. masters B. owners C. holders D. inventors
3、A. they B. who C. that D. which
4、A. careful B. careless C. courteous D. cautious
5、A. expressed B. exposed C. discovered D. found
6、A. other B. others C. the other D. another
7、A. and that B. as for C. whereas D. on the
contrary
8、A. on B. by C. via D. from
9、A. acts B. actions C. operations D. transactions
10、A. limit B. gulf C. river D. boundary
11、A. either B. neither C. both D. all
12、A. has B. had C. has had D. had had
13、A. place B. location C. spot D. context
14、A. in B. out of C. keeping D. having
15、A. insist B. adhere C. continue D. attach
16、A. and B. in C. into D. from
17、A. space B. phone C. service D. facility
18、A. have B. find C. receive D. accept
19、A. refused B. ejected C. rejected D.
repelled
20、A. good B. poor C. polite D. rude
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
Say the word bacteria, and most folks conjure up images of a nasty germ like staphylococcus or salmonella that can make you really sick. But most bacteria aren't bad for you. In fact, consuming extra amounts of some bacteria can actually promote good health. These beneficial bacteria are available without a prescription in drug and health-food stores and in foods like yogurt. So far, the best results have been seen in the treatment of diarrhea, particularly in children. But re searchers are also looking into the possibility that
beneficial bacteria may thwart vaginal infections in women, prevent
some food allergies in children and lessen symptoms of Crohn's disease, a relatively rare but painful gastrointestinal disorder.
So where have these good germs been lurking all your life? In your intestines, especially the lower section called the colon, which harbors at least 400 species of bacteria. Which ones you have depends largely on your environment and diet. An abundance of good bacteria
in the colon generally crowds out stray bad bacteria in your food.
But if the bad outnumber the good—for example, after antibiotic treatment for a sinus or an ear infection, which kills normal
intestinal germs as well—the result can be diarrhea.
For generations, people have restored the balance by eating yogurt, buttermilk or other products made from fermented milk. But nowadays, you can also down a few pills that contain freeze-dried germs. These preparations are called probiotics to distinguish them from antibiotics. Unfortunately, you can't always be sure that the
bacteria in the products you buy are the same strains as those listed on the label or even that they're still alive. Probiotics are usually sensitive to both heat and moisture. Among the most promising and
most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain of Laetobacillus, discovered by Dr. Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist
Barry Goldin, both at Tufts University School of Medicine. L-GG, as
it's called, has been used to treat traveler's diarrhea and
intestinal upsets caused by antibiotics. Even more intriguing, L- GG also seems to work against some viruses, including rotavirus, one of the most common causes of diarrhea in children in the U. S. and
around the world. Here the effect is indirect. Somehow L-GG jump-
starts the immune system into recognizing the threat posed by the virus.
Pediatricians at Johns Hopkins are studying a different bug, the
Bb-12 strain of Bifidobacterium, which was discovered by researchers
at CHR Hansen Biosystems. Like L-GG, Bb-12 stimulates the immune system. For reasons that are not dear, infants who are breast-fed
have large amounts of bifidobacteria in their intestines. They also have fewer intestinal upsets. Dr. Jose Saavedra and colleagues at Hopkins have shown that Bb-12 prevents several types of diarrhea, including that caused by r0tavirus, in hospitalized infants as young as four months. It has also been used to cure diarrhea in children of all ages.
21、What the author mainly intends to say in the first paragraph is
______.
A. that nasty germs can make you really sick
B. that the word bacteria doesn't refer to the germs which make people sick
C. the beneficial effects that most bacteria may produce on human body
D. the possibility that beneficial bacteria may stop vaginal infections in women
22、According to this passage, ______may result in the imbalance of bacteria in your intestines.
A. antibiotic treatment for an ear infection
B. taking pills which contain freeze-dried germs
C. eating yogurt or buttermilk
D. eating products made from fermented milk
23、It isn't said in the passage that L-GG can be used to ______.
A. lessen symptoms of Crohn's disease
B. fight against rotavirus
C. treat traveler' s diarrhea
D. treat intestinal upsets caused by antibiotics
24、The word "intriguing" in paragraph 3 refers to ______.
A. tractable
B. dauntless
C. heroic
D. appealing
25、This passage is mainly about ______.
A. the definition of bacteria
B. health germs
C. probiotics
D. probiotics versus antibiotics
Text 2
Many countries have a tradition of inviting foreigners to rule them. The English called in William of Orange in 1688, and, depending on your interpretation of history, William of Normandy in 1066. Both did rather a good job. Returning the compliment, Albania asked a well-bred Englishman called Aubgrey Herbert to be their king in the 1920s. He refused—and they ended up with several coves called Zog.
America, the country of immigrants, has no truck with imported foreign talent. Article two of the constitution says that "no person except a natural-born citizen.., shall be eligible to the office of the president". This is now being challenged by a particularly irresistible immigrant: Arnold Schwarzcnegger.
