Assignment 01

第 1 页 （共 3 页）

管理学作业答题纸

国际贸易 作业01（第1-4单元）答题纸

学籍号：

姓名： 分数： 学习中心： 专业： _ __

本次作业满分为100分。请将每道题的答案写在对应题目下方的横线上。 产品生命周期（product life cycle ）,简称PLC 。是指产品的市场寿命，即一种 新

产品从开始进入市场到被市场淘汰的整个过程，分为介绍期（Introduction ）、增 长

期（Growth ）、成熟期（Mature ）、衰退期（Decline ）四个阶段。 一种产品进入 市

场后，它的销售量和利润都会随时问推移而改变，呈现一个由少到多由多到少 的

过程，就如同人的生命一样，由诞生、成长到成熟，最终走向衰亡，这就是产 品

的生命周期现象。所谓产品生命周期，是指产品从进入市场开始，直到最终退 出

市场为止所经历的市场生命循环过程。

题目 2 如何解释“里昂替夫迷之谜”？（出自第三单元）

[50 分]

一、该问题的提出

美国经济学家里昂惕夫1953年用投入—产出模型对美国40年代和50年代

的对外贸易情况进行分析，考察了美国出口产品的资本—劳动比和美国进口替代

产品中的资本—劳动比，发现美国参加国际分工是建立在劳动密集型专业分工基

础之上的（即出口产品中的资本—劳动比低于进口替代产品的）。

第2页（共3页）

这一结果恰与俄林的要素赋予论相悖，引起了经济学界和国际贸易界的巨大争议。

二、对里昂惕夫之谜的解释

1.劳动力不同质

2.要素密集度逆转

3.存在关税及贸易壁垒

4.自然资源稀缺

三、里昂惕夫之谜的相关学说

对于“里昂惕夫之谜”，西方经济学界提出了各种解释，同时带来了第二次世

界大战后国际分工和国际贸易理论的发展。代表性的学说如下：

1.技术差距理论该理论由美国学者波斯纳于1959年提出。

该理论认为，技术实际上是一种生产要素，并且实际的科技水平一直在提高，但是在各个国家的发展水平不一样，这种技术上的差距可以使技术领先的国家具有技术上的比较优势，从而出口技术密集型产品。随着技术被进口国的模仿，这种比较优势消失，由此引起的贸易也就结束了。

2.新要素贸易理论

该理论综合了技术差距理论、人力资源理论、人力技能理论，认为，在考虑国际贸易中的商品时，不但要考虑传统的资本、劳动、自然资源要素，还要考虑技术、信息等要素，从而来确定商品的比较优势。

第3页（共3页）2.偏好相似理论偏好相似理论由瑞典经济学家林德尔于1961年的《贸易的转变》

一书提出，该理论主要解释的是发达国家之间的贸易如何产生的问题。

4.产业内贸易理论产业内贸易理论由美国经济学家格鲁贝尔等人于20世纪70年代提出，来解释产业内贸易的产生原因和规模。

5.人力资本说肯恩等人(Kenen,1965;Keesing,1966)认为产生里昂惕夫悖论的一个重要原因是里昂惕夫所定义的资本仅仅包含物质资本（如机器、设备、厂房等），而完全忽略了人力资本。人力资本是体现在人身上的技能和生产知识的存量。人力资本投资的收益或报酬在于提高一个人的技能和获利能力，在于提高市场经济和非市场经济中经济决策的效率。这就暗示着美国劳动比外国劳动含有更多的人力资本，把力资本这一部分加到实物资本上，就会使美国出口品的资本密集度高于进口替代品。

