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Unit2笔记

1. subway (AE)= underground tube (BE)

2. elevator 电梯，升降机(AE)

lift n.电梯，升降机(BE)；免费搭车，搭便车

escalator 自动扶梯

3. petrol (BE)& gas (AE), gasoline

4. official adj. 官方的；正式的；公务的

n. 行政官员

officially adv. 正式地，官方地，公开地

office n. 办公楼，办事处

officer n. 军官

eg: My father is an officer in the army, while his father is an official in the government.

5. more than

①多过，超过

I am more than 40 years old.

②不仅仅是

The little room is more than a restaurant, it

also provides us with a place to have a rest

more… than…与其…不如…

He is more hard- working than clever.

与其说他聪明不如说他努力。

The book seems to be more a dictionary than a

grammar.

6. one another (三者或三者以上)之间,彼此

each other (两者) 彼此

辨析：

① another 不定数目的另一个

I have finished reading this book, please give me another one.

② the other 两者中的另一个one… the other…

There are 2 books, I have finished reading this one, please give me the other one.

③ others 泛指别人,另外的事物,但不是全部= other + n

some… others…

There are many boys playing on the ground. Some are playing football, others are playing basketball.

④ the others 其余的全部人或物= the other + n

There are many boys playing on the ground. Some are playing football, the others are playing basketball.

7. voyage

go on/make/take a sea voyage 去航海旅行

(travel 是旅行的统称，是不可数名词，其前不加冠词；如果要谈“某一次旅行”，则用journey, trip.)

长途陆路用journey 短途短期用trip

观光游玩用tour 海上航行用voyage

travel用法最普遍，特别用于指“游记

8. conquer vt. 征服，占领

Man can conquer nature.

How did you conquer the smoking habit?

conqueror n. 征服者，占领者

9. because，because of

(1)because后跟句子。

(2)because of是介词短语，后接名词、代词，动名词，what的宾语从句。Because it rained heavily, the boy went back home through the woods.

I was late because of the rain.

We are happy because of his coming.

She didn’t come to the party because of what you

had said.

thanks to，due to，owing to，as a result of，on account of

(1)thanks to“多亏，由于”，作状语。

Thanks to your advice，much trouble was saved.

多亏了你的建议，避免了许多麻烦。

(2) due to可以作表语、状语，不可位于句首。

The accident was due to careless driving.

这起事故是由于粗心驾驶造成的。

He arrived late due to the storm.

由于暴风雨，他迟到了。

(3) owing to可以作状语,表语，作状语时常用逗号隔开，作表语时相当于due to。Tom’s failing in the exam was owing to his carelessness.

汤姆考试不及格是由于他的粗心。

Owing to his careless driving，the accident occurred.

由于他的粗心驾驶，事故发生了。

(4)as a result of “由于”，作状语。

(5)on account of “因为”，作状语。

10. native adj.本国的；本地的n．本地人；本国人

They are native people.

one’s native language = one’s mother tongue

one’s nativ e land 祖国

one’s native place 故乡

native wit/intelligence 与生俱来的机智/才智

native right天赋权利

go native 入乡随俗

be native to (动植物)是~~~地方特有的

Panda is native to China.

a native of当地人/产于……的动/植物

He is a native of Beijing.他是北京人。

nation n. 国家，民族

national adj. 国家的，民族的，全国性的

come along 一起来，过来；进步

come about 发生

come across 偶遇, 穿过

come at 攻击，向……扑来

come out 出版；开花; 结果是(well, right, wrong…) come over过来，克服

come to 达到；苏醒；谈到，总计

come after 跟在……后面

come down 下来，败落，降价

come on 加油，跟我来，进行，进展

come true 实现My dream will come true.

come up with 提出，想出

主意/事情+ come to sb” 某人想起什么主意/某事12. actually adv 事实上，实际上

actual adj. 实际的，事实上的

She looks young, but she is actually 50.

What he told us was an actual happening.