Barely a year has passed since the erstwhile cyborg swept to victory in California's recall election, yet there is already an Amend-for-Arnold campaign collecting signatures to let the Austrian-
born governor have a go at the White House. George Bush senior has weighed in on his behalf. There are several "Arnold amendments" in Congress: one al- lows foreigners who have been naturalized citizens for 20 years to become president. (The Austrian became American in 1983. )
It is easy to dismiss the hoopla as another regrettable example of loopy celebrity politics. Mr. Schwarzenegger has made a decent start as governor, but he bas done little, as yet, to change the structure
of his dysfunctional state. Indeed, even if the law were changed, he could well be elbowed aside by another incomer, this time from Canada: the Democratic governor of Michigan, Jennifer Granholm, who appears
to have fewer skeletons in her closet than the hedonistic actor.
Moreover, changing the American constitution is no doddle. It has happened only 17 times since 1791 (when the first ten amendments were codified as the bill of rights). To change the constitution, an amendment has to be approved by two-thirds of both houses of Congress, and then to be ratified by three-quarters of the 50 states. The Arnold amendment is hardly in the same category as abolishing slavery or giving women the vote. And, as some wags point out, Austrian imports have a pretty dodgy record of running mil- itary superpowers.
26、 The author of the text makes a contrast in______.
A. Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4
B. the opening paragraph
C. Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2
D. the concluding paragraph
27、 The phrase "has no truck with" (Line 1, Paragraph 2 most probably means______.
A. lacks means of transportation for
B. never discriminate
C. have no vehicle to
D. refuses to consider
28、 Compared with Jennifer Granholm, Mr. Schwarzenegger is at disadvantage due to______.
A. more embarrassing secrets
B. previous actor background
C. excessive garment decoration
D. less slender figure
29、 The word "cyborg" ( Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably refers
to______.
A. Aubgrey Herbert
B. George Bush senior
C. William of Orange
D. Arnold Schwarzenegger
30、 It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph that______.
A. the American constitution is changeable and falls into a
vicious cycle
B. there is a faint chance that legal adjustments are made for Arnold running
C. abolishing slaver Yand granting women the vote given an impetus to Arnold running
D. both houses of Congress hold whether he deserves to win is another matter
Text 3
The extent of a nation's power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines, freedom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignty. Until the mid-twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters. A nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters (generally extending three miles from the shoreline), within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities. But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial waters.
Regardless of whether or not nations enforced regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing. Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility to control such activities in international waters. And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the "open seas," there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.
The lack of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this century. By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human activities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreover, the freedom to fish, or over-fish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime
country wished to see limited. And finally, the technology that later allowed exploitation of other ocean resources, such as oil, did not yet exist.
To date, controlling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones, extending territorial authority as far as 200 miles out from a country's coast, has provided the opportunity
for nations individually to manage larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning to understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. Thus it will become more likely that international standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities
that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implemented.
31、 Until the mid-twentieth century there were few jurisdictional disputes over international waters because
A. the nearest coastal nation regulated activities.
B. few controls or restrictions applied to ocean areas.
C. the ocean areas were used for only innocent purposes.
D. broad authority over international waters was shared equally among all nations.
32、 The author suggests in the third paragraph that, before the mid-twentieth century, most nations' actions indicated that
A. managing ecosystems in either territorial or international waters was given low priority.
B. unlimited resources in international waters resulted in little interest in territorial waters.
C. a nation's authority over its citizenry ended at territorial lines.
D. nations considered it their responsibility to protect
territorial but not international waters.
33、 Before the mid-twentieth century, nations failed to establish rules protecting their territorial waters because
A. the waters appeared to be unpolluted and to contain unlimited resources.
B. the fishing industry would be adversely affected by such rules.
C. the size of the area that would be subject to such rules was insignificant.
D. the technology needed for pollution control and resource management did not exist.
34、 From the last paragraph we learn that the extension of fishery zones may be a good thing in that
A. individual nations may in time take on greater responsibility
for ocean protection.
B. fish populations within coastal waters will increase as a result.
C. the international community will begin to formulate laws to regulate human activities there.
D. individual nations will make fuller use of ocean resources to benefit themselves.
35、 The passage as a whole can best be described as
A. a chronology of the events that have led up to a present-day crisis.
B. a legal inquiry into the abuse of existing laws and the likelihood of reform.
C. a political analysis of the problems inherent in directing national attention to an international issue.
D. a historical analysis of a problem that requires international attention.
Text 4
The Republican Party has lost its mind. To win elections, a party needs votes, obviously, and constituencies. First, however, it needs ideas. In 1994--95, the Republican Party had after long struggle advanced a coherent, compelling set of political ideas expressed in a specific legislative agenda. The political story of 1996 is that this same party, within the space of six weeks, then became totally, shockingly intellectually deranged.
