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一．选择：1. Computers are ____B____ unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information.A. used B. Useles C. useful D. uselessly

2. Active __B__ __ for engineers often begins before the student?s last year in the university.

A. employ

B. recruiting

C. hire

D. firing

3. For the student who is preparing to become a __C______ engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics. A. computer

B. social

C. civil

D. chemical

4. The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction, _____B___, maintenance, or even in sales. A. analysis B. supervision

C. plan

D. fee

5. Civil engineers work on many different kinds of C . A. buildings B. projects C. structures D. roads

6. In designing buildings, civil engineers often work as __B______ to architectural or construction firms.A. workers B. consultants C. employees

D. students

7. Dams, bridges and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a _____D___ engineer who is in charge of the entire project. A. . main B. chief C. master D. systems

. 8. Construction is a ___B_____ process on almost all engineering projects . A. simple B. complicated C. easy D. likely

d C. easy D. likely

. A. simple B. complicated

C. easy

D. likely

9. In compression, the material is __C______ together.A. stretched B. apart C. pushed

D. tense

10. When a saw cuts easily through a piece of wood, the wood is A .

A. In tension

B. in compression

C. in press

D. in push

11. We defined ______D__ as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress. A. tension B. compression C. Push D. shear

12. The principal construction

materials of earlier times were

wood and _____C___,

stone, or tile, and similar

materials.

A. steel

aluminum C.

masonry brick D. plastic

13. Modern cement is a mixture

of B .

A. bricks

limestone and clay C. wood

and ash D. plastic

14. Concrete is very

D .

A. constant

B. the

same C. definite

D. versatile

15. Steel has great tensile

strength while concrete has

great compressive strength, thus,

the two substances _C_______

each other.

A. counteract

offset C.

complement D.

nullify

16. One system that helps

___A_____ concrete weight to

some extent uses polymers.

A. cut

accelerate C. add

D. keep

17. The retention money serves

to insure ___D_____ against any

defects that may arise in the

work.

A. the manager

B. the

contractor C. the carrier

D. the employer

18. The civil engineering work

must be completed to the

satisfaction of the employer, or

his D .

A. wife

friend C. lawyer

D. representative

19. For moderate and longer

hauls, self-loading scrapers

pulled by rubber-tired hauling

units and push-loaded by

tractors offer ____B____ cost.

A. higher

lower C. the same

D. different

20. Highway maintenance activities

can be grouped and classified

according __D______the purpose of

the treatment.

A. with

B. for

C. forward

D. to

21. Engineering is a profession, which

means that an engineer must have a

specialized _D_____

education.

A. elementary school B．high school

C．middle school D．university

22. In most cases, the tender may be

___B___ at any time until it has been

accepted.

A．confirmed

B．withdrawn C．admitted

D. continued

23. Current trend is to require

students to take courses in the

__C____ science and the language

arts.

A．computer

B．chemical C．social

D．biology

24. The law relating to contracts

imposes on each party to a contract

_D_____ to perform.

A. an irksome task

B. an easy experiment

C. a good plan

D. a legal obligation

25. Indeed, the civil engineer?s choice

is __C____ and varied.

A. small

B. fine

C. large

D. tiny

26. Roadbeds _____B_ highway

pavement structures and the ballast

and track on which trains move.

A. lie above

B. underlie

C. lie left

D. lie right

27. Construction can be very

A .

A. dangerous

B. safe

C. easy

D. secure

28. Where material is moved less than

about 60m or steeply downhill,

drifting with a track or wheel type

bulldozer is A A. cheapest

B. expensive

C. unknown

D. the same

29. Thrust is the pressure exerted by

each part of a structure on A .

A. its other part

B. itself

C. the

wall D. the ground

30. The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is B .A. dead load B. live load C. impact D. safety factor

31. In tension, the material is

B .

A. pressed

B. pulled apart

C. pushed

D. compressed

32. In fills constructed by end dumping or by placing in thick layers, material, density, and moisture content could ___C___ greatly from one spot to another.A. be the same

B. be alike

C. vary

D. be equal

33. Both ____A__, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. A. steel and cement B. wood and brick

C.stoneand tile

D. ash and plastic

34. The total station is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure C .A. distances B. central angles C. elevation difference D.

35. The ___B___ vehicle is a creator of accidents. A. advantage B. defective

C. merit

D. failure

36. Prestressed concrete is an __B____ form of reinforcement. A. original B. improved C. same D. low

37.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by D .A. engineers https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b31617853.html,pany D. two or more parties

38.___B___ change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas. A. Weight B. V olume C. Area D. No

39. There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: …manner and method?and … A ?.

A. result

B. combination

C. layer thickness

D. moisture control 40.A main source of accidents, the problem of _____C_ driving is the most serious of all.

A. drink

drinking C.

drunken D. drank

41. Computer programming is

now included in almost all

engineering B______.

A. courses

curricula C.

lessons D. areas

42. The relationship between

engineering and society is

getting ___C_____.

A. higher

farther C. closer

D. lower43. Types of contracts

are virtually classified by their

___D___ system: (1) price-based

and (2) cost-based.

A. construction

design C.

tender D. payment

44. Computers can?t solve

complicated problems unless

they are given ___D___.

A. a good air-condition

B. a young civil engineer

C. a good computer

engineer

D. a good program

45. In recent years, rippers have

been used successfully to

___C___ loose or fractured rock.

A. break down

B. break

even C. break up

D. break away

46. Civil engineering projects

are almost always __A____.

A. distinctive

the similar C. alike

D. the same

47. Usually there are __C____

easy answers on equipment

selection.

A. some

many C. no

D. much

48. ____A__ force acts up and

down.

A. Vertical

Horizontal C. Rotating

motion D. Turning motion

49. Layered construction also

produced greater uniformity in

the material __D____ and in its

density and moisture content.

A. himself

myself C. themselves

D. itself

50. The actual cost of any single

highway traffic accident is extremely

___C___ to determine.

A. easy

B. liable

C. difficult

D. apt

51. Basically, causes of automobile

accidents can be categorized _D_____

four major groups.

A. in

B. to

C. on

D. into

52. Electronic distance measuring

(EDM) not only can measure the

distance between objects but also

determine A .

A. the direction

B. the size

C. the frequency

D. the

width

53.__A____ the recent improvement

in visibility are wraparound

windshields and narrowed roof

support pillars.

A. Two of

B. Of

two C. Two

D. Two, of

54. There is a great deal that the

actual highway designer can _____C_

prevent accident.

A. do

B. to do

C. do to

D. to

55. To avoid the driving after

drinking, one of the methods is

B .

A. law study

B. breath

test C. take an exam

D. driving study

56. It is suitable for remote sensing

technique to be used for highway

location in C .

A. tropical rain forest

B. areas between tall buildings

C. mountainous country without

forest D. plains with uniform

shade

57. The information on the aerial

photographs can be converted into

maps with the help of stereoscopes

which is able to see objects in

C . A.onedimension

B. two dimensions

C.threedimensions

D. all directions

58. The normal steel does not exert

any force of its own on the member,

___B___ to the action of prestressing steel.A. similar B. contrary C. comparable D. likely 59. The extensive use of prestressed structures has been due in _A_____ small measures to the advances in the technology.A. no B. so

C. such

D. some

60.The employer selects the contractor for the project by D .A. tender B. advertisement C. government D. bidding

61. Many different A and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years.A. corporations B. institutes C. units D. offices 62. Civil engineers may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that B with water resources.A. does B. deals C. lives

D. argues

63. It is normal practice for C engineer to specialize in just one kind.

A. one

B. a

C. an

D. the

64. Construction involves the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as __C as possible.

A. high

B. precious

C. low

D. expensive

65. For example, B are often built in wild river valleys or gorges.

A. buildings

B. dams

C. bridges

D. tunnels

66. Electrical and mechanical engineers work on the A of the powerhouse and its equipment.

A. design

B. building

C. structure

D. power

67. In Rome, most of the people lived in B , great tenement blocks that were often ten stories high.

A. outdoor

B. insulse

C. the sea

D. the ground

68. The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical D that will be made on him or her.

A. conditions

B. test

C. course

D. demands

69. Much of the work of civil engineering is carried on C .

A. indoors

in the sky C. outdoors

D. underground

70. In addition, the building of

skyscrapers, bridges and tunnels

must also progress under all

kinds of Cconditions.

A. design

economic C. weather

D. water

71. The Romans also used a

natural cement called pozzolana,

made from B , that became

as hard as stone under water.

A. steel

volcanic ash C. aluminum

D. plastic

72. Different proportions of the

ingredients produce concrete

with A strength and weight.

A. different

the same C. similar

D. unknown

73. A concrete has made it

possible to develop buildings

with unusual shapes.

A. Prestressed

Reinforcement C. Mixture

D. Steel

74. The modern engineer must

also understand the C

stresses to which the materials

in a structure are subject.

A. alike

similar C. different

D. the same

75. Today, scientific data permit

the engineer to make careful

calculations D .

A. inaccurately

B. in no

76. The force which the live load

will be exerted on the structure

is C .

A. dead load

B. live

load C. impact

D. safety factor

77. When a saw begins to bind,

the wood is A because the

fibers in it are being pushed

together.

A. in compression

B. in

tension C. in pull apart

D. in stretching

78. D rods are bent into

the shapes to give them the

necessary degree of tensile strength.

A. Concrete

B. Brick

C. Plastic

D. Steel

79. Many great buildings built in

earlier ages are massive structures

with B .

A. aluminum walls

B. thick stone walls

C. steel walls

D. plastic walls

80. We all enter into contracts almost

every day for the supply f goods, B

etc.

A .education

B transportation

C. friendship

D. wedding

81. Some contracts must be made in a

particular D to be enforceable.

A. file

B. shape

C. pattern

D. form

82. Once a person has signed a

document he is assumed to have B

its contents.

A. liked

B. approved

C. opposed

D. hated

83. By setting down the terms of a

contract in writing one secures

avoiding A .

A. disputes

B. troubles

C. scuffles

D. sufferings

84. In an entire contract, where D

agrees to pay a certain sum in return

for civil engineering work..

A. the manager

B. the

contractor C. the carrier D. the

employer

85. B is not entitled to any

payment if he abandons the work

prior to completion.

A. The manager

B. The

contractor C. The carrier D.

The employer

86. The contractor is not entitled to

receive payment in A until the

work is satisfactorily completed.