“事实上”的多种表达法：

in fact,

as a matter of fact,

in reality,

in actual fact,

13. base vt. 以~~为根据

① base A on/upon B 把~~建立在~~上

One should always base his opinion on facts.

be based on/upon 以~~为基础/依据This film is based on a novel.

base sb./sth./oneself in...把基地建在…

They decided to base the new company in New York

② base n. 基部，基地，基础

the base of a column/glass/pyramid

柱基；玻璃杯底；金字塔底座

a military/naval base军事/海军基地

Our company’s base is in Beijing. 我们公司总部在北京。

basic adj 基本的，基础的，根本的

base basis basement

base 具体东西的基础

the base of a building 建筑物的基地（具体）

basis 抽象的基础

the economic basis 经济基础（抽象）

basement n. 地下室

baseball n. /u/棒球，垒球

14、present

① n. 礼物，目前

at present

for the present = for the moment= for the time being暂时

②adj. (前置)现任的,在职的(后置)在场的,出席的

The present chairman is Jack.

All the people present at the party were his supporters.

be present at 出席；参加

be absent from 缺席

③vt. 存在, 捐赠, 提交, 主持, 呈现,介绍

present sb. with sth. ＝present sth. to sb. 向某人捐赠某物

present sb to sb 把某人介绍给某人(introduce)

presence n.出席，到场，存在

presently adv. 不久，一会；现在，目前

gift / present

gift 一般指贵重礼物或捐赠之物，也可指“天赋”，可以是具体的也可指抽象的。构成短语：have a gift for sth.表示“有哪方面的天赋”。

present 往往指具体的，亲戚朋友间所送之物。

15．make use of利用；使用=take advantage of

make full use of充分利用

=make good use of

You must make good use of any opportunity to practise English.

How are you going to make use of your pocket money?

make the best use of尽量利用

make little use of没有很好地利用

I really don’t know how to make full use of t he time.

Make the best of every chance you have to speak English.

You should be outside making the most of the sunshine.

拓展：

be of use = be useful 有用(importance, value)

be of great use= be very useful很有用

The book is of great use.=the book is very useful.

be (of) no use = be useless 没有用

go out of use不被使用，废弃(主动)

come into use开始被使用

be in use在使用中

bring/put...to use加以使用

used to do = would 过去常常做~~

get/be used to doing/sth 习惯于做某事

be used for = be used as 某物被用作

be used to do sth被用来做…

it’s no use doin g sth 做~~~ 没有用

注意: 在学习语言的过程中应注意语言的活用以及词的搭配。

How much do you know about the use that we have made of the money？

(句子中use做先行词，关系代词that代替use，在定语从句中做make的宾语。)

我们对钱的使用情况你了解多少？

16. spelling a spelling mistake

spell out 拼写

17. latter

① adj. 两者中后者的

The building will be completed in the latter half

of the year.

② n. 后者（常和定冠词the连用）

the former… the latter…前者…后者…

They keep horses and cattle, the former for

riding, the latter for food.

18. identity n. (U, C) 身份，本身，本体

identity card (ID card) 身份证

identify vt 辨别~~~，确认（身份等）

identification n. 确认为同一，确认身份

19. fluent adj 流利的，流畅的

I enjoyed her fluent movement

be fluent in sth 在~~方面流利的

She is fluent in English.

fluently adv. 流利地，流畅地

fluency n. 流利，流畅

20. such as=like , for example , namely

① such as 举多个例子，和例子无逗号隔开,句末

He likes flowers, such as roses, lilies and tulips.

② for example 举一个例子，和例子有逗号隔开，首尾中都行

Many man have risen from poverty, for example, Lincoln.

③全部举出用namely, that is to say

He knows four languages, namely A, B, C and D

(1) Students , ________ Tom and Mary,

should be learnt from .

(2) Ｗear something simple, ________ a skirt

and blouse. (宽松的上衣)

(3) He knows six languages, __________

Chinese French, English, Spanish, Russian

and Portuguese.

such ~~~ as so that such that

e.g.: You can speak such language as

English, Chinese and German.

so ~~ as to = such ~~ as to such as to

25. frequent adj. 频繁的，常见的

frequently adv. 常常，频繁地= often

eg: We must speak English frequently in order to improve spoken English

频度副词的排列：

always（总是）, usually（通常）, often/frequently（常常）, sometimes（有时）, occasionally（偶尔）, seldom/rarely（很少）, never（从未）

28.expression

express oneself a express rain

定语从句

1 先行词是人，在定语从句中充当主语，宾语(whom也可)，用who/ that 引导，充当所有格用whose

I have a sister who/ that is interested in English a lot.