Then, astonishingly, on the very moment of their philosophical victory, just as the Republicans prepared to carry these ideas into battle in November, came cannon fire from the rear. Pat Buchanan
first came out to declare a general insurrection. The enemy,
according to Buchanan, is not the welfare state. It is that conservative icon, capitalism, with its ruthless captains of industry, greedy financiers and political elites (Republicans included, of course). All three groups collaborate to let foreigners--immigrants, traders, parasitic foreign-aid loafers--destroy the good life of the ordinary American worker.
Buchananism would support and wield a big and mighty government apparatus to protect the little guy from buffeting, a government that builds trade walls and immigrant-repelling fences, that imposes punitive taxes on imports, and that polices the hiring and firing practices of business with the arrogance of the most zealous forcer. Republicans have focused too much on the mere tactical dangers posed by this assault. Yes, it gives ammunition to the
Democrats. Yes, it puts the eventual nominee through a bruising campaign and delivers him tarnished and drained into the ring against Bill Clinton.
But the real danger is philosophical, not tactical. It is axioms, not just policies, that are under fire. The Republican idea of smaller government is being ground to dust--by Republicans. In the middle of an election year, when they should be honing their themes against Democratic liberalism, Buchanan's rise is forcing a pointless rearguard battle against a philosophical corpse, the obsolete paleoconservatism--a mix of nativism, protectionism and isolationism--of the 1930s.
As the candidates' debate in Arizona last week showed, the entire primary campaign will be fought on Buchanan's grounds, fending off
his Smoot-Hawley-Franco populism. And then what? After the convention, what does the nominee do? Try to resurrect the anti-welfare state themes of the historically successful '94 congressional campaign?
Political parties can survive bruising primary battles. They cannot survive ideological meltdown. Dole and Buchanan say they are fighting for the heart and soul of the Republican Party. Heart and soul, however, will get you nowhere when you've lost your way--and your mind.
36、 The writer believes that the Republic Party, in face of the challenge from its opponents, should
A. maintain its political ideas wisely.
B. protect a powerful government.
C. focus narrowly on strategies.
D. bring down rebellions at first.
37、 The word "deranged" (Para. 1) denotes
A. "zeal."
B. "hypocrisy."
C. "craze."
D. "bewildering."
38、 Buchanan argues that the government has to hold in high regard
A. the survival of successive battles.
B. the uniformity of its political ideas.
C. the benefits of foreigners at large.
D. the interests of average Americans.
39、 Which of the following can best describe the eventual nominee of the Republic Party of the election?
A. "from a scratch."
B. "on the ropes."
C. "out of patience."
D. "under attack."
40、 The passage shows that the writer is ______ the present situation.
A. surprised at
B. annoyed at
C. puzzled by
D. confused by
Part B
A. The consequence of losing bones
B. A better lab in space than on earth
C. Two different cases
D. Multiple effects form weightlessness
E. How to overcome weightlessness
F. Factors that are not so sure
During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller. The lungs, heart and other organs within the chest have no weight,
and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weights of the liver, kidneys, stomach and bowels disappear. One astronaut said after his flight: "You feel your guts floating up. I found myself tightening my belly, sort of pushing things back."
41.______
Meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to support us when stand or sit uptight an4 to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement around a capsule differ from those used for walking down a hall. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken. This doesn't present a problem to space travelers as long as they perform only light work. But preventing the loss of muscle tissue required for heavy work during space walks and preserving muscle for safe return to Earth are the subject of many current experiments.
Studies have shown that astronauts lose bone mass from the lower
spine, hips and upper leg at a rate of about 1 percent per month for the entire duration of their time in space. Some sites, such as the heel, lose calcium faster than others. Studies of animals taken into space suggest that bone formation also declines.
42.______
Needless to say, these data are indeed cause for concern. During space flight, the loss of bone elevates calcium levels in the body, potentially causing kidney stones and calcium crystals to form in other tissues. Back on the ground, the loss of bone calcium stops within one month, but scientists do not yet know whether the bone recovers completely: too few people have flown in space for long periods. Some bone loss may be permanent, in which case ex-astronauts will always be more prone to broken bones.
43.______
These questions mirror those in our understanding of how the body works here on Earth. For example, elderly women are prone to a loss of bone mass. Scientists understand that many different factors can be involved in this loss, but they do not yet know how the factors act and interact; this makes it difficult to develop an appropriate treatment. So it is with bone loss in space, where the right prescription still awaits discovery.
Many other body systems are affected directly and indirectly. One example is the lung. Scientists have studied the lung in space and learned much they could not have learned in laboratories on earth. On the ground the top and bottom parts of the lung have different patterns of air flow and blood flow. But are these patterns the
result only of gravity, or also of the nature of the lung itself? Only recently have studies in space provided clear evidence for the latter. Even in the absence of gravity, different parts of the lung have different levels of air flow and blood flow.