A. full

B. part

C. 1\3

D. 1\4

87. A tender is normally required to

be a definite C .

A. order

B. bill

C. offer

D. license

88. Generally, civil engineering

contracts provide for the issue of B

at various stages of the works.

A. progress chart

B. interim

certificates C. progress report

D. interim report

89. It does not give the employer the right to demand an A high standard of quality throughout the works.

A. unusually

B. usually

C. ordinarily

D. unchangeable

90. The employer does not usually bind himself to accept the lowest or indeed any tender and this is often stated in the C .

A. book

B. reference

C. advertisement

D. novel

91. A contract has been defined as an agreement which directly creates and contemplates C .

A. a demand

B. a game

C. an obligation

D. an engagement

92. When we enter into contracts we are willing to C for the service we receive.

A. enjoy

B. have

C. pay

D. appreciate

93. If there is no written agreement and C arises in respect of the contract.

A. amendment

B. an appointment

C. a dispute

D. a quarrel

94. The rubber-tired tractor units have difficulty in operating on D , slippery roadbeds.

A. loose

B. dry

C. dried

D. wet

95. There are A variables in earthmoving.

A. many

B. less C, different D. no

96. The term D describes the fill added above the low points along the roadway to raise the level to the bottom of the pavement structure. A. site clearing B. excavation

C. earthmoving

D. embankment

97. Material for B commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated borrow areas.

A. excavation

B. embankment

C. earthmoving

D. site clearing

98. C control is largely a matter of conducting the specified procedure.

A. Techniques

B. Devices

C. Field

D. Moisture 99. Modern practice requires

that embankment construction

be A executed and

controlled.

A. carefully

B. urgently

C. easily

D. hardly

100. Construction of pavement

over high fills often was B

for a year or more after

completion of the fill to allow the

settlement to occur.

A ahead B. deferred

C. advanced

D. the

same time

101. Nearly B vegetable

matter should be removed from

the original ground and fill

material.

A. no

all C. not

all D. some

102. A track or wheel type

bulldozer is D to

earthmoving of considerably

long hauls.

A. used

suitable C. adapted

D. not suitable

103. Loose rock is handled by

A units as is done with

…common? excavation.

A. tractor-scraper

push-loaded scraper C. power

shovel D. roller

104. The highway can require

mental and A response.

A. physical

chemical C. social

D. phonological

105. The needs generated by the

great increase D vehicle

numbers and kilometers of road

have given rise to major

research programs in traffic

planning.

A. on

B. at

C. under

D. in

106. Terminology concerned

B highway preservation

varies considerably from

country to country.

A. in

B. with

C. without

through

107. Highway improvement is

also a key factor B preventing

accidents.

A. off

B. in

C. on

D. at

108. The actual degree of safety one

experiences on a given highway is

determined by decisions made on B

le vels.

A. same

B. different

C. distinguished

undistinguished

109. Public agencies typically dictate

the major constraints within which

these design decisions are A

made.

A. to be

B. been

C. be to

D. being

110. Finally, individual motorists

make decisions regarding their own

safety C they select speed, route

for their cars.

A. at

B. to

C. as

D. in

111. Safe highways are C and it

appears that the driving public does

not want safe highways.

A. inexpensive

B. cheap

C. expensive

D. cost

112. People do not want to pay the

costs and suffer the restrictions

necessary to produce A in traffic.

A. safety

B. dangerous

C. urgent

D. safe

113. It is often A to determine the

true condition of a vehicle after a

crash.

A. impossible

B. easy

C. possible

D. apt

114. No figures B available to

justify it.

A. is

B. are

C. am

D. was

115. For the driver?s vision, in the

body of the automobile, both side and

rear windows have been greatly D

in area.

A. shortened

B. lacked

C. small

D. enlarged

116. Another improvement in driver

visibility is the introduction of the

remote-controlled B rearview

mirror.

A. inside

B. outside

C. underground

D. top

117. The safe performance of the

brake system C high temperatures has been ensured.

A. in

B. at

C. under

D. on

118. Relocation and reduction in the height of the brake pedal has meant that the brake can be applied A rapidly.

A. much

B. more

C. lot

D. rather

119. The use of uniform traffic control devices will reduce driver reaction time A confusion.

A. as well as

B. as good as

C. as much as

D. as long as 120. Removal, relocation and redesign of fixed obstructions, can provide a clear C area for vehicles out of control.

A. safe

B. hazardous

C. recovery

D. dangerous 121. Vehicular safety design usually centers B protecting the driver and his passengers.

A. in

B. upon

C. under

D. up

122. The highway construction may also cause D impacts on the surroundings.

A. helpful

B. favorable

C. profitable

D. adverse 123. The designed highway alignment must meet the technical B of the highway engineering.

A. strategy

B. standard

C. philosophy

D. policy

124. A is a gap graded material with less coarse aggregate.

A. Hot rolled asphalt

B. Porous asphalt

C. Asphaltic concrete

D. Dense bitumen macadam

125. In this case, layer thickness, moisture control, and the number of passes by a roller of specified type and weight are A .

A. predetermined

B. not determined

C. unknown

D. postdetermined

126. B is the conventional location technique for highway.

A. Remote sensing

B. Ground survey

C. Total station

D. Photogrammetry

127. A B is only used for measuring the vertical heights of objects.

A. level

B. total

station C. transit

D. tape

128. If Party A commissions

Party B to execute the

construction work, then Party B

is referred to as B .

A. the employer

B. the

contractor C. the tenderer

D. the carrier

129. The force-account work

should be checked and approved

daily by D .

A. the employer

B. the

contractor C. the carrier

D. both A and B

130. A is not advantage of

highway transportation.

A. Fast speed

B. Flexibility

C. Providing door-to-door service

D. Carrying a variety of parcel

sizes

二．填空题：

131. Engineers often work a s

consultants to architectural

or construction firms.

132. Young engineers may

choose to go into

environmental or sanitary

engineering.

133. It is sufficient in order to

create a legally binding , if

the parties express their agreement

and intention to enter into such a

contract.

134. One party to the contract is

liable for breach of contract if

he fails to perform his part of the

agreement.

135. clearing the site

precedes all grading and most

other construction operations.

136. Loose rock includes materials

such as rotten or weathered

rock, or earth mixed with

boulders.

137. No attempt was made to

control moisture content

or to secure compaction.

138. The redesign of

windshield wipers, fresh air

ventilating systems, had result in

greater vehicle safety.

139. The safe performance of the

brake system has been ensured by the

use of heavy-duty brake fluid.

140. Relocation and reduction in

height of the brake pedal has

meant that the driver?s total reaction

time has been reduced.

141. Areas of research connected with

civil engineering include soil mechanics

and soil stabilization____ techniques.

142. Modern cement, called

__portland cement____, was invented

in 1824.

143. Material for embankment

commonly comes from roadway cuts

or designated ____borrow areas__.

144. Causes of automobile acciden ts

can be categorized into four major

groups: the vehicles, the road, the driver,

the ___pedestrain___ .

145. Another improvement in drive r

visibility is the introduction of the

remote-controlled outside __ rearview

____ mirror.

146. Rock nearly always must be

drilled and blasted, then loaded with a

front-end loader or ___power shovel___

into trucks or other hauling units.

147. The three forces that can act on a

structure are vertical force ,

horizontal force, and those that act upon

it with a rotating or turning motion.

148. Highway pavements are divided

into two main categories: __rigid____

and flexible.

149. Flexible pavements are furthe r

divided into three subgroups: high type,

_intermediate_____, and low type.

150. The constructing steps of th e

transportation system are to plan, design,

build, operate and _maintain____.

151.The unit price contract is

adapted to highway engineerin g,

because usually it is not possible to

determine exact quantities of some

items of work __before____

construction is completed.

152. The word …contract?is derived

from the Latin …contractum?, meaning

___drawn___together.

153. As a structural material, the

enormous advantage of steel is its

__tensile strength ____.

154. __highway transportation____ is

the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel.

155.The Portland cement concrete com monly used for rigid pavements consists of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, __fine aggregate____, water. 156. Rigid highway pavement can be divided into three general types: plain concrete pavements, simply reinforced concrete and _continuously reinforced concrete_____pavements.

157. The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the __diamond____.

1__ transportation will be selected. 159.31. Engineers often work a

132. Young engineers may choose

3. It is sufficient in order to

134. One party to the contract is 135. clearing the site precedes all

9. The safe performance of the

40. Relocation and reduction

41. Areas of research connected

42. Modern cement, called __portland cement____, was

43. Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway

. Causes of automobile acciden

45. Another improvement in drive

6. Rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with

7. The three forces that can act on a 57. The simplest and generally nsportation will be selected.

159. Signing for freeway69. When planning a structure, an

Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the __geometry____ design.

160. Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span __culverts____.

161. The weight of the structure itself is known as dead load .

162.prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. 163. A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties.

164. This sum is known as …retention money?and serves to insure the employer against any defects that may arise in the work. 165. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired to translate

theory into practice to the

supervisors.

166. Large projects ordinarily

employ several engineers w hose

work is coordinated by a

systems engineer .

167. Traffic loads are

transferred by the wearing

surface to the underlying

supporting materi als through the

interlocking of aggregates, the

frictional effect of granular

materials , and cohesion of the

fine materials.

168. Excavation is the process of

loosening and removing earth or

rock and transporting it to a fill

or to a waste deposit .

169. When planning a structure,

an engineer must take into

account four factors: dead load,

live load , impact and safety

factor.

170. The new design standards

require guard rails and

other structures to lessen a

vehicle?s impact.

171. People select air

transportation to carry

important goods when time is at a

premium.

172. The benefit-cost ratio

method is used for evaluating the

economical and

environmental feasibility of the

alternative routes.

173. A unique bridge site or a

mountain pass also mat become a

primary control point .

174. The radius of a tangent is

infinite , and that of a curve is

finite.

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roads c an overcome weaving

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三．阅读理解题：

Passage One

Research is one of the

most important aspects of

scientific and engineering

practice. A r esearcher usually

works as a member of a team with

other scientists and engineers. He or she

is often employed in a laboratory that is

financed by government or industry.

Areas of research connected with civil

engineering include soil mechanics and

soil stabilization techniques, and also

the development and the testing of new

structural materials.

176. Research is one of __B____

aspects of scientific and engineering

practice.

A. the most useless

B. the most important

C. the most unnecessary

177. A researcher is often

employed C .