I have a sister (who/ that/ whom) I often have a talk with. 作宾语先行词可以省略

I have a sister whose name is Lily.

the name of whom is lily

of whom the name is lily.

2 先行词是物，在定语从句中充当主语，宾语, 用 which/ that 引导，做所有格用whose

I have a book which/ that is very interesting.

I have a book (which/ that) I often talk about. 作宾语先行词可以省略

I have a house whose window looks beautiful.

I have a house the window of which looks nice.

I have a house of which the window is nice.

但在下列情况中，只能用 that，不用 which：

①当先行词是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing 等词时。如：

All that can be done has been done.

In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.

②当先行词被 all, any, no, much, little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。如：

We heard clearly every word that he said.

③当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：

The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.

When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.

④当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：

Is that the best that you can do?

That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.

⑤当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find.

⑥当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：

The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.

She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.

⑦当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Which is the car that killed the boy

Note:

定语从句中的动词后与有介词的，借此方前后都可，

放前时介+whom/介+which; 放后时关系代词可省

She is a girl (that/ who/ whom) I can have a talk with.

with whom I can have a talk .

It’s a book (that/ which) I often talk about.

about which I often talk.

3 先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语用where= 介+which

This is the school where I used to study.

in which I used to study.

4先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语用when=介+which

I shall never forget the days when we work there.

during which we work there.

5 先行词在定语从句中当原因状语用why= for which

This is the reason why I was late.

for which I was late.

6 先行词是the way,做方式状语用 that/ in which/ 省略

I hate the way that you talk to me.

in which you talk to me.

you talk to me.

2、关系代词和关系副词的比较

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.

I’ll never forget the days (which / that) we spent together last summer.

His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.

His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts.

非限定性定语从句

1 不用that 引导，

which 可以指代前面一句话或事情,

所有的关系代词和关系副词都不省略

why一般只引导限定性定语从句。

she said she had finished her work, which I doubted.

非限制性定语从句一般采用 which 或 as 来引导。使用这两个词时要注意三点：（1）as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后。

（2）从意义上讲，which 指前面主句的内容；而 as 指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象……那样、正如所……的”。

（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用 which，而不用 as，5、注意 the same … as / such … as 的使用问题

当先行词被 the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用 as，也可以用 that。在表示具体事物时, 表示同一种类多用 as,表示同一事物多用 that。如：

This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.

这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。

This is the same instrument as I used yesterday.

这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。

在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：

I have the same opinion as / that you have.

(4) 当先行词前有 such, so, as 时，关系词应当用as

A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t

understand.

At this time of the day, all buses have to carry as many passengers as they can.

It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.

因为是定语语从句，所以从句结构不完整

结构完整时用that 引导，此时是结果状语从句

She is such a good girl as we all like.

She is such a good girl that we all like her.

(整理)SQLServer数据库基本知识点.

SQL Server 数据库基本知识点一、数据类型

二、常用语句 (用到的数据库Northwind) 查询语句简单的Transact-SQL查询只包括选择列表、FROM子句和WHERE子句。它们分别说明所查询列、查询的表或视图、以及搜索条件等。例如，下面的语句查询Customers 表中公司名称为“Alfreds Futterkiste”的ContactName字段和Address字段。 SELECT ContactName, Address FROM Customers WHERE CompanyName='Alfreds Futterkiste' (一) 选择列表选择列表(select_list)指出所查询列，它可以是一组列名列表、星号、表达式、变量(包括局部变量和全局变量)等构成。 1、选择所有列例如，下面语句显示Customers表中所有列的数据： SELECT * FROM Customers 2、选择部分列并指定它们的显示次序查询结果集合中数据的排列顺序与选择列表中所指定的列名排列顺序相同。例如： SELECT ContactName, Address FROM Customers 3、更改列标题在选择列表中，可重新指定列标题。定义格式为：列标题 as 列名列名列标题如果指定的列标题不是标准的标识符格式时，应使用引号定界符，例如，下列语句使用汉字显示列标题： SELECT ContactName as 联系人名称, Address as地址 FROM Customers 4、删除重复行