45.______
Not everything that affects the body during space flight is
related solely to weightlessness. Also affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount and quality of sleep (light levels and work schedules disrupt the body's normal rhythms). Looking out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep (an action difficult to resist, considering the view) can
let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to poor sleep. As time goes on, the sleep debt accumulates.
For long space voyages, travelers must also face being confined in a tight volume, unable to escape, isolated from the normal life of Earth, living with a small, fixed group of companions who often come from different cultures. These challenges can lead to anxiety,
depression, crew tension and other social issues, which affect astronauts just as much as weightlessness-perhaps even more. Because these factors operate at the same time the body is adapting to other environmental changes, it may not be clear which physiological changes result from which factors. Much work remains to be done.
Part C
World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body that promotes and enforces the provisions of trade laws and regulations. 46)The World Trade Organization has the authority to administer and police new and existing free trade agreements, to oversee world trade practices, and to settle trade disputes among member states. The WTO 'was established in 1994 when the members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT), a treaty and international trade organization, signed a new trade pact. The WTO was created to replace GATT.
The WTO began operation on January 1, 1995. GATT and the WTO coexisted until December 1995, when the members of GATT met for the last time. Although the WTO replaced GATT. the trade agreements established by GATT in 1994 are part of the WTO agreement. However, the WTO has a significantly broader scope than GATT. GATT regulated trade in merchandise. 47)The WTO expanded the GATT agreement to include trade in services, such as international telephone service, and protections for intellectual property -- that is, creative works that can be protected legally, such as sound recordings and computer programs. The WTO is also a formally structured organization whose rules are legally binding on its member states. The organization provides a framework for international trade law. 48)Members can
refer trade disputes to the WTO where a dispute panel composed of WTO officials serves as arbitrator. Members can appeal this panel's rulings to a WTO appellate body whose decisions are final. Disputes must be resolved within the time limits set by WTO rules.
As of 1996 almost all of the 123 nations that had signed the new GATT pact had transferred membership to the WTO, including the United States. About 30 other nations had also applied for membership.