A. on a farm

B. in a library

C. in a laboratory

178. A researcher usually works as

a member of a team with C .

A. farmers and scientists

B. engineers and farmers

C. scientists and engineers

179. Which of the following is true?

A. Civil engineering research

doesn?t include only soil mechanics

and soil stabilization, but also the

development of new structural materials

B. Civil engineering research

doesn?t include soil mechanics and soil

stabilization

C. Civil engineering research

doesn?t include the development of new

structural materials

Passage Two

The current tendency is to

develop lighter materials. Aluminum,

for example, weighs much less than

steel but has many of the same

properties. Aluminum beams have

already been used for bridge

construction and for the framework of a

few buildings.

Attempts are also being made to

produce concrete with more strength

and durability, and with a lighter weight.

One system that helps cut concrete

weight to some extent uses polymers,

which are long chainlike compounds

used in plastics, as part of the mixture.

180. The current trend of structural

materials is B .

A. to develop heavier materials

B. to develop lighter materials

C. to develop less materials 181. Aluminum weighs A .

A. much less than steel

B. the same as steel

C. much heavier than steel 182. Aluminum has C .

A. no properties of steel

B. few properties of steel

C. many of the same properties of steel

183. Which of the following is true?B

A. Aluminum beams can?t be used for bridge construction

B. Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also the framework of a few buildings

C. Aluminum beams can?t be used for the framework of a few buildings

Passage Three

Steel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid. 184. Steel and concrete have C .

A. different rate of contraction

B. different rate of expansion

C. almost the same rate of contraction and expansion

185. Reinforced concrete is A .

A. steel rods which are embedded in concrete beams

B. concrete which is embedded in steel rods

C. steel rods which react with concrete

186. Which of the following is true?C

A. steel can rust in concrete

B. concrete can corrode

steel

C. steel does not rust in

concrete

187. Concrete has B .

A. some kind of chemical

that corrodes steel

B. an alkaline chemical

reaction, the opposite of acid

C. some kind of acid

P assage Four

The employer or promoter of

civil engineering works

normally determines the

conditions of contract, which

define the obligations and

performances by some form of

competitive tende ring and any

contractor who submits a

successful tender and

subsequently enters into a contract

is deemed in law to have

voluntarily accepted the

conditions of contract adopted by

the promoter.

The obligations that a contractor

accepts when he submits a tender

are determined by the form of the

invitation to tender. In most cases

the tender may be withdrawn at

any time until it has been accepted

and may, even then, be withdrawn

if the acceptance is stated by the

promoter to be …subject to formal

contract? as is often the case.

188. The conditions of contract are

normally determined by

C .

A. the government official

B. the contractor

C. the promoter

189. This conditions define the

obligations and performances to

which _____C_ will be subject.

A. the employer

B. the official

C. the contractor

190. The obligations that __C____

accepts when he submits a tender

are determined by the form of the

invitation to the tender.

A. the employer

B. the auditor

C. the contractor

191. In most cases the tender may be

withdrawn at any time until B .

A. the promoter has enough

money

B. it has been accepted

C. the tender approved by the

government

Passage Five

Materials are usually described as

…rock?, …loose rock?, or …common?,

with …common? signifying all material

not otherwise classified. Rock,

sometimes called …solid rock?, nearly

always must be drilled and blasted, then

loaded with a front-end loader or power

shovel into trucks or other hauling units.

Blasted rock may be moved or drifted

for short distances by means of a

bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge

tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often

is dug with loaders or shovels without

any previous blasting.

192. According to the passage, which

material signifying all material not

otherwise classified.B

A. loose rock

B. common

C. rock

193. Which of the following is NOT

true?B

A. rock, is sometimes called

…solid rock?

B. rock, is sometimes called …loose rock?

C. rock, is usually called …hard rock

194. According to the passage, which of

the following is true?B

A. loose rock nearly always must

be drilled and blasted

B. loose rock is often dug

without any previous blasting

C. blasted rock may be moved

for long distances by bikes

195. Loose rock often is dug with

__B____ without any previous blasting.

A. track or ripper

B. loaders or shovels

C. roller or bulldozer

Passage Six

In the university, mathematics,

physics, and chemistry are heavily

emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or t hree years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.

196. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering so A .

A. it is greatly stressed

B. it is nearly stressed

C. it is not stressed

197. Statistics deals with B .

A. listening and speaking

B. gathering, classifying and using pieces of information

C. reading and writing

198. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is A .

A. probability

B. different factors

C. variables

199. Which is the main meaning of the passage?B

A. physics is very important in all branches of engineering

B. mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering

C. chemistry is very important in all branches of engineering

Passage Seven

Civil engineering projects are almost unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil

features of the proposed site. It

also includes a consideration of

possible alternatives, such as a

concrete gravity dam or an

earth-fill embankment dam. The

economic factors involved in each

of the possible alternatives must

also be weighed. Today, a study

usually includes a consideration of

the environmental impact of the

project. Many engineers, usually

working as a team that includes

surveyors, specialists in soil

mechanics, and experts in design

and construction, are involved in

making these feasibility studies.

200. Civil engineering projects are

A. almost always distinctive

B. the similar

C. alike

201. Each project ___C____

before design work begins

A. may not be considered

B. can?t be studied

C. must be studied carefully

202. The study, which must

consider not only structural

features but also economic factors

and possible alternatives or other

choices, is called B .

A. system engineering

B. feasibility study

C. structural design

203. Which of the following is

true?A

A. today civil engineering

project need consider the

environmental impact of the

project

B. today the study about

civil engineering project needn?t

consider the environmental impact

of the project

C. today the study about

civil engineering project needn?t

consider the resource impact of

the project

Passage Eight

Clearing the site precedes all

grading and most other

construction operations. Site

clearing in rural areas may

sometimes merely require that glass,

shrubs, and other plants or crops be

removed. However, it sometimes can

involve removing trees and tree

stumps and disposing of the debris.

The accepted procedure is to remove

p ractically all vegetable matter from the

original ground and from fill material,

since, if allowed to remain; it may decay

and leave voids that result in settlement.

Selective clearing in adjoining areas

may at times be required.

204. According to the passage, which is

the main topic?B

A. excavation

B. site clearing

C. embankment

205. According to the passage,

__B_____ is NOT be removed in rural

areas.

A. shrubs

B. crops

C. earth

206. If all vegetable remained, C .

A. it may cause shortage of vegetable in

the market

B. the vegetable grow fast

C. it may decay and leave voids

207. Sometimes it is required clearing

A .

A. adjacent areas

B. far areas

C. rural areas

P assage Nine

Vehicular safety design

usually centers on protecting the

driver and his passengers in case an

accident occurs due to some other

failure in the highway system.

Examples of this type of desig n are

safety belts and shoulder harnesses,

safer door latches, non-shattering

windshields, and energy absorbing

steering columns. Improvements are

made constantly in the parts of a vehicle

which are obvious to the driver. These

parts include windshield wipers,

headlamps, brakes, steering suspension,

and the exhaust system. The

introduction of front and rear directional

signals contributes greatly to motor

vehicle safety. Stop lights, backup lights,

and four-way emergency flashers also

aid in vehicle safety. Four-way

emergency flashers have become standard equipment for vehicles.

208. According to the passage, which is NOT mentioned?C

A. safety belts

B. safer door latches

C. brake pedal

209. According to the passage, which becomes standard equipment for vehicles?A

A. four-way emergency flashers

B. guard rail

C. ventilating system

210. Which of the following is true?B

A. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the vehicles

B. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the persons who drives the vehicles

C. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the pedestrians

211. According to the passage, which design is described?A

A. vehicular safety

B. vehicular structure

C. vehicular power

p passage Ten

In the 1930s engineers found that superior embankments could be constructed by spreading the material in relatively thin layers and compacting it at moisture content close to optimum. The improvement resulted largely because greater density was obtained, which resulted in higher “strength”in the soil mass and in decreased settlement and rutting. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content. This was beneficial since any subsequent consolidation or swelling would be relatively uniform.

212. In the 1930s engineers found embankments could be constructed byB A. compacting it at density and spreading the material in relatively thick layers

B. compacting it at a moisture content and spreading the material in relatively thin layers

C. compacting it at borrow area 213. According to the passage,

which cause higher “strength”?A

A. greater density was obtained

B. moisture content close to

minimum

C. more material was used

214. Which of the following is

true?C

A. layered construction produced

greater difference in the material

and etc.

B. layered construction produced

greater disagreement in its density

C. layered construction produced

greater unanimity in its density

and moisture content

215. Which of the following

words is the closest meaning of

…optimum??B

A. worst

B. best

C. different

Passage Eleven

Altogether, three forces can

act on a structure:

vertical—those that act up or

down; horizontal—those that

act sideway; and those that act

upon it with a rotating or

tur ning motion. Forces that act at

an angle are combination of

horizontal and vertical forces.

Since the structures designed by

civil engineers are intended to be

stationary or stable, these forces

must be kept in balance. The

vertical forces, for example, must

be equal to each other. If a beam

supports a load above, the beam

itself must have sufficient strength

to counterbalance that weight. The

horizontal forces must also equal

each other so that there is not too

much thrust either to the right or

to the left. And forces that might

pull the structure around must be

countered with forces that pull in

the opposite direction.

216. Horizontal forces B .

A. act up or down

B. act sideways

C. act upon it with rotating or

turning motion

217. Forces acting at an angle are

combination of A .

A. horizontal and vertical forces

B. horizontal and rotating forces

C. turning and vertical forces

218. The horizontal forces must equal

each other so that C .

A. there is not too much thrust either

to up or to down

B. there is not too much thrust either

rotating or turning

C. there is not too much thrust either

to the right or to the left

219. Which of the following is true?B

A. three forces acting on a structure

need not be kept in balance

B. three forces acting on a structure

must be kept in balance

C. three forces acting on a structure

must be less

P assage Twelve

We all enter into contracts almost

every day for the supply of goods,

transportation and similar service,

and in all these instances we are quite

willing to pay for the services we

receive. Our needs in these cases are

comparatively simple and we do not

need to enter onto lengthy or

complicated negotiations and no written

contract is normally executed.

Nevertheless, each party to the contract

has agrees to do something, and is liable

for breach of contract if he fails to

perform his part of the agreement.

In general, English law requires no

special formalities in making contracts

but, for various reasons, some contracts

must be made in a particular form to be

enforceable and, if they are not made in

that special way, then they will be

ineffective. Notable among these

contracts are contracts for the sale and

disposal of land, and …land?, for this

purpose, includes anything built on the

land, as, for example, roads, bridges and

other structures.