SELECT语句中使用ALL或DISTINCT选项来显示表中符合条件的所有行或删除其中重复的数据行，默认为ALL。使用DISTINCT选项时，对于所有重复的数据行在SELECT返回的结果集合中只保留一行。 SELECT DISTINCT(Country) FROM Customers 5、限制返回的行数使用TOP n [PERCENT]选项限制返回的数据行数，TOP n说明返回n行，而TOP n PERCENT 时，说明n是表示一百分数，指定返回的行数等于总行数的百分之几。例如： SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Customers SELECT TOP 20 PERCENT * FROM Customers (二)FROM子句 FROM子句指定SELECT语句查询及与查询相关的表或视图。在FROM子句中最多可指定256个表或视图，它们之间用逗号分隔。在FROM子句同时指定多个表或视图时，如果选择列表中存在同名列，这时应使用对象名限定这些列所属的表或视图。例如在Orders和Customers表中同时存在CustomerID列，在查询两个表中的CustomerID时应使用下面语句格式加以限定： select * from Orders,Customers where Orders.CustomerID =Customers.CustomerID 在FROM子句中可用以下两种格式为表或视图指定别名：表名 as 别名表名别名 select * from Orders as a,Customers as b where a.CustomerID =b.CustomerID SELECT不仅能从表或视图中检索数据，它还能够从其它查询语句所返回的结果集合中查询数据。例如： select * from Customers where CustomerID in (select CustomerID from Orders where EmployeeID=4) 此例中，将SELECT返回的结果集合给予一别名CustomerID，然后再从中检索数据。 (三) 使用WHERE子句设置查询条件 WHERE子句设置查询条件，过滤掉不需要的数据行。例如下面语句查询年龄大于20的数据：select CustomerID from Orders where EmployeeID=4

高级英语pub talk and the king's english中英笔记

L3. Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语) Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利) 1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的sociable（主题句），也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂intricate，也是称不上交际的。 1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para1) 并且它是人类特有的一种活动。 And conversation is an activity which is found only among human being． Sociable [?so???bl] adj.随和的，好交际的，友善的friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,informal way(用书） intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的 Indulge: 任凭自己沉溺于……；耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you ----indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例：Women do not indulge in to the same extent as men. deserve: 值得；应得 2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meander s or leap s and sparkle s or just glow s. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalist s are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdote s, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.

人教高二英语必修五unit2Unit 2 The United Kingdom笔记整理

必修五英语笔记整理unit2 unit 2 a united class一个团结的班 the United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国the United Nations联合国 consist vi. 在于；由…组成；符合 consistent adj. 一致的；连续的；不矛盾的；坚持的 consistence n. 坚固性，浓度；一致性 consist of 由... 组成 be made up of 由... 组成 be composed of 由... 组成 consist in=lie in 在于 consist with=be consistent with与…一致 The club consists of 100 members.这个俱乐部由100名成员组成。 The club is made up of 100 members.这个俱乐部由100个成员组成。 The club is big，consisting of 100 members.这个俱乐部很大，由100名成员组成。divide vt.& vi. 分；划分；分离；（使）产生分歧 n. 分配；分水岭，分界线 separate vt.& vi. 分开；（使）分离；区分；隔开 vt. 分离（混合物）；分居；分类；割开 vi. 分手；断裂；（夫妻）分居；断绝关系 adj. 单独的；不同的；分开的，分离的；不相关的 n. 分开的事物；[用复数]（音响设备中的）独立件 division n. 部门；分开，分隔；[数]除法；[军]师 divide...into/between/among 把…分成… separate...from 分开 divide sth in half=divide sth into haves 把某物分成两半 The teacher divided our class into four groups. 老师把我们班分成四个小组。 He has decided to divide the books between Class One and Class Two. 他已决定把书分到一班和二班。 15 divided by 3 is 5. 15除以3等于5。 multiply vt.& vi. 乘；（使）相乘；（使）增加；（使）繁殖 adv. 多样地；复合地；多倍地；[电学]并联地，多路地 adj. 多层的；多样的；多股的 3 multiply by 5 is 15. 3乘5等于15。 As we joined the big crowed，I got separated from friends. 当我们进入人群时，我和朋友们走散了。 break away (from) 突然离开；突然挣脱；与…决裂；从…退出 The basketball player will break away from the club next week. 这位篮球运动员下星期将离开俱乐部。 Nowadays many farmers want to break away from farming and make a living in cities. 现在许多农民想脱离农业，在城市谋生。 credit n. 学分；信誉，信用；[金融]贷款；荣誉