49)The WTO is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is controlled by
a general council made up of member states' ambassadors who also serve on various subsidiary and specialist committees. The
ministerial conference, which meets every two years and appoints the WTO's director- general, oversees the General Council. Renato Ruggiero, a former Italian trade minister, became the first full-time director-general of the WTO in May 1995. 50) The agreements that the WTO will administer are expected to increase annual world trade by at least ＄ 755 billion by the year 2002.
47、
48、
49、
50、
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
8、Directions:You got sick just two weeks before the final examination and were sent to hospital. One doctor treated you very well and you recovered soon. Write a letter of appreciation to the doctor (Ms. Green).
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
9、Directions:
Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "It is Good / Bad to Write about Martial Arts Novels in the Texbooks "In the essay, you should (1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning; (2) give your opinion and support it with some proof; (3) get the conclusion.
You should write about 200 words neatly on AN SWER SHEET 2.
答案:
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1、C
本题的考点为固定搭配的用法辨析。文章第一句提到手机已在我们的生活中相伴了十多年，接着提到“全世界超过十亿部(手机)正在______”，由此可推知[C]in use“使用中，被使用”，表示一种状态，符合文意。[A]now using “正在用”，不能确定所有的手机都正在使用中，所以不能用现在进行时；[B]got used“习惯于”与题意不符，[D]to be used“将被使用”也与文章意
思不符。因此这三项都不正确。
2、B
本题的考点为名词的词义辨析。这句话是说“当被问及时，它们的说他们喜欢
自己的手机…”，由此可判断出[B]owners“物主，所有人”符合文意。[A] masters“主人，雇主”，[C]holders“持有者，占有者”，[D]inventors“发明者”都与题意不符。
3、A
本题的考点为对上下文句子结构的辨析。根据上文提到的“他们因为其安全性
和方便而喜欢手机”，可以判断此处是一个定语从句，即the safety and convenience (that)they provide，句中的they指代的是phones，所以[A]符
合文意。其他选项都不符合句子的结构。
4、C
本题的考点为形容词的词义辨析。根据下文提到的“98%的美国人在公共场所使用无线电话讲话时都会走开”可知，这里表达的意思是“他们会有礼貌地使用
电话”，所以[C]为正确答案。[A]careful“小心的”，[B]careless“粗心的”，[D]cautious“谨慎的”均不符合题意。
5、D
本题的考点为动词的词义辨析。这里是要表示一项意见调查所发现的结果，所
以[D]符合文意。[A]expressed“表达”，[B]exposed“暴露”，
[C]discovered“发现，发觉”都不能与本句的主语相搭配使用，因而都不正确。
6、B
本题的考点为近义词的词义辨析。前面提到人们会有礼貌地使用手机，所以在
打电话时应该会远离其他人，所以[D]others“他人”符合文意。[A]other“其他的”，[C]the other“(两个中的)另一个”，[D]another“又一个”都与文章意思不符。
7、A
本题的考点为连词的用法辨析。结合上下文的意思，空格处的词是要并列连接that“98 percent of Americans say...”和“86 percent say...”两部分，所以[A]and that符合题意和句中的结构。[B]as for“至于”，
[C]whereas“然而”，[D]on the contrary“与之相反”都不符合文中的意思
和句子的结构。
8、A
本题的考点为介词的用法辨析。speak on wireless phones“用无线电话讲话”，on the telephone为固定搭配，所以[A] on符合文意。[B]by，[C]via，
[D]from都不符合句中的搭配。
9、D
本题的考点为名词的词义及用法辨析。这里的意思是“在与办事员或银行的出
纳员进行______时?，由此可推知[D]transactions“交易”，conduct transactions with...“与…进行交易”，符合文意。[A]acts“动作，举动”，[B]actions“动作：举动”，[C]operations“运转，操作”都与文章意思不符。
10、D
本题的考点为名词的词义辨析。这句话的意思是“在我们报道的手机行为和我
们的实际行为之间存在______”，由此可知[B]gulf“(感情，意见等的)分歧，
隔阂”符合题意。[A]limit“限制”，[C]river“河流”，[D]boundary“分界线”都与文章意思不符。
11、C
本题的考点为连词的词义辨析。该句是说“手机使用者是这种谈话乞讨形式的
煽动者和受害者”，由此可知[C]both，both...and...“既是…又是…”，符