220. Which of the following is true?A

A. we all enter into contracts almost

everyday.

B. we don?t enter into any contract.

C. only teachers enter into contracts.

221. We enter into contracts for the

supply of goods and transportation, in

this case, C .

A. we need to enter into lengthy

negotiations.

B. we should prepare for long time.

C. we don?t need to enter into lengthy negotiations.

222. The contracts for the sale and disposal of land B .

A. require no special formalities.

B. must be made in a particular form.

C. should be written in two texts of English and Chinese.

223. Two parties of the contract have agreed to do something if one party fails to perform his part of the agreement, then C .

A. it is nothing to do with him.

B. he can declare the contract invalid himself.

C. he is liable for breach of contract. Passage Thirteen

That work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representatives, does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agre ement. Otherwise the employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by the competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters. 224. The work must be completed to the satisfaction of B .

A. the contractor.

B. the promoter or his representative.

C. the auditor.

225. It does not give the employer the right to demand B .

A. an usually high standard of quality throughout the works.

B. an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works.

C. the Ministry standard of quality throughout the works.

226.The employer might be able to __C_____ his liability to pay for the works.

A. terminate immediately

B. postpone definitely

C. postpone indefinitely

227. A standard of work would be

regarded as reasonable by

C .

A. employers.

B. top persons.

C. competent persons.

Passage Fourteen

The importance of safety in

all modes of transportation,

especially highway safety is well

recognized. Traffic accidents

take a tremendous toll of human

lives, personal property, and

caus e untold grief and misery. In

1978, there were a total of

18,300,000 highway traffic

accidents. These accidents resulted

in 49,400 deaths, 1,400,000

personal injuries, property damage

of $16,900,000, and total costs of

$34.3 billion. Of the 154,100,000

registered vehicles and

142,200,000 licensed drivers in

1978, 31,500,000 were involved in

accidents; the accidents occurred

during 1,520 billion miles (2,446

billion km).

228. According to the passage, the

safety is well recognized,

especially A

A. the highway safety.

B. the channel safety.

C. the subway safety.

229. Which is the best topic

according to the passage?A

A. traffic accidents take a

tremendous toll of human lives

and personal property.

B. the traffic accidents are

very important thing we must

consider.

C. statistical figures of

accidents show.

230. According to this passage,

how many licensed drivers are

involved in accidents in 1978?C

A. 49.400

B. 142,200,000

C. 31,500,000

231. According to this passage,

how many persons were injured in

1978?C

A. 18,300,000

B. 49,400

C. 1,400,000

P assage Fifteen

The Federal Highway

Administration requires each state to

establish a highway safety

improvement program from the

standpoint of roadw ay design and

control. The objectives of the program

are to identify and eliminate hazardous

locations on the state highway systems.

The program provides for the correction

of locations or elements which (a) are

identified as hazardous by accident

analysis, (b) can be expected to produce

a measurable reduction in the number

and severity of accidents, and (c)

compare favorably with safety work for

which the relation of reduction in

accident costs to costs of improvement

has been determined.

232. According to the passage, the

Federal Highway Administration

requires B .

A. each state to make a highway

regulation.

B. each state to establish a highway

safety program.

C. each state to establish a highway

safety law

233. The aid of the improvement

program is to identify and eliminate

B .

A. hazardous feeder highway.

B. hazardous locations.

C. hazardous vehicles

234. According to the passage, the main

topic is A .

A. Federal Highway Administration

set the highway safety program.

B. Federal Highway Administration

set the railway safety program.

C. Federal Highway Administration

set the railway fee program.

235. According to the passage, which of

the following is Not true?A

A. the correction of locations or

elements can be expected not to

produce.

B. the correction of locations or

elements is identified as hazardous.

C. the correction of locations or elements compare favorably with safety work.

四．英译汉题：

236. Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, simi lar to the bar examinations for a lawyer.

工程专业毕业生必须通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试。

237. The structural design of any structure first inv olves the establishment of the loading and other design conditions that must be resisted by the structure and therefore must be considered in its design.

任何结构的结构设计首先包含确定荷载和其他设计条件，这些条件是结构必须承受的，因而在设计中必须加以考虑。

238. Selection of equipment depends on the nature of the material, how far it is to be moved, and the method of disposal.

设备的选择主要决定于材料的性质，运距以及处理的方式。

239. Conventional ground surveys were the original location techniques available t o highway engineers until developments in electronics.

常规的地形测量是电子技术发展之前公路工程师可以利用的最初的定线技术。

240. At many structure sites the field investigati ons indicate that channel relocations and improvements above and below the structure may provide a better situation from the hydraulic standpoint.

在很多构造物现场，现场调查表明：根据水力学的观点，重新调整和改进在结构的上部和下部的沟渠位置可能提供更好的状况。

241. Railroad trains must follow the precise alignment of the tracks, and the discom fort described above can be avoided only by adopting easement curves.

火车必须遵循轨道上的精确线行，而且以上所描述的不舒适感只要通过采用缓和曲线就可以避免。

242. An urban transportation system is a basic compone nt of an urban area?s social, economic, and physical structure. 城市交通运输系统是一个城市地区社会，经济和物质结构的基本组成

部分。

243. A modified three-level

diamond design perm its free

flow of straight-through traffic on

both arterials.

一种改进的三层菱形立交桥实际

可以使两条干线上的直行交通都

能自由通行。

244. These improvements result

fr om the fact that nonelastic and

nonlinear effects that become

significant in the vicinity of

ultimate behavior of the structure

can be accounted for.

这种改进来源于这样一个事实，

即：在结构的极限性能附近变得

很重要的非弹性和非线性效应能

够予以解释。

245. The preliminary

reconnaissance will have

established primary and secondary

controls for one or more feasible

routes and will have fixed each

location within a band of limited

width, possibly within a few

hundred feet.

前期的踏勘将对一条或更多的可

行线路建立主要和次要的控制

点，并且在有限宽度的条带内，

可能达到数百英尺，确定每条线

路的位置。

246. Construction plans and

specifications stipulate many

requirements that are to be met by

materials or construction

procedures.

施工计划和规范规定了很多材料

或施工过程需要满足的要求。

247. Average car occupancy in

most cities is less than 1.5 persons

per vehicle.

在大多数城市小车的平均装载量

都小于每辆车1.5人。

248. Stop lights, backup lights,

and four-way emergency flashers

also aid in vehicle safety.

停车灯、倒车灯和紧急闪烁灯也

是有助于车辆安全的。

249. Easement curves have

been used by the railroads for

many years, but their adoption by

highway agencies came much

later.

缓和曲线在铁路使用已经很多年

了，但是被公路部门采用要晚得多。

250. It is possible to reduce traffic

congestion if peak peri od flows can be

spread out over longer period of time.

如果高峰期流量可以分布到较长的时

间段内，就有可能减少交通拥堵。

251. The other is called “result”or

“end result”, stipulates the desired

end product and leaves m anner and

method to the contractor.

另外一种方法被称为结果或最终结

果，它规定了预期的最终产品并将方

式与方法留给承包商来选择。

252. Signs should be adequately

spread on the approach to and

departure from each interchange.

标志应该分散在每一个互通立交引道

出入口处。

253. A decrease in initial cost of the

structure installation is impossible;

however, maintenance and possible

future cost should not be overlooked in

considering the feasibility of this choice.

减少构造物的初始造价是可能的，但

是，考虑这一选择的可能性时，不能

忽视养护和将来可能需要的费用。

254. If a beam supports a load above,

the beam itself must have sufficient

strength to counterbalance that weight.

一旦粱上面有负载，那么这根梁必须

有足够的强度来支撑这个负载。

255. No payment is due until the work

is com plete. 完工后付款

256. The employer might be able to

postpone indefinitely his liability to pay

for the works.

业主可以无限期延迟付给工程款。

257. It is now common practice to test

scale mode ls of bridges in wind tunnels

for aerodynamic resistance.

现在的通常做法是把按比例缩小的桥

梁模型放在风洞里检测它们的空气动

力抵抗力。258.只要没有桥梁、隧道或

其他特殊建筑，路基就可以建在土堤

上。

258. Unless there is a bridge, tunnel,

or other specia l structure, this roadbed

is constructed of in-situ soils or on earth

embankment.只要没有桥梁，隧道或其

他特殊建筑，路基就可以建在土堤上。

259. L oaders and shovels easily dig

common excavatio n without blasting.

装载机和挖土机能够不需要爆破就进

行普通的挖掘。

260. 264. Traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of hu man lives, personal property, and cause untold grief and misery. 交通事故使人类生命、财产蒙受巨大损失，带来数不尽的悲伤和痛苦。

261. 266. The life span a nd response of brakes have been vastly improved.

制动器的使用寿命和灵敏度有了很大提高。

262. Modern tires have been developed with tread patterns design for draining. 新式轮胎的胎面带有排水的花纹263. The importance of safety in all modes of transportation, especially highway safety is well recognized. .对所有现代运输的安全重要性，特别是高速公路的安全性，大家已经形成了共识。

264.Today, engineers agree that proper embankment construction requires tha t the soil be spread in layers, moistured or dried to something near an optimum moisture content, and compacted. .现在，工程师一致认为合理的路堤施工要求土壤分层摊铺，洒湿或晾干至接近最佳含水量并压实。265. The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a ten der are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. 承包人在提交标书时他所应负的责任是邀标书中规定的。

266. Forces that might pull the structure around must ha ve sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. 建筑物四周是受力必须与反方向的力平衡。

267. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. 土木工程师设计的目的就是使建筑物的结构稳定，所以建筑物上的各方力都必须平衡。268. Bridges, tunnels and skyscrapers unde r construction can also be dangerous places to work. .在桥梁、隧道、摩天大楼、地下建筑中工作也同样存在危险。

269. Many of these great buildings built in earlier ages were p oorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss of life. 许多早期的建筑物建筑水平不高，有时甚至会倒塌造成巨大的人员伤亡

270. Highway pavements are divided into two main cate gories: rigid

pavements and flexible pavements.

公路路面分为两个主要类别：刚

性路面和柔性路面。

271. Flexible pavements are

further divided into three

subgroups: high type,

interm ediate type. And low type.