(考研复试)数据库笔记

1：数据：描述事物的符号记录 2：数据库是长期存储在计算机内，有组织可共享的大量数据的集合。 3：数据库管理系统维语用户和操作系统之间的一层数据管理软件，具有，数据定义，数据组织管理，数据操纵，数据库事务管理和运行管理，数据库建立和维护。 4：数据库系统：计算机系统引入数据库后的系统，简称数据库。 5：数据管理技术3阶段：人工管理阶段：数据不保存，应用程序管理数据，数据不共享，数据不具有独立性。文件管理阶段：数据可以长期保存，文件系统管理数据，数据共享性差冗余大，数据独立性差。数据库系统阶段：数据结构化，数据共享性好，冗余低，易扩充，独立性高。 6：数据模型分为：第一类：概念模型。第二类是逻辑模型和物理模型，逻辑模型有（层次模型，网状模型，关系模型，面向对象模型，对象关系模型），物理模型：对数据最低层的抽象，描述数据库在系统内部的表示方式和存取方式。从现实世界到概念模型的转换是由数据库设计人员完成，从概念模型到逻辑模型转换由数据库设计人员和工具完成，逻辑模型到物理模型就由DBMS完成。 7：数据模型由：数据结构（描述数据库对象和对象之间的关系），数据操作（对数据库中各对象的操作的集合），完整

性约束（数据和其联系所具有的制约）三部分组成。 9：层次模型：简单清晰，查询效率高，良好的完整性支持，但是和现实世界不符，查询子女必须通过双亲。网状模型：更直接的表达现实世界，存取效率高，但是结构复杂。关系模型：简历在严格的数学模型上。概念单一，简单易懂，存取路径对用户透明，高独立性，保密性，但是查询效率不高。10：数据库三级模式结构：外模式，模式，内模式，外模式有多个，就是视图的意思，模式就是数据的逻辑结构，内模式就是物理结构。 11：三级结构有两层映像：外模式/模式映像：修改此映像保证外模式不变，保证逻辑路理性，模式/内模式映像，修改此映像保证模式不变，保证物理独立性。 12：数据库系统由数据库，数据库管理系统，应用系统和数据库管理员构成。 13：关系数据库：候选码：某一列的值能唯一标识一个元组。主码：候选码之一。候选码们的属性称为主属性， 14：实体完整性：主码不为空。参照完整性：关系的外码一定为其他关系的主码，或者外码全部为空。用户定义完整性：比如XX不能为空，XX只能取指定值。 15：SQL 结构化查询语言 16：查询：select。定义：create，drop，alter。操纵：insert，update，delete。控制：grant，revoke。

高级英语 Face to face with Hurricane Camille中英笔记

Face To Face With Hurricane Camille 迎战卡米尔号飓风约瑟夫.布兰克 1John Koshak,Jr., knew Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday. Last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But like thousands of others in the coastal communities, John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family—his wife, Janis and their seven children, aged 3 to 11—was clearly endangered. 小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打 pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打 2 Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a longtime friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit. 为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理希尔的意见。 course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法 reason out: to find out an explanation or solution to a problem，by thinking of all the possibilities寻找解决途径例：Let's reason this out instead of quarrelling．让我们不要争吵，商量出事情的解决方案 3 John, 37—whose business was right there in his home (he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products’ correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor)—was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier Hurricane Betsy had demolished his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. “We’re elevated23 feet,” he told his father, “and we’re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We’ll probably be as safe here as anyplace else.”