合文意。其他选项都不符合句中的搭配。
12、C
本题的考点为时态的辨析。根据上下文可知，这里表达的意思应是“它已经对
社会空间产生了累积性的负面影响”，所以此处应该用现在完成时。因此
[C]has had为此处的正确答案。其他各项都不符合文章的时态。
13、D
本题的考点为对上下文的理解及名词的词义和用法辨析。这里是说社会学家Gotfman在另外一种情况下观察到的结果，所以[D]context“前后关系”，in another context“在另外一种情况下”，为固定用法，符合文意。
[A]place“地方”，[B]location“场所”，[C]spot“地点”都与文意不符。
14、B
本题的考点为对上下文关系的理解和固定词组的用法辨析。根据上下文的内容，这里表达的意思应为“与社会形势脱离接触的人们”，所以[B]out of，out of contact“脱离接触”，符合文意。[A]in，in contact“接触”；
[C]keeping“保持”，keep contact“保持接触”；[D]having“有”，have contact“有接触”。因此这三项都不符合文章的意思。
15、B
本题的考点为动词的词义及用法辨析。这句话是说“因为他们拒绝其直接环境
的规范”，由此可知[B]adhere“遵守”，adhere to(sth)“遵守(规范等)”，为固定搭配，符合文意。[A]insist“坚持”，后面一般接on或upon；
[C]continue“继续”，后面一般与with连用；[D]attach“连接，附带”，为及物动词。因此这三项都与文意不符。
16、C
本题的考点为与动词搭配的介词用法辨析。根据文章的内容，这句话是说“将
你周围的陌生人转变成不情愿的听众”，由此可知[C]into，
transform...into...“将…转变成…”，符合文意。其他选项都与文中的动词搭配不当。
17、A
本题的考点为名词的词义及用法辨析。前文中提到“将手机放置在公共场合”，因而这里表达的意思应该是“你对公共场所的使用”，所以[A]space“场所”，the public space“公共场所”，符合文意。[B]phone“电话”，
[C]service“服务”，[D]facility“设施”都不符合上下文的语境。
18、D
本题的考点为动词的词义及用法辨析。结合上文的内容，可知这里表达的意思
是“听众们不会老是被动地接受这种形势”，所以[D]accept“接受”符合文中的搭配。[A]have“有”，[B]find“找到”，[C]receive“接收”都不能和situation形成很好的搭配，所以都不正确。
19、B
本题的考点为对文章内容的理解和近义动词的词义辨析。这句话是说“近些年
来，人们已经在电影院里不断受到抨击，从音乐厅中______”，从而可知由于
人们没有很好地把握好使用手机的时间和方式，他们会不被任何公共场所容纳，所以[B]ejected“被逐出”，be ejected from...“被从…中逐出”，符合文意。[A]refused“被拒绝”，[C] rejected“被抵制”，[D]repelled“被击退”均不符合题意。
20、D
本题的考点为对上下文语境的理解及形容词的词义和用法辨析。前文提到人们
被从音乐厅和拥挤的汽车中逐出，从而可以推断出这是由于其粗鲁地使用手机
的结果，所以[D]rude“粗鲁的”符合文意。[A]good“好的”，[B]poor“恶劣的”，[C]polite“礼貌的”都不符合题意。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21、C
[解析] 段落主旨题。
[详细解答] 段落开头作者指出：一提起细菌，我们总会想起那些让我们生病的
病菌。而他的主要目的是要表达：其实，身体健康需要大量的有益细菌。作者
还列举了这样的例子。所以，答案C能概括本段内容，应为正确答案。
22、A
[解析] 细节题。
[详细解答] 根据第二段最后一句话Bat if the bad outnumber the good—
for example，after antibiotic treatment for a sinus or an ear infection，which kills normal intestinal germs as well—the result
can be diarrhea，我们可判断，A为正确答案。
23、A
[解析] 事实判断题。
[详细解答] 在第三段，作者提到L-GG，as it's called，has been used to treat traveler's diarrhea and intestinal upsets caused by antibiotics. Even more intriguing, L-GG also seems to work against some viruses，including rotavirus，one of the most common causes of diarrhea in children in the U．S． and around the world．其中，对B，C，D三项的内容都有包括，但A所说的作用不在此列，应作为本题答案。
24、D
[解析] 词义判断题。
[详细解答] 根据上下文，该词所在的句子主要是讲述L- GG的功效，前文已提到了它的两种作用，后文显然是一种更为有意义的效用。因此，把intriguing
理解为appealing( adj.吸引人的)更为确切，本题答案应为D。
25、B
[解析] 文章主旨题。
[详细解答] 文章第一段的内容就已表明作者的话题是有益菌。后文结合具体的
临床运用更直观地层示了有益菌的功劳。也就是说，本文的所有内容，显然是
围绕health germs来展开的，因此，答案应为B。
Text 2
26、C
[解析] 本题是一道细节题，测试考生对原文段落关系之间细节能的识别、把握与理解能力。本题的答案信息来源在第一、二段，尤其是这两段的首句。第一段首句讲：“许多国家有邀请外国人管理其国家的传统”。第二段首句讲：“美国这个移民国家不与引进的外国天才打交道”。由此，我们可以看出作者在原文第一、二段进行了比较，故本题的正确选项应该是C，“Paragraph 1 and 2”(第一、二段)。考生在阅读时要注意段落之间的关系。
27、D
[解析] 这是一道词汇题，测试考生对原文词语的正确理解能力。本题的答案信息来源在第二段第一句。“has/have no truck with．．．”这一固定结构的含义是“不与……打交道，不与……来往；同…．．毫无关系”，故本题的正确选项应该是D，“refuse to consider”(不予考虑)。考生在阅读时如果遇到生词可以根据上下文和中心主旨思想去推断。本题通过第二段的第二句也可以推导出来。
28、A