柔性路面进一步分为三小类：高

级，中级和低级路面

272. Traffic loads are

transferred by the wearing

surface to the underlying

sup porting materials through the

interlocking of aggregates, the

frictional effect of granular

materials, and the cohesion of the

fine materials. 交通荷载经由磨

耗层转移到下卧支撑材料上，这

是通过集料的嵌锁作用，粒料的

磨擦作用和细料的粘结作用。

273. High-type pavements have

wearing surfaces that

adequately support th e expected

traffic load without visible distress

due to fatigue and are not

susceptible to weather conditions.

高级路面的磨耗层能有效承担预

期的车辆荷载，而不会出现明显

的疲劳破坏，并且不易受到天气

的影响。

274. The Portland cement concrete

commonly used for rigid

pavements consists of Portland

cement, coarse aggregate, fine

aggregate, and water. 普遍用于刚

性路面的波特兰水泥混凝土是由

波特兰水泥，粗料，细料和水组

成。

275. Rigid highway pavements

can be divided into three general

types: plain concrete pavements,

simply reinforced concrete

pa vements, and continuously

reinforced concrete pavements. .

刚性路面可以分成三大类：素混

凝土路面，普通钢筋混凝土路面

和连续配筋混凝土路面。

276. The surface course of a

road pavement should be

capable of withstandi ng high tire

pressure, resisting the abrasive

forces due to traffic, providing a

skid-resistant driving surface, and

preventing the penetration of

surface water into the underlying layers.

高级路面的磨耗层应该能够承受高的

轮胎压力，能够抵抗车辆的摩擦力，

提供良好的抗滑表面，并能阻止表面

水渗入下承层。

277. But traffic patterns on the

arterials are comp lex, since the road

way must carry two through movements

and accommodate four left turns, two of

which must use the inside lanes of the

arterial or separate turning lanes. 但是

干线上的交通运行却很复杂，因为车

道必须承担两个方向的直行交通并容

纳四个左转弯，其中两个必须使用干

线的内侧车道或者专用的转弯车道。

278. Flow on the freeway is

uninterrupted, except for problems

that may develop at points where

ramp traffic e nters or leaves. .除了在

匝道交通进入或离开的地点可能存在

问题外，高速公路上的交通流不受干

扰。

279. Advance signing for exits of

freeways should be uniform. .出口处

的预告标志应该是统一的。

280. Long radius horizontal curves and

long vertical curves will result in the

higher running speed. 大半径平曲线和

竖曲线将导致更高的行车速度

281. A level is only used for measuring

the vertical heights of objects. .水准仪

只用于测量物体的垂直高度。

282. In a prestressed concrete beam, a

compres sive force prestresses concrete

prior to the application of loads. 在预应

力混凝土梁中，负载施加之前就有压

力预先增强混凝土。

283. Cracking is irrecoverable in

reinforced concrete. 开裂在钢筋混凝

土中是不可逆的。

284. The steel in reinforced concrete

member does not prevent the concrete

from cracking. 钢筋混凝土构件中的

钢不会阻止混凝土开裂。

285. The normal steel does not exert any

force of its own on the member,

contrary to the action of prestressing

steel. 普通钢筋不会施加任何自身的

力于构件之上，这与预应力钢筋相反。

286. The geometry of prestressed

section is usually composed of flanged

sections with thin webs. .预应力截面的

几何设计通常是由薄腹翼边梁组成

287. Many scientists contribute a

great deal t o art and science of design

of prestressed concrete. 很多科学家对于预应力混凝土的设计原理做出了很多贡献。

288. The extensive use of prestressed structures has been due in no smal l measures to the advances in the technology. 预应力结构的广泛使用很大程度上归功于技术的进步。

289. They argue that there is no such thing as certainty, either of failure or safety of a structure but only a probability of failure or a probability of safety. 他们讨论认为，无论是对于结构的破坏还是结构的安全，不存在一种确定性，存在的仅仅是一种破坏和安全的可能性。

290. This traditional design is called elastic design because allowable str ess intensities are chosen in accordance with the concept that the stress or strain corresponding to the yield point of the material should not be exceeded at the most highly stressed points of the structure. .这种传统的设计称为弹性设计，因为允许应力强度是根据以下概念相一致来选择的，即相应于材料屈服点的应力或应变，即使在结构最高应力点处也不可能超限。

291. The student who is preparing to be a civil engineer may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying. 一个想成为土木工程师的学生可能需要学习大地测量等课程。

292. Civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads. 设计和建筑像发射台这样的建筑需要土木工程师的参与。

293. In the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take course in social science. 在工程课程中，当今一个潮流就是要选修社会科学课程。

294. Research is one of the most importa nt aspects of scientific and engineering practice. .研究是科研和工程实践中最重要的方面之一。

295. Numerous publications have been prepared on the subject of road design and contr ol for highway safety. .有关道路设计及其安全控制问题，已出版了众多著作。

296. The relationship between engi neering and society is getting closer. 工程学和社会学的关系变得越来越密切。

297. Young engineer may choose

to go into e nvironmental or

sanitary engineering. .年轻的工程

师可以选择环境或环卫工程。

298. On-the- job training can be

acquired that will demonstrate his

or her ability to translate theory

into practice to the supervisors. .

在职培训将使主管人了解他(她)

将理论运用于实践的能力。

299. The civil engineer may

work in research, design,

maintenance, even in sales or

management.

土木工程师可以从事研究、设计、

养护甚至于销售或管理工作。

300. As we have seen, civil

engineers work on many

different kinds of stru ctures.

.正如我们所知，土木工程师可以

从事有关建筑方面的多种工作。

301. These great buildings were

not the product of knowledge of

mathematics and physics. .这些伟

大的建筑物不是数学和物理知识

的产物。

302.Steel and concrete

complement each other in

another way. 钢筋和混凝土可以

在另一方面互补

303. Acid corrodes steel, whereas

concrete has an alkaline chemical

reaction, the opposite of acid.

.酸腐蚀钢，而混凝土中有一种碱

性化学反应，可以中和酸化作用。

304. Aluminum beams have

already been used for bridg e

construction and for the

framework of a few buildings. .铝

制梁已在桥梁建筑及一些建筑的

框架中使用。

305. Attempts are also made to

produce concret e with more

strength and durability, and with

lighter weight. 现在，人们在尝试

生产一些强度更高，使用寿命更

长，重量更轻的混凝土。

306. Another advantage is that

steel does not rust in concrete.

另外一个优点就是钢筋不会在

混凝土中腐蚀。

307. The word …contract?is

derived from the Latin

…contractum?, meaning drawn

together. 合同一词来自于拉丁语

contractum, 意思是结合在一起。

308. We all enter into contracts a lmost

every day for the supply of goods,

transportation and similar service. 我们

差不多每天都要处理合同，如供货、

运输以及类似服务。

309. A contract has been defined as an

agree ment which creates and

contemplates an obligation. 订立合同

就是达成有关责任和义务的协议。

310. In general, English law requires

no special formalities in making

con tracts. .一般来说，按照英国法律，

订立合同并不需要特殊的手续。

311. The contract terms are set out in

writing in a document. 合同条款写成

书面文件。

312. Thus by setting down the terms of

a contract in writing one secures

avoiding disputes. .这样，把合同条款写

下来以避免发生争议。

313. The contractor is not entitled to

receive payment in full until the work

is satisfactorily c ompleted.

.在工程没有达到满意地完成以前，承

包人得不到全部应付款。

314.The employer or promoter of

civil engineering works normally

determines the conditions of contract. .

通常由土木工程的发包人确定合同条

款。

315. The employer is entitled to know

the reasoni ng underlying the engineer?s

choice of contract. 业主有权了解工程

师在选择合同时所根据的理由。

316.Construction plans and

specifications stipulate many

requirements that are to be met by

materials or construction procedures. 施

工图纸和规范规定了材料或施工过程

应该满足的许多要求。

317. There are two basically different

contro l procedures for assuring a

specified embankment density确保规定

的路堤密度有两种不同的基本控制步

骤。

318. The accepted procedure is to

remove practically all vegetable

matte r from the original ground and

from fill material. 采用的方法是从原

地面和填料中清除几乎全部的植物。

319. The second procedure is to state

the manner and method for

constructing the embankment. 第二个步骤是叙述铺筑路堤的方式和方法。320. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content. 分层施工能得到更好的密度、含水量以及材料本身的均匀性。

321. Selective clearing in a djoining areas may at times be required. 在需要的时候，在道路的连接处，进行一些有选择的清理是有必要的。

322. Clearing site sometimes can involve removing trees and tree stumps and disposing of the debris.

清理场地有时包括搬移树、树桩和处理碎屑。

323. The vehicles involved in all crashes, 5% were reported defective and 8% were so reported in fatal accidents. 据报告，在所有撞车事故中，5%的车辆存在缺陷，8%的涉及死亡事故的车辆也是有缺陷的。

324. The advent of high speed divided roads has created an add itional problem for the road surface in wet weather. 分道行驶的高速公路的出现，对于雨天的道路表面带来了新问题。

325. The actual degree of safety one experi ences on a given highway is determined by decisions made on many different levels. 在某条高速公路上所感受到的真实安全度，是由许多不同的影响安全的因素决定的。

326. Safe highways are expensive and it appears that the driving public does not want safe highways.

.安全的高速公路造价昂贵，而看起来驾驶员也并不喜欢安全的高速公路327. Therefore, to prevent vehicle malfunction, mandatory m otor vehicle inspection programs are being enforced. .因此，为了避免车辆发生故障，机动车辆检查项目是强制实施的。

328. Therefore, highway impr ovement is also a key factor in preventing accidents. 因此，高速公路的改进也是避免交通事故发生的关键因素。329. Building it is the first step in pro ducing a finished facility. .建筑路基是提供完美公路设施的第一步

330. The collapse of the Tacoma Narrow Bridge was the result of not considering the last these factors. Tacoma Narrows桥倒塌是由于没

有考虑到这些因素中的最后一

个。

《《补充》》1.attempts are being

made to reduce travel time and

delary for motorists pedestrians

and transit users.

正在尝试减少机动车驾驶者，行

人和公交车使用者的出行时间和

行程延误。

2.Freeway signing should be

cinsistent ,easy to read and

unambignens for the benifit and

direction of drivers who are

unfamiliar with the highway .

高速公路的标志必须是统一，易

懂，和意思明确的，有利于不熟

悉该道路的使用者辨别方向。

3.A lso ,considerable cawtion

should be tak en in dealing with

the changing of natural waten

courses.