口译训练方法及材料

各位大家好我就是jacky，那个帖子《我如何用一年考上欧盟口译司》一文的作者。我一直都想把这种系统的方法能够通过一个很好的方式传递给其他人，让更多的人找到梦想，发现真谛。所以，我和朋友们一起集中智慧，起草了下面的这个操作的原则和程序，算作是一次大型的免费口译培训，希望你能够看懂，如果有什么问题，可以回帖，如果没有，就可以直接开始了，一共六个月的进程，如果你能严格执行下来，考上二级口译应该没问题 1 分为6个不同的阶段，也就是6个月，到什么阶段，达到什么程度 2 在论坛上法帖，监督自己学习，也接受别人的监督， 3 完成了一个阶段，给负责人发邮件，才可以收到下一阶段的学习指示，所以大家必须要学习后在论坛上发帖，证明你每天都在学习，我们的方法，只能提供给真正热爱的朋友。 4 办一个经验口译员解答专栏。稍候我们会开通这个服务 7 有关学习的具体进程：第一个月: 模仿新闻1h + 新闻精听2h 基本上听新闻同类话题可以大致理解第二个月：（该月学习计划将在前一个计划结束后给你）新闻听力一次准确理解大约50-60%，语言能力得到增长，语音有所转变第三个月：（该月学习计划将在前一个计划结束后给你）新闻听力一次准确理解大约70-80%，基本上达到语言的运用有了一定积累，新闻听力一次准确理解大约80-90%，语言运用比较正规，能够用新闻和标准的语言来表述一些复杂论点，开始笔记练习第五个月: （该月学习计划将在前一个计划结束后给你）新闻听力进入快速阶段，越来越好。语言能力继续提升，笔记基本上能够纪录短时间的文章第六个月：（该月学习计划将在前一个计划结束后给你）新闻听力达到接

数据库原理王珊知识点整理

目录 1.1.1 四个基本概念 (1) 数据(Data) (1) 数据库(Database,简称DB) (1) 长期储存在计算机内、有组织的、可共享的大量数据的集合、 (1) 基本特征 (1) 数据库管理系统(DBMS) (1) 数据定义功能 (1) 数据组织、存储和管理 (1) 数据操纵功能 (2) 数据库的事务管理和运行管理 (2) 数据库的建立和维护功能(实用程序) (2) 其它功能 (2) 数据库系统(DBS) (2) 1.1.2 数据管理技术的产生和发展 (3) 数据管理 (3)

数据管理技术的发展过程 (3) 人工管理特点 (3) 文件系统特点 (4) 1.1.3 数据库系统的特点 (4) 数据结构化 (4) 整体结构化 (4) 数据库中实现的是数据的真正结构化 (4) 数据的共享性高，冗余度低，易扩充、数据独立性高 (5) 数据独立性高 (5) 物理独立性 (5) 逻辑独立性 (5) 数据独立性是由DBMS的二级映像功能来保证的 (5) 数据由DBMS统一管理和控制 (5) 1.2.1 两大类数据模型：概念模型、逻辑模型和物理模型 (6) 1.2.2 数据模型的组成要素：数据结构、数据操作、数据的完整性约束条件. 7 数据的完整性约束条件: (7)

关系数据模型的优缺点 (8) 1.3.1 数据库系统模式的概念 (8) 型(Type)：对某一类数据的结构和属性的说明 (8) 值(Value)：是型的一个具体赋值 (8) 模式（Schema） (8) 实例（Instance） (8) 1.3.2 数据库系统的三级模式结构 (9) 外模式[External Schema]（也称子模式或用户模式）， (9) 模式[Schema]（也称逻辑模式） (9) 内模式[Internal Schema]（也称存储模式） (9) 1.3.3 数据库的二级映像功能与数据独立性 (9) 外模式/模式映像：保证数据的逻辑独立性 (10) 模式/内模式映象：保证数据的物理独立性 (10) 1.4 数据库系统的组成 (10) 数据库管理员(DBA)职责： (10)

高级英语lesson2 marrakech课堂笔记

Marrakech George Orwell 1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later. 2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across （break ones way）the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried. 1.一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又飞了回来。 2.一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，边走边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。 3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally (really;真实的)nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh （mankind人类）as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated（无差别的）brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? （三个疑问句）They rise out of the earth（出生贫寒，metaphor），they sweat and starve(alliteration;) for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way(threaded their way) through the prickly pear(刺梨), you notice that it is rather bumpy（not even）underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.//part1:the coprse scene 3.当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。