[解析] 这是一道细节题，测试考生识别和准确理解原文信息的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句，该句的大意是：“实际上，即使法律进行了相关修改，施瓦辛格也大有可能被其他新人排挤掉，这次的新人来自加拿大，密歇根州的民主党州长Jennifer Granholm。与享乐主义者的演员(即施瓦辛格)相比，Jennifer的家丑似乎少一些。”由此可以推断本题的正确选项是A“more embarrassing secrets”(更多令人为难的秘密)。
29、D
[解析] 这是一道细节题，测试考生识别和推断原文的重要信息。本题的答案信息来源在第三段首句，该句的主语是“cyborg”(靠机械装置维持生命的人)。本句的大意是：“虽然自从施瓦辛格(cyborg)取得加州选举的全胜为期还不到一年，但是已经有为施瓦辛格修改宪法的签名运动，旨在让这位奥地利出生的州长有机会入主白宫”。在这句话中“cyborg”一词指代是“施瓦辛格”，故本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在阅读时如果一时推导不出来相关正确信息，可利用上下文的提示，本题通过上段尾句也可推导出本题的正确选项D，“Arnold Schwarzenegger”(阿诺德?施瓦辛格)。
30、B
[解析] 这是一道细节推导题。测试考生准确理解并且进行相应推导的能力。本题的答案信息来源在尾段，尤其是第一句，该句的大意是：“修改美国宪法决非易事(doddle)”。由此可以推断：为施瓦辛格个人去修改宪法几率渺茫，故本题的正确选项应该是B“there is a faint chance that legal adjustments are made for Arnold running'’(为阿诺德?施瓦辛格竞选而进行法律调整的几率不大)。考生在阅读时一定要抓住全文叙述的中心点，并且进行相应的引申推导，推导出作者叙述时的弦外之音。
Text 3
31、B
第二段指出，不管各国是否制定了管制其领海的办法，广阔的海域却没有受到控制或限制，任何国家的人都有权使用这些不受限制的海域，从事航行和捕捞等无害目的的活动。除了限制自己的国民的活动外，任何国家都没有义务控制国际海域中的活动。既然几乎没有行为规范应用于公海，因此也就很少会在国家之间产生管辖权上的冲突。
这一段是第一段的延续，因此这段谈的应该是20世纪中叶以前的情况。32、A
根据第三段，在20世纪中叶以前，海上污染问题没有被看做是什么了不起的问题，这一方面是因为人们对海边活动对海洋生态的负面影响还认识不足，另一方面是因为人类活动造成的污染一般被认为只是由航海引起的。另外，捕捞或过度捕捞的自由被看做是支持海上自由的传统法律信条的一个要素，最后，还因为后来使人们开发海洋的其他资源——如石油的技术条件当时还不存在。33、C
第一段最后一句提到，由于属于国土之内的这部分海域(指上一句提到的coastal waters)很有限(通常只有三英里宽)，多数国家对于管理和保护领海没有制定规范。
34、A
最后一段指出，最近两个方面的发展趋势可能实际上能起到促成制定国际生态体系管理法规的目的。一是捕捞海域的扩大，领土主权范围已扩大到离海岸线200英里，这提供了机会，使各国各自扩大其生态环境保护范围。这个机会——再加上各国在保护鱼的数量上的自身利益，可能使它们重新评估自己的渔业管理政策，着手解决领海中的污染问题。这里的含义是：随着领海的扩大，公海范围在缩小，这样，更大的海域会得到人们的关注和保护。
35、D
这个问题就是文章的第一句和最后一句提到的制定规范、限制人的活动、保护海洋生态的重要性。作者对这个问题进行了历史分析，第一、二、三段分析了20世纪中叶以前缺乏规范的原因，最后一段提到了人们为何对这个问题开始重视，文章最后一句是对全文的总结。
Text 4
36、A 37、C 38、D 39、B 40、A
Part B
41、
文章第2段的大意是：与此同时，肌肉、骨骼开始以不同的方式运动。在地球上，当我们或站或坐、或活动身体的各部位时，肌肉用于支撑身体。但是在太空中，在地面上用于支撑身体的骨骼肌不再需要起这种作用了，而且人们在太空舱中活动所动用的肌肉与在地面上行走所动用的肌肉完全不同，因此部分肌肉迅速地萎缩。所以小标题C符合本段的题意。
42、
文章第4段的大意是：勿庸置疑，这些数据的确使人焦虑。在太空飞行中，骨质损耗会造成体内钙质比例的增高，可能会引起肾结石及软组织的钙化。返回地面后，骨骼中的钙流失现象会在一个月内停止，但科学家们尚不清楚，是否骨骼能得到全部恢复：很少人有过在太空长时间飞行的经历。一些骨质疏松的情况也许是永久性的，因此前宇航员通常比常人更容易骨折。所以小标题A符
合本段的题意。
43、
文章第5段的大意是：这些问题映射出人体在地球遇到的类似问题。例如，老
年妇女易患骨质疏松症。科学家知道，造成骨质疏松症的因素很多，但他们尚
未弄清这些因素是如何起作用，又是如何相互作用的，因而很难研制出一种合
适的治疗方案。太空中的骨质疏松症也同样如此，要开出对症的药方还需耐心
等待。这厂段的内容正好与小标题F相匹配。
44、
文章第6段前面句话的大意是：身体的很多其他系统也会直接或间接地受到影响，例如人体的肺脏。科学家在太空对人体的肺脏进行了研究并获得了许多地
面实验室中得不到的成果。由此可认定与小标题B相匹配。
45、
文章第7段的大意是：在太空飞行中，并不是所有对人体产生影响的因素只与
失重有关。例如，人体的免疫功能的下降、睡眠时间和质量舶下降(光照及无序的工作时间表会打乱人体的正常节奏)。睡觉前，透过太空船窗户向外看一眼(考虑到窗外的景致，这种举动一般难以抑制)会使足够多的亮光进入你的眼睛，引起大脑的错误反应，从而导致睡眠质量的下降。随着滞留太空时间的增加，
缺觉会变得越来越厉害。由此判断正确D。
Part C
46、世界贸易组织有权执行新的和现行的自由贸易协议并保障其实施、监督世
界贸易惯例以及解决成员国间的贸易争端。 47、世界贸易组织扩展了关贸总协定，以便包括服务行业的贸易，如国际电话业务和知识产权的保护，即
创意性作品，诸如音响制品和电脑程序，可得到法律的保护。 48、成员国可将贸易争端提交给世界贸易组织，由该组织官员组成解决争端小组予以仲裁。 49、世界贸易组织的总部设在瑞士的日内瓦，由各成员国的大使组成的常务理事会管理，他们也在各种附属和专门委员会担任职务。 50、世界贸易组织执行的协议可望在2002年将世界年度贸易额至少增加7，550亿
美元。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51、[精彩范文]
Dear Ms Green,
I am writing to express my thanks to you for the many kindnesses you showed me when I was in hospital.