在处理自然水资源的改变时，同

样要慎重。

4.of course,the selecttion of the

allowable stresses may also be

madified by a consideration of

the possibility of failure due to

fatigue.buckling or brittle facture

or by consideration of the

permissible deflections of the

structure.

当然，允许应力的选择也可以通

过考虑由疲劳弯曲，或脆裂破坏

造成的可能性，或者考虑到结构

的允许变形得到修正。

5.when traffic rolume is exlume

or when pedestrian rehicular

conflices exist .it may be

nacessary to restrict the area for

use by autos and truck traffic.

当交通量过大或行人与车辆存在

相互冲突时，有必要限制汽车和

卡车的使用区域。

五．汉译英题：

331. 这些伟大建筑物不是数学

知识和物理知识的产物。反而它

们修建在经验和观察的基础之

上，经常是作为反复试验不断摸

索的结果。它们幸存下来的原因

之一就是建筑于其内的巨大强度

—在大部分情况下这种强度比必

要的强度要大得多。These great

buildings were not the product of

knowledge of mathematics and

physics. They were constructed instead

on the basis of experience and

observation, often as the result of trial

and error. One of the reasons they have

survived is because of the great strength

that was built in them—strength more

than necessary in most cases.

332. 人们可以利用好几种电子测距

仪。这些仪器的优点稍有不同，但是

它们的工作原理是相同的。它们主要

由一个安装在被测距离一端的发射器

和一个安装在另一端的发射器组成。

Several EDM devices are available.

They have slightly different advantages,

but they all work on the same general

principle. They consist mainly of a

transmitter located at one end of

distance to be measured and a reflector

at the other end.

333. 混凝土受压时表现很强，但是受

拉时表现很弱。它的抗拉强度只有它

抗压强度的百分之八到百分之十四。

由于这样低的抗拉能力，在它的荷载

早期就会形成弯曲的裂缝。Concrete is

strong in compression, but weak in

tension. Its tensile strength varies from 8

to 14 percent of its compressive strength.

Due to such a low tensile capacity,

flexural cracks develop at early stages of

334. 排水设施根据水来源的不同可分

为两种类型，地面排水设施和地下排

水设施。公路的地面排水系统包括足

够大的横坡和纵坡、纵向沟渠、涵洞、

桥梁以及设置在分向行驶公路中间带

上的雨水井与排水管。地下排水系统

排除三种形式的水：通过裂缝或接缝

的渗透水、毛细作用上升水以及地下

水。Drainage facilities are divided into

two types according to the water sources,

surface and subsurface drainage. The

surface drainage system for highways

include sufficient transverse and

longitudinal slopes, longitudinal

channels, culverts, bridges and storm

inlets and drains, which are provided on

the median of divided highways.

Subsurface drainage system drains water

in three forms: water that has permeated

through cracks and joints, water that has

moved upward as a result of capillary

action and ground water.

335. 公路定线包括现有资料的室内研

究、路线踏勘测量、初步定线和最终

定线。踏勘测量的主要任务是在路线

带内确定几条可行的路线，并把它绘在地图上。近来，计算机技术的应用极大地提高了公路定线的效率，从而使得到最佳路线成为可能。The highway location involves four phases: office study of existing information, reconnaissance survey of routes] preliminary location and final location. The primary object of reconnaissance survey is to identify several feasible routes with a band, then plotting on photographic maps.

336. 坡度对于卡车比对客车有更大的影响。最大纵坡的选择取决于设计车速和设计车辆，最小纵坡则取决于公路的排水状况。建在有适当路拱、坚实的地基上的高级路面，其最小纵坡可以减小到0.3%。Grade has a greater impact on trucks than passenger cars. The selection of maximum grade for a highway depends on design speed and design vehicle, and that of minimum grade depends on the drainage conditions of the highway. Minimum grade maybe reduced to 0.3 percent on high-type pavement constructed on suitably crowned, firm ground.

337. 城市平面交叉口通常需要采用信号控制来组织交通及减少事故。在立交中，车辆通过匝道来转换行驶方向。设计菱形立交匝道时，必须注意避免错路运行。In urban areas, the intersections at grade generally require signalized control to organize the vehicles and decrease in accidents. The vehicles in interchange may transfer their movement direction by the use of ramps. Wrong-way movements must be taken care of in the design of the ramps of diamond interchange.

338. 按照设计标准修建的高速公路是各种等级公路中最安全的。据估计，高速公路承担着总交通量中25%的交通量。无论采用什么设计速度，都应该设置从高速公路主线到匝道端点的过渡段。Freeways built to the design standards are the safest of the various classes of highways. It is estimated that freeways carry 25 percent of the total traffic. Whatever design speed is selected, transitions from the mainline of a freeway to the ramp terminal should be developed.

339. 土石方设备的选择主要取决于材料的性质和运距。推土机、铲运

机和自卸汽车的经济运距各不

相同。岩石必须首先凿眼、爆破，

然后用装载机或挖土机装入货车

或其他运输设备。The selection of

earth working equipment is

primarily depended upon the

nature of the materials and the

haul distance. The economical

haul distances of bulldozers,

scrapers and dump trucks are

different. Rocks must be drilled

and blasted, then loaded with

loader or shovel into trucks or

other hauling units.

340. 交通事故是指由于车辆在

交通中引起人员伤亡或物质损

失。交通事故按照其严重程度一

般可分为死亡、重伤、轻伤和物

质损失。交通事故的原因主要包

括人、车辆、道路和环境因素。

A traffic accident denotes the

event in which personal injury or

death or property damage is

caused by vehicles in traffic.

Traffic accidents can be grouped

as death, serious and light injury,

and the property damage

according to their severity. Causes

of traffic accidents are principally

related to person, the vehicle, the

road, and the environment.

341. 也许真正需要的是交通事

故和交通安全之间的均衡。平曲

线半径、交叉口设计等都是影响

交通安全的重要因素。为了生产

更安全和在撞车事故中少受损坏

的车辆，汽车制造商和研究人员

做出很大努力。Perhaps what is

really wanted is a balance between

traffic accidents and safety. Radii

of horizontal, designs of

intersections are important factors

in traffic safety. Automobile

manufactures and researchers

make great efforts to produce safer

and less damaged vehicles in

collision events.

342.路面标线为驾驶员提供重

要信息。在晚上及恶劣气候情况

下，它们特别重要。因此，路面

标线必须是定向反光的。

Pavement marking provides

important information to the driver.

Pavement markings are

particularly important at night and

during inclement weather. Therefore,

they must be retro reflective.

343. 发货人和旅行者根据所提供的服

务水平选择交通运输方式。术语服务

水平是用来表述道路为交通服务的质

量。每一种交通运输方式就出行时间、

次数、舒适度、可靠性、便利性和安

全性方面提供一系列独特的服务特

点。The shippers and travelers choose

transportation modes in term of level of

service provided. The term level of

service is used to describe the quality of

service that is provided for the traffic by

the roads. Each mode offers a unique set

of service characteristics in terms of

travel time, frequency, comfort,

reliability, convenience and safety.

344.公路运输是乘客出行的主要交通

方式。公路运输具有机动灵活并能提

供门到门服务的特点。我国的公路运

输网的主骨架是由12条限制出入的高

速公路组成。Highway transportation is

the dominant transportation mode in

passenger travel. It has the advantages

of flexibility and ability to provide

door-to-door service. The backbone of

highway transportation network

comprises of 12 limited-access freeways

in our country.

345. 正确设计的缓和曲线可以避免交

织。因此，安全性是采用它们的一个

原因。另外一个原因就是它们使线形

的外观更加流畅、平顺。Properly

designed easement curves make

weaving unnecessary. Safety, then, is an

argument favoring them. Another is that

they give alignments a smoother, more

flowing appearance.

346. 用于高速公路的标志设计应与线

形设计同时进行。在互通立交几何设

计和空间布置之后再去设计标志经常

会导致标志性差，带来运营问题。可

是，不合理的高速公路设计并不能通

过设置标志来克服。Signing for

freeways should be planned

concurrently with the geometric design.

Trying to sign after interchange

geometrics and spacings have been

finalized has often resulted in poor

signing design and operational problem.

However, poor freeway design cannot

be overcome by signing.

347. 分层施工同样可以使土体本身及

其密度、含水率更加均匀。这是有好

处的，因为随后产生的固结或膨胀将相对更加均匀。与此相反，填方通过端部填筑施工或当摊铺厚度很大时，各处的材料、密度与含水率可能相差很大。Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content. This is beneficial since any subsequent consolidation or swelling would be relatively uniform. By contrast, in fills constructed by end dumping or by placing in thick layers, material, density, and moisture content could vary greatly from one spot to another.

348. 差不多在所有工程项目中，施工是一个复杂的过程。由于施工会很危险，所以安全因素必须考虑在内。一位未来的土木工程师应当意识

到将要对他（她）提出的体力要

求。Construction is a complicated

process on almost all engineering

projects. Safety factors must also

be taken into account, since

construction can be very

dangerous. The prospective civil

engineer should be aware of the

physical demands that will be

made on him or her.

349. 当某人在文件上签字后，他

就被认为已阅读并同意文件的

内容。合同各方同意做某事，如

果当事人一方未能履行协议中

规定的义务，他应承担违约责任。

这些合同中，值得注意的是土地

转让合同。Once a person has

signed a document he is assumed to

have read and approved its contents.

Each party to the contract has agreed to

do something, and is liable for breach of

contract if he fails to perform his part of

agreement. Notable among these

contracts are contracts for the sale and

disposal of land.