口译笔记的具体例子

林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解时间:2008-10-06 16:02来源:实战口译网站作者:林超伦点击:5367次在这里，我将举实例介绍我的笔记方法，以及我如何以笔记与大脑短期记忆互动的方式保证译文的精确度。由于口译条件的限制，其精确度不能以笔译的尺度衡量，也没有必要这样做。口译的听众与笔译的读者，需求不同，预期也不同。由于使用实例讲解，无法把口译要点分门别类地举例。我将顺着例子讲下去。讲完之后，各项要点也就都包括其中了。人脑思维速度极快，一闪而过的念头，解说起来会显得繁杂。不过，我希望你能在开始时，多一点耐心。很快你就会发现，我的讲解读起来似乎繁杂，但背后的思路，也就是说一旦使用起来，要明快得多。开始前，提醒一下，不要忘了笔记是必需和记忆互动的。二者缺一不可。以下的实例解说，均以此为基础。讲话原文 Following the 1997 election, in which the Labour Party came to power, the macroeconomic policy framework has been reformed. 第一层次：一个箭头，加97，再加"选"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："1997年大选之后"。第二层次：一个"工"加圆圈，提醒"工"字后面还有话。另外，一条垂直线体现出第二层与第一层有关联。此后一个箭头，再加"权"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："工党上台掌权"。

第三层次：一个"M"加圆圈，提醒"M"字后面还有话。从短期记忆中回顾出"宏观经济框架"。接着，一条横线体现关联，线后一个"改"字，于是补齐译文："对宏观经济框架进行了改革"。最后划圈，带横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。备注：使用的4个汉字都经过"理顺"。其中2个是一笔成字。 The aim of this reform is to help provide a framework for improved macroeconomic stability and economic growth. 承上启下：一划从上段的"改"字左斜拉下来，接着往右一拐弯。足以从短期记忆中回顾出："改革的目的"。第一层次：写一个"框"字。从短期记忆中顺着上文，不难说出："是为了提供一个框架"。届此，听到"improved"，随之划一条上行箭头，再补一个"M"加圈，提醒"M"字后面还有话。这样就不难说出："以改善宏观经济稳定"。若担心"M"不够，则可以加"稳"字，或一条水平横线代表之。第二层次：此时，已听到"and economic growth"，于是在"M"之下写"经"字，或"E"外带上弧线。这就不难说出："促进经济增长"。最后划个圈，顺手一横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。备注：采用了同传里的断句和变通技巧，在"框架"后断句，"improved"翻做"改善"；加"经济增长"前加"促进"两字完句。

高级英语张汉熙笔记

Unit One The Middle Eastern Bazaar Lead-in Textual Structure of the Text Detailed Study of the Text Rhetorical Devices The Middle East Generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey. The Middle East is a loosely defined geographic region; the countries listed are generally considered part of the Middle East. These Middle East countries are part of the Asian continent, with the exception of Egypt, which is part of Africa, and the northwestern part of Turkey, which is part of the European landmass. Rich in oil, linking point of three continents. Nearby five seas: Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Caspian Sea (里海) Bazaar Bazaar: A market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, especially one in the Middle East. ---handicraft economy, contrast to the modern society Three famous bazaars in the Middle East: The Khan Khalili Bazaar in Cairo, Egypt 埃及开罗汗·哈利利集市 The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, Turkey 土耳其伊斯坦布尔大市集 The Damascus Bazaar in Syria 叙利亚大马士革集市 China’s most busiest markets: Xiushui Street and Da Zha Lan in Beijing 北京大栅栏和秀水街 References “The history of Middle East” (Mesopotamia Civilization, Civilization of Ancient Egypt, Middle East Wars) “The Bible—Old Testament” (the first half of the Christian Bible) “Talmud”塔尔穆德(犹太法典) (the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism) 犹太法典中的几句箴言有四种人，一种人说：“我的是我的，你的是你的。”这是平凡人；一种人说：“我的是你的，你的是我的。”这是庸俗人；一种人说：“你的我的全是我的。”这是邪恶人；一种人说：“我的你的全是你的。”这是敬虔人。上帝不以男人的头创造女人，因为女人不可支配男人；但也不以男人的脚创造女人，因为女人不可成为男人的奴隶；而以男人的肋骨创造女人，因为要她永远贴近他的心。 20岁不潇洒，30岁不成业，40岁不富有，50岁不幸福，那一辈子就完了。 Section I (Para 1) 3. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.