I got sick just two weeks before the final examination. I was so worried that I couldn't take part in the examination. It was you that me to face the illness bravely. So I recovered soon and got good results in my final examination. If it had not been for your timely assistance, I'm afraid I couldn't pass the exam.
Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you.
Sinc
erely yours,
Li Ming
[解析]
题目要求写一封感谢信。题目要求中设定的感谢对象是格林医生，感谢她在李明生病期间照顾他，使他能早日康复，顺利参加考试。信的开头表达谢意，
提及受到的帮助；在正文部分回忆对方对自己的帮助，高度评价或赞扬对方，
适当表达自己当时的心情感受；结尾部分应当以套用经典句型来结束，再次表
达谢意。感谢信应该写得认真而热切，写出真实的感情。
Part B
52、It is Bad to Write about Martial Arts Novels in the Textbooks
The picture describes an interesting phenomenon. When a student is reading his textbook, what flashes in his mind is a scene of fighting between two martial arts fighters. Last year, the compiling group of the Chinese textbooks made a decision that some parts of a marital
arts novel would be selected as one of the texts. This has sparked
off a heated debate. Some say that it is a new idea to do so, The martial arts novels are a unique genre of literature and should be included in the textbook. Some others are strongly against this decision. They say it will do no good to students because they will think about nothing but fighting and revenge when they read this kind of novels.
In my opinion, it is not reasonable to select sueh texts. Firstly, the main theme of these novels is revenge. To all the characters, not for a minute was revenge forgotten. The purpose of their life is to seek revenge. Secondly, the characters do nothing but fight with each other. They needn't make a living. Their main job is to find someone
to fight with. Thirdly, there are all kinds of factions in the novels. People always belong to a kind of faction. Students who have not established their values and outlook of life will be affected by
these ideas. They may imitate the characters and do some bad things. Therefore, these novels should be removed from the textbook. Some good materials should be selected to instruct the students and help them to form a correct outlook of life. They can benefit from the selection of tectbecks for their whole lives.
考研英语口语复试自我介绍
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2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及参考答案
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1994 Passage 2 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us, the "cashless society" is not on the horizon — it's already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. 55.According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ________. [A]withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes [B]obtain more convenient services than other people do [C]enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper [D]cash money wherever he wishes to 56.From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________. [A]in the future all the Americans will use credit cards [B]credit cards are mainly used in the United State today [C]nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash [D]it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before 57.The phrase "ring up sales" (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means "________". [A]make an order of goods [B]record basic sales on a cash register [C]call the sales manager [D]keep track of the goods in stock 58.What is this passage mainly about? [A]Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
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2011年考研英语(一)真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered b lank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exerci se precious to health.”But_____some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does_____short-t erm changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,____heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to__ __,a good laugh is unlikely to have_____benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does. ____,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,la ughter apparently accomplishes the____,studies dating back to the1930’s indicate that laughter.muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psycholo gical stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state.______on e classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted_______phy sical reactions.It was argued at the end of the19th century that humans do not cry______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow. Although sadness also_______tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow_____muscular responses.In an experiment published in1988,s ocial psychologist Fritz. 1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like 2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce 3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining 4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe 5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable 6．[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief 7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected 8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes 9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance 10．[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal 11．[A]Except for[B]According to[C]Due to[D]As for 12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at 13．[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because
考研复试英语口语经典问题汇总
考研复试英语口语经典问题汇总(一) 考研英语面试中，在自我介绍完结束后，老师就会开始问你问题。在回答过程中要结合自己的经历和见解来准备答案，让自己回答的问题和整个的自我介绍融为一个整体。 在每一年的面试中都会有很多相同的问题，这些问题看起来很平常，却有很多陷阱，一不小心就会被考官抓主“小辫子”了。回答这些常见的看起来很平常的问题，是很有艺术的。考研教育网编辑将历年中常见的问题进行搜集、整理，供考生参考！ 一、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions） 1、What can you tell me about yourself？（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？） In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in. As a college student, I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily. The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied. It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them. I'm very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best. 分析：这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史。是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索。 答案译文：在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。 2.What would you like to be doing five years after graduation？（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？） I hope to do my best I can be at my job and because many in this line of work are promoted to area manager,I am planning on that also. 分析：你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。 答案译文：我希望能在我的职位上尽力做好工作，由于在同一领域工作的许多人都被提为区域负责人，所以我亦有此打算。 3. What is your greatest strength？（你最突出的优点是什么？） I feel that my strongest asset is my ability to stick to things to get them done. I feel a real sense of accomplishment when I finish a job and it turns out just as I'd planned. I've set some high goals for myself. For example,I want to graduate with highest distinction.