350. 承包商必须按照合同的条款履行

自己的责任。雇主一般不受报价最低

的投标者或任何投标者约束。The

conditions of contract define the

obligations and performances to which

the contractor will be subject. The

employer does not usually bind himself

to accept the lowest or indeed any

tender.

trend C. late D. in advance

06269工程应用英语

工程应用英语课程一?单选题： materials of earlier times were language arts. wood and ( C. masonry brick ),stone. 24. The law relating to contracts 1. Computers are (B. useless) unless or tile, and similar materials. imposes on each party to a they are given clear and accurate 13. Modern cement is a mixture contract (D. a legal obligation ) to 2. Active (B. Recruiting ) for 14. Concrete is very (D. Versatile ) 25. Indeed, the civil engineer 's engineers often begins before the 15. Steel has great tensile strength choice is( C. large )and varied. student ' s last year in the while concrete has great 26. Roadbeds ( B. underlie ) highway university. compressive strength, thus, the two pavement structures and the 3. For the student who is preparing substances ( C. Complement )each ballast and track on which trains to become a (C. Civilengineer ), other. move. these specialized courses may deal 16. One system that helps (A. Cut) 27. Construction can be very (A. with such subjects as geodetic concrete weight to some extent dangerous ). surveying, soil mechanics. uses polymers. 28. Where material is moved less 4. The civil engineer may work in 17. The retention money serves to than about 60m or steeply downhill, research, design, construction,( B. insure (D. the employer )against drifting with a track or wheel type Supervision ), maintenance, or even any defects that may arise in the bulldozer is ( A. cheapest ) instructions and information. of( B. limestone and clay ). perform. in sales. work. 29. Thrust is the pressure exerted by different kinds of ( C. Structures ). be completed to the satisfaction of other part ) 6. In designing buildings, civil the employer, or his 30. The weight of all the people, engineers often work as (B. (D. Representative ) cars, furniture, and machines and Consultants ) to architectural or 19. For moderate and longer hauls, so on that the structure will support construction firms. self-loading scrapers pulled by when it is in use is ( B. live load ) 7. Dams, bridges and other large rubber-tired hauling units and 31. In tension, the material is(B projects ordinarily employ several push-loaded by tractors offer( B. pulled apart ) engineers whose work is Lower ) cost. 32. In fills constructed by end coordinated by a (D. Systems ) 20. Highway maintenance dumping or by placing in thick engineer who is in charge of the activities can be grouped and layers, material, density, and entire project. classified according (D. to )the moisture content could (C. vary : 8. Construction is a( B. Complicated ) purpose of the treatment. greatly from one spot to another. 5. Civil engineers work on must many process on almost all engineering 21. Engineering is profession, 33. Both ( A. steel and cement ),the a ) each part of a structure on (A. its 18. The civil engineering work projects. which means that an engineer two most important construction 9. In compression, the material is ( C. must have materials of modern times, were Pushed) together. specialized( university )educatio introduced in the nineteenth 10. When a saw cuts easily through n. century. a piece of wood, the wood is ( A. in 22. In most cases, the tender may 34. The total station is used to tension ). be( B . Withdrawn )at any time until it measure angles in both vertical 11. We defined (D. Shear) as the has been accepted. and horizontal planes, and the tendency of a material to fracture 23. Current trend is to require level to measure (C. elevation along the lines of stress. students to take courses in difference ) 12. The principal construction the( C.social) science and the 35. The (B. defective )vehicle is a

出差、旅游出国实用英语口语汇总

出国旅游常用英语一、紧急情况用语 (3) 二、基本语 (3) 三、方向词语 (4) 四、请问如何前往 (4) 五、请问附近 (4) 六、游客问讯用语 (5) 七、购物 (7) 八、餐厅、挑选位子及人数 (9) 九、点餐 (10) 十、用餐 (10) 十一、速食餐厅用餐 (11) 十二、食物 (11) 十三、住宿 (15) 十四、出国旅游搭乘飞机常用英语词汇 (16) 十五、入关常用词 (17) 十六、兑换外币用语 (17) 十七、常用英语口语 (17)

一、紧急情况用语 I’ve lost my passport. 我的护照丢拉 Where is Chinese Embassy? 中国大使馆在哪？ Could you call for a Chinese speaking staff? 能找个中文员工给我吗？二、基本语！—— Thank you. 多！－－Thanks a lot. 对不起，麻烦你。—— Excuse me. 抱歉。—— Excuse the mess. 需要帮忙吗？－－Can I help you. 你的帮助。—— Thank you for helping me. 无论如何，我还要感你。—— Thanks, anyway. 您好。－－How are you! 初次见面问好。—— How do you do! 很高兴见到你。—— (It's) nice to meet you. 请问您从哪来。－－Where are you from? 请问贵姓。－－Can I have your name? 我叫...。—— My name is ... (I'm ...) 很高兴认识你。—— It was a pleasure meeting you. 很高兴见到你。—— Pleased to meet you. 希望再见到你。—— Hope to see you again. 这是不是说我以后可以再见到你？—— Does that mean that I can see you again? 玩得快乐－－Have a good time. 祝你好运。—— Good luck.

英语翻译应用

1、Although graduated from famous universities, with its make him a sat in the office with nothing to do , he would like to be a concierge, because he is a man of restless. 虽然毕业于名牌大学，以其让他当个坐在办公室里无所事事，他更愿意当个看门人，因为他是个闲不住的人。 2、In the process of preparation, the place you don’t understand will do some queries, then try your best to find ways to solve it in time. 在预习的过程中，有不懂的地方就做上疑问号，然后及时地想办法去解决。 3、With all her heart to think of working in Nanjing, as long as it is about the recruitment and Nanjing enterprise, all is she want to attentive. 对于一心想到南京工作的她，只要是又关于南京企业的招聘，都是她想留意的。 4、If you go to double will choose, and you will have a chance to take the various units of the brochure. 如果你去参加双选会，你就有机会拿到各个单位的宣传手册 5、In addition to the arduous study every day, and the arrival of the graduation thesis, also face the tedious work, made him feel very annoyed. 每天除了繁重的学习，加上毕业论文的到来，还要面对那繁琐的工作，使他感到非常烦恼。 6、She holds her dream to do what you want to do, no matter what difficulties, she will be brave to confront it. 她坚持着自己的梦想去做自己想要做的事，无论遇到什么困难，她都会勇敢去面对的。 7、The paper topic selection, due to the Marketing Department teacher too few, many students of marketing need to be adjust to rectified. 这次论文的选题，由于营销系的老师太少，很多营销的同学都需要被做相应的调整。8、In the international gymnastics competition, if the posture of players are not correct, that they will be unable to obtain the champions. 在国际体操比赛中，如果运动员的姿势不正确，那将是无法取得冠军的。 9、According to relevant department revealed that the contest is carried out in public. 据相关部门透露，这次的评选活动是公开进行的。 10、A full face of her stares at the far deeply, as if waiting for someone coming back. 满脸忧愁的她深深地注视着远方，好像在等待某人的归来。 10、Each of the famous brand has its unique symbolic emblem, this also is a representative of the enterprise. 每个著名的品牌都有它独特的象征性的符号，这也是一个企业的代表。 11、In order to complete the self-fulfilling prophecy, he get up earlier and come back later , and he must take more time than any other students on study. 为了完成自我实现的预言，他每天早出晚归，比其他任何同学都要下更多的功夫在学习上。 12、In order to maintain the college related discipline, the partial students actively involvement in the activities of the comparison. 为了维持学院的相关纪律，全院的学生都积极参与到这次评比活动中了。 13、Many words can use it close the words to express, if you are not satisfied with the way this expression, that I can use other ways to paraphrase it. 很多词汇都可以用它相近的词来表达，如果你对这样方式的表达不满意，那我可以用其它的方式来改述。

海外出差常用英语51句

I’m here on business. 海外出差常用英語51句到國外出差除了要打理行程外，同時也是英文能力大考驗。其實出差英語並不難，只要熟記幾個常用情境、關鍵字，即可應付裕如。外商工作，通常會有機會到國外出差，有時候是拜訪客戶，有時候是到公司總部(headquarters)開會或參觀實習(attachment)。出差和一般出國旅遊不太相同，通常必須獨自面對各種情境，包括食、衣、住、行，以及到總部和外國同事互動，很多狀況可能都是第一次遇上，當然也都必須用英文溝通。記得第一次出差時，到達拜訪公司的櫃台，對方問我：「May I help you?」我中文想說：「我想拜訪安迪〃雷根。」英文卻翻譯成：「I would like visit Andy Regan.」雖然對方也聽懂我的意思，但是更簡單且常用的說法是：「I am here to see Andy Regan.」掌握「關鍵字」，出差待客不慌張學習到國外出差時常用的英文，可以歸納出一些在不同情境下，可能會用到的英文句子，事先練習，遇到狀況時就可以應付自如。再者，自己出差時會遇到的狀況，其實也正是外國同事來台灣時會遭遇的。記得第一次接待新加坡來的印度同事，他向我提出一些需求，我卻因為沒聽過某些關鍵字而未能及時聽懂，所以不知該如何幫他，比手畫腳一番後，才知道他要什麼。一般而言，老外到台灣出差，在辦公室裡，他們的需求不外乎是：問你廁所在哪裡？向你借些文具？電腦怎麼連線？手機怎麼充電？傳真機怎麼使用？如何打國際電話等等，因此只要把一些關鍵字搞清楚，就能做一個稱職的接待員。在

海外出差常用英文九大類型一、國外機場 1 Q：Do you have any seat preferences, sir? (問：您對座位有什麼偏好嗎？) 2 A：Yes, a window/ an aisle seat, please. (答：是的，請給我靠窗/走道的位子。) 3 Q：How many pieces of hand luggage do you have? (問：您有幾件手提行李？) 4 A：Just these two. (答：就這兩件。) 5 Where is the boarding gate? (登機門在哪兒？) 6 Is the plane on schedule? (飛機會準時起飛嗎？) 7 Excuse me. Can you direct me to gate 30, please? (對不起，請問30號登機門怎麼走？) 二、飛機上 8 How long is this flight going to be delayed? (飛機要延遲多久才能起飛？) 9 May I have a blanket/ headset? (可以給我一件毛毯/一副耳機嗎？) 10 May I have some juice/ a cup of hot tea? (可以給我果汁/一杯熱茶嗎？) 三、過海關 11 Q：Do you have anything to declare? (問：您有東西要申報嗎？) 12 I have nothing to declare. (答：我沒有東西要申報。) 13 Q：How long do you plan to stay and where are you staying here? (問：您計畫在這裡停留多久、會住在哪裡？) 14 A：One week and I will stay at the Grand Hyatt Hotel. (答：一星期。我會住在君悅飯店。) 15 Q：What brought you here? (問：您為何來這裡？) 16 A：I’m here on business/ for sightseeing. (答：我是來出差/觀光。)