新人教版五年级英语下册Unit2-知识点整理学习资料

Unit2知识点整理 △话题：讨论喜欢的季节以及在某季节里可以做的事情 △词汇：season，spring，summer，autumn（fall），winter，snow 季节春天夏天秋天冬天雪 favourite(最喜爱的)，weather(天气)，colour(颜色)，leaf(树叶) go on a picnic，go swimming，pick apples，make a snowm a n 去野餐去游泳摘苹果复数：snowm e n △拓展词汇： plant trees， plant flowers， eat ice cream 种树种花吃冰激凌 play in the snow， summer vacation， winter vacation 在雪里玩耍暑假寒假 paint a picture，golden， green， white， pink 画画金黄色的绿色的白色的粉红色的 △句型： ①询问某人最喜欢的季节 Which season do you like best? （你最喜欢哪个季节？）——Winter（季节）/ I like＋季节＋best. ②询问喜欢某个季节的原因 Why do you like＋季节? （你为什么喜欢…？） ——Because I like summer vacation / I often play in the snow/…

③同一个问句反问别人 How about you? = What about you？= And you？（你呢？） △知识点： 1.in＋季节，不加the。（in spring） 2.can’t = can not 不会、不能 we’ll = we will 我们将要 Look at 看一看（固定搭配） lots of = a lot of 许多、很多同音词：too——to / two four——for snowm a n的复数：snowm e n (a变e) want＋to＋动词原形（想要做某事）【I want to paint a picture. 我想要画一幅画。】 3.一般疑问句：用do/does，can，is/are开头来问，用Yes/No来答。 do问do答，is问is答，can问can答；肯定Yes，否定No。 4.表达喜欢某个季节的原因时，可利用多种方式如： ①可以喜欢某个季节的特有的东西，I like snow/summer vacation.等； ②可以喜欢在某个季节内能够做的事情，I can make a snowman/ eat ice cream.等； ③可以利用There be句型描述下某个季节， There are beautiful flowers in spring.等；

数据库知识点整理(全)

UNIT 1 四个基本概念 1.数据(Data):数据库中存储的基本对象 2.数据库的定义 :数据库(Database,简称DB)是长期储存在计算机内、有组织的、可共享的大量数据集合 3.数据库管理系统（简称DBMS）：位于用户与操作系统之间的一层数据管理软件（系统软件）。用途:科学地组织和存储数据;高效地获取和维护数据主要功能: 数据定义功能; 数据操纵功能; 数据库的运行管理; 数据库的建立和维护功能(实用程序) 4.数据库系统（Database System，简称DBS）：指在计算机系统中引入数据库后的系统数据库系统的构成数据库数据库管理系统（及其开发工具）应用系统数据库管理员（DBA)和用户数据管理技术的发展过程人工管理阶段文件系统阶段数据库系统阶段数据库系统管理数据的特点如下 (1) 数据共享性高、冗余少；(2) 数据结构化；(3) 数据独立性高；(4) 由DBMS进行统一的数据控制功能数据模型用来抽象、表示和处理现实世界中的数据和信息的工具。通俗地讲数据模型就是现实世界数据的模拟。数据模型三要素。

数据结构：是所研究的对象类型的集合，它是刻画一个数据模型性质最重要的方面;数据结构是对系统静态特性的描述数据操作:对数据库中数据允许执行的操作及有关的操作规则;对数据库中数据的操作主要有查询和更改（包括插入、修改、删除）;数据操作是对系统动态特性的描述数据的约束条件:数据及其联系应该满足的条件限制 E-R图实体：矩形框表示属性：椭圆形(或圆角矩形)表示联系：菱形表示组织层数据模型层次模型网状模型关系模型(用“二维表”来表示数据之间的联系) 基本概念: 关系（Relation） :一个关系对应通常说的一张表元组（记录）: 表中的一行属性（字段）：表中的一列，给每一个属性名称即属性名分量：元组中的一个属性值，分量为最小单位，不可分主码（Key）：表中的某个属性组，它可以唯一确定一个元组。域（Domain）：属性的取值范围。