应用型英语小作文

作文模板1.计划范文.My Plan for the National Day Holiday 国庆假期计划 The National Day Holiday is coming. 国庆假期要到了。It is a very important festival in China. 这是中国一个非常重要的节日。Everybody has his or her plan for the National Day Holiday. 每个人对于国庆节都有自己的计划。I have a plan, too. 我也有一个计划。 My plan is as follows: 我的计划如下. First, I’ll take a good rest, as I’m always busy with my work. 首先，我要好好休息一下，因为我平时工作很忙。Second, I want to stay with my parents. I’m not usually together with them. 第二，我想陪陪父母。我并不是经常与他们在一起。Third, I want to meet some of my frie nds and relatives, as these days we don’t see each other often. 第三，我想见见一些亲戚朋友，因为我们现在不怎么有机会见面。Fourth, I want to give my room a good cleaning. 第四，我想好好打扫下房间。Finally, I will study English for the coming examination. 最后，我想为即将到来的考试学习下英语。 This is my plan for the coming National Day Holiday. 这就是我对即将到来的国庆假期的计划。 (1).How I Spend My Spare Time 我如何度过业余时间 (2).My Plan for the Spring Festival 我的春节计划 (3).My Plan for Summer Vacation 我的暑假计划 (40.My Plan for the National Day Holiday 我的国庆节计划 (5).My Travel Plan 我的旅游计划 (6).The Chinese New Year 中国新年作文模板2.我的某某人范文一.My Teacher 我的老师 My English teacher is Miss Wang. 我的英语老师是王老师。She is a beautiful lady. 她很漂亮。She has a round face and bright eyes. 她长着一张圆脸和一对明亮的眼睛。She is always smiling. 她总是在微笑着。 Miss Wang is a good teacher. 王老师是一位好老师。She works very hard. 她工作非常努力。Every day she comes to the school early and is always the last one to leave. 每天她都很早到学校，总是最后一个离开。She speaks very good English and she teaches well. 她英语说得很棒，教得也很好。She also tells us what are the right things to do. 而且她还告诉我们如何明辨是非。She is a motherly teacher. 她是慈母般的老师。She treats us as her own children and takes good care of us. 她把我们当作自己孩子看待，细心照顾我们。She is so kind that everyone loves her.她人很好，大家都喜欢她。 This is Miss Wang, my favorite teacher. 这就是王老师，我最喜爱的老师。I feel so lucky to have her as my teacher. 我为有她这样的老师而感到幸运。I hope that someday I can be a teacher just like her.我希望有朝一日我也能成为像她这样的老师。范文二.My Mother 我的母亲 My mother is an English teacher. 我的母亲是位英语老师。She is a beautiful lady. 她很漂亮。She has a round face and bright eyes. 她长着一张圆脸和一对明亮的眼睛。She is always smiling. 她总是在微笑着。

土木工程应用英语教学参考书Unit4

Unit 4 Alignment Design Section I Talking Face to Face 1. Introduction Job description of Site Engineer Site engineers perform a technical, organizational and supervisory role on construction projects, including civil, road, rail and other infrastructure projects. They are responsible for marking out the site, applying designs and plans and liaising with sub contractors. Site engineers work as part of the site management team, sharing responsibility for site security, health and safety, and the organization and supervision of material and human resources. Projects may vary from small scale to multi-million pound ventures. Ask students to read dialogue and then make dialogues according to the task. 2. Explaining some words and expressions in the dialogue: 1. make sth. out (a) manage to see, read ( usu implying difficulty) : 看出来，读出来，认出来（通常含示经过困难） eg. We made out a figure in the darkness. The outline of the house could just be made out. (b) write out, complete or fill in : 写出，开出，填写 eg. Before going out for shopping, they made out a list for the grocer. All of the students are required to make out a document in duplicate. 2. do good to benefit : 有益于…… eg. Eat more fruit, it will do much good to your health. Smoking does more harm than good to you. 3. remind ~ sb (to do sth /that…) ; ~ sb of sth / sb ,cause(sb)to remember(to do sth , etc) ; cause (sb) to think (of sth) 提醒（某人）做，使（某人）想起 eg. Please remind me to answer that letter. Travelers are reminded that inoculation against yellow fever is advisable. This remined me of what we did together during our holidays. 4.construction site 建筑工地,施工现场 eg. In the construction site, Mr. Brown is in charge. 这块工地由布朗先生负责。 She quickly blocked out a sketch of the construction site. 她迅速画出一幅工地的草图。 He ran towards the sound and stopped at a construction site. 他顺着那声音跑过去，来到一处建筑工地。 construction approval 建造批准construction works 建造工程 construction sequence 施工程序 construction specifications 建筑规范 construction site safety manual 建筑地盘安全手册 SectionII Maintaining a sharp eye Passage1Alignment Design

英语应用翻译

英语应用翻译徐宇佳 1231307109 苏州园林鉴赏苏州城历史悠久，私家园林始建于公元前6世纪，至明代建园之风尤盛，清末时城内外有园林170多处。为苏州赢得了“园林之城”的称号。现存名园十余处，闻名遐尔的有沧浪亭、狮子林、拙政园、留园、网狮园、怡园等。苏州园林战地面积小，采用变换无穷、不拘一格的艺术手法，以中国山水花鸟的情趣，寓唐诗宋词的意境，在有限的内点缀假山、树木，安排亭台楼阁、池塘小桥，使苏州园林以景取胜，景因园异，给人以小中见大的艺术效果。江南园林不仅在风格上与北方园林不同，在使用要求上也有些区别。江南园林以扬州、无锡、苏州等城市为主，其中又以苏州、扬州最为著称，也最具有代表性，而私家园林则又以苏州为最多。为此，苏州又有“江南园林甲天下，苏州园林甲江南”之称。苏州素以园林美景享有盛名，这些园林可分为宅地园林，市郊园林和寺庙园林三大类。苏州园林多为宅地园林，由贵族、宦官、富商等所建，精致优雅。这些园林反映出历代园林的不同风格，同为中国园林艺术的代表作。 “上有天堂，下有苏杭”，苏州之所以获得“天堂”的美称，在很大的程度由于它拥有一批全国以至世界知名的古典园林。苏州是中国著名的园林城。苏州园林历史之悠久，数量之多，造园艺术之高在全国首屈一指。从最早东晋的辟疆园起，已有一千五百年治园经验，城内曾有大小园林二百余处，至今保存尚好的仍有六十九处。地处江南水乡的苏州，城市中水道纵横、气候适宜，植物繁茂，花草树木品种丰富，当地又产湖石，叠石掇山的技巧高明，造园条件特别优越，物资又很丰富。为此，富饶的苏州，成了官僚豪富掠夺和享乐的一个重要地方。明清封建社会末期，经济发达的江南地区，就成了私家园林的集中地，苏州的造林活动达到高潮，官僚地主争相造园，一时成为风尚，造园之风达三百余年之久，苏州也就成为私家园林的集中地。皇家园林一般总是带有均衡，对称、庄严豪华以及威严的气氛。而江南地区的私家园林，多建在城市，并与住宅相联。占地甚少，小者一、二亩，大者数十亩。在园景的处理上，善于在有限的空间内有较大的变化，巧妙地组成千变万化

【精品】英语知识运用

一、任务型阅读 The most important thing you should know about the high jump is not to give up. You will be successful only by practicing. All your friends will be amazed at your performance. With a lot of hard work you can improve your jumps. The first suggestion you should keep in mind is using a longer approach (助跑). This may cause the most common mistakes. You must be with at least 20 feet behind the bar (起跑线) for getting the time to make a better reaction. Another important suggestion is to feel good with your running speed. Remember this is not a running competition. Try to make suitable for the speed to your body. Run perpendicularly (直立地) to the bar and do the best you can. Even if your friends run faster than you, the important thing is how high the jump is. Before jumping you should do some small exercises. For example, try doing some little jumps. This will let your mind know that you are preparing to jump again. This is more important than you think. It will help you get better results. Lifting weights will help you improve the body balance. This is very important if you wish to jump high. Try not to do this exercising in the same day when you are planning to jump. You need a good plan for exercising. By lifting weights your muscles (肌肉) will get stronger too. The only way to jump high is by working hard. You must know that it might take a while until you achieve the performance you wish. Giving up is not a choice. Do your best and someday you will get the best jumping skills in your friends. Title: How to jump 1 Topic Your jumps can be 2 with lots of hard work. 3 Run from the place which is at least 20 feet behind the bar to 4 the time to react better. Run perpendicularly to the bar and try your best to 5 . Don’t be 6 of your competitors’ faster speed. Doing warm-up exercises can help you get 7 results. 8 lifting weights before the day you jump to improve your body balance and get 9 muscles. Summary 10 yourself working hard and someday you’ll have good jump skills. 二、缺词填空（共10小题；每小题1分，计10分） Can you imagine living in the desert for a whole year, watching the a 11 of a group busy ants? Deborah Gordon did exactly that. She finally found out that there were f 12 main groups of workers in the ant team: cleaners, haulers (搬运工), gatherers (采购员) and security ants (保安员). E 13 group did their own jobs to achieve the goal of the whole team. Cleaner ants carried waste food from i 14 the nest (巢穴) to outside. Hauler ants walked on the top of the nest and cleared rubbish. Gatherer ants w 15 out to find food for the whole team and security ants fought against a 16 who wanted to hurt the members of the team. While she was watching the ants in the desert, Deborah f 17 that the most interesting part was watching the ants dealing with difficulties, such as fighting against o 18 insects that wanted to destroy their nest. At those moments, they would all s 19 what they were doing and go to help security ants to protect their h 20 . What do we do when people around us meet difficulties? It’s time to think!

海外出差常用英文九大类型

工程用英语怎么

工程用英语怎么说工程是科学和数学的某种应用，通过这一应用，使自然界的物质和能源的特性能够通过各种结构、机器、产品、系统和过程，是以最短的时间和精而少的人力做出高效、可靠且对人类有用的东西。那么你知道工程用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。工程英语说法1： engineering 工程英语说法2： project 工程英语说法3： programme 工程的相关表达：软件工程software engineering ; MSc Software Engineering ; soft project ; Software hut 系统工程systems engineering ; SE ; Systems design engineering ; Applied Systems Engineering 电子工程electronic engineering ; Electrical Engineering ; EE ; Electrical and Electronic Engineering 生物工程Biotechnology ; Bioengineering ; Biological Engineering ; Biomedical Engineering 工程塑料Engineering plastic ; ABS ; EV A ; LCP 工程学engineering ; Engineering Science ; BSc in Engineering ; Bachelor of Engineering 工程管理engineering management ; Project Management ; MSc Engineering Management ; MEM

工程应用英语

06269工程应用英语

出差、旅游出国实用英语口语汇总

英语翻译应用

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