chapter3-assignment

第三章 线性分组码 习题 1．证明[n ，k ]线性分组码的最大距离为n -k +1。 2．设一个[7，4]码的生成矩阵为 1000111010010100100110 00111 0G ????? ?=?????? （1）求出该码的全部码矢； （2）求出该码的一致校验矩阵； （3）作出该码的标准阵译码表。 3．证明定理3.1.3。 4．一个[8，4]系统码，它的一致校验方程为： c 0=m 1+m 2+m 3c 1=m 0+m 1+m 2c 2=m 0+m 1+m 2c 3=m 0+m 2+m 3 式中，m 0，m 1，m 2，m 3是信息位，c 0，c 1，c 2，c 3是校验位。找出该码的G 和H ,并证明该码的最小距离为4。 5．构造第4题中码的对偶码。 6．设H 1是[n ，k ]线性分组码C 1的校验矩阵，且有奇数最小距离为d 。作一个新的码C 2，它的校 验矩阵为 12000111 1H H ?? ????? ?=???????? M L （1）证明C 2是一个（n +1，k ）分组码； （2）证明C 2中每一码字的重量为偶数； （3）证明C 2码的最小重量为d +1。 7．设C 1是一个有最小距离为d 1的[n 1，k ]线性系统码，生成矩阵为G 1=[P 1I k ]。C 2是一个有最小距离为d 2的[n ，k ]线性系统码，它的生成矩阵G 2=[P 2I k ]。对满足下述一致校验矩阵 212T k n n k T p H I P I ???? ? ?=??????

的[n 1+n 2，k]线性码，证明它有最小距离至少为d 1+d 2。 8．设一个二进制[n ，k ]码C 的G 矩阵不含全零列，将C 的所有码字排成2k ×n 的阵。 证明： （a ）阵中不含有全零列； （b ）阵中的每一列由2k -1个零和2k -1个1组成； （c ）在一特定分量上为0的所有码字构成C 的一个子空间，问该子空间的维数是多少？ 9．令是所有二进制[n ，k ]线性系统码的集合。证明非零二进制n 重V 或者恰巧含于的 ΓΓ(1)()2k n k ??个码中，或者不在的任一码中。 Γ10．证明二进制[23，12，7]Golay 码和三进制的[11，6，5]Golay 码是完备码。 11．若d 是码C 的最小重量，且为偶数，(1)/2t d =????? 。证明有两个重量均为t +1的矢量必在C 码的同一陪集中。 12．求出d =3，至多只有3个校验元的二进制码的码长n ；和d =5，至多只有8个校验元的二进 制码的码长n 。 13．计算二进制[24，12，8]扩张Golay 码的覆盖半径，及[8，4]RM 码的覆盖半径。 14．证明定理3.9.3。 15．构造三个二进制的[10，3，5]LUEP 码，其分离矢量分别为（8，2，2），（7，4，4）， （6，4，4）。写出它们标准形式的G 和系统码形式的G 。 16．证明定理3.10.3。 17．构造一个具有最高码率的k =10，t =2的2-EC/AUED 码。 18．证明定理3.10.6。

solutions for assignment3

Chapter 3 Assignments P13.Consider a reliable data transfer protocol that uses only negative acknowledgments. Suppose the sender sends data infrequently. Would a NAK-only protocol be preferable to a protocol that uses ACKs? Why? Now suppose the sender has a lot of data to send and the end-to-end connection experiences few losses. In this second case, would a NAK-only protocol be preferable to a protocol that uses ACKs? Why? Answer: In a NAK only protocol, the loss of packet x is only detected by the receiver when packet x+1 is received. That is, the receivers receives x-1 and then x+1, only when x+1 is received does the receiver realize that x was missed. If there is a long delay between the transmission of x and the transmission of x+1, then it will be a long time until x can be recovered, under a NAK only protocol. On the other hand, if data is being sent often, then recovery under a NAK-only scheme could happen quickly. Moreover, if errors are infrequent, then NAKs are only occasionally sent (when needed), and ACK are never sent – a significant reduction in feedback in the NAK-only case over the ACK-only case. P23. We have said that an application may choose UDP for a transport protocol because UDP offers finer application control (than TCP) of what data is sent in a segment and when. a. Why does an application have more control of what data is sent in a segment? b. Why does an application have more control on when the segment is sent? Answer: a) Consider sending an application message over a transport protocol. With TCP, the application writes data to the connection send buffer and TCP will grab bytes without necessarily putting a single message in the TCP segment; TCP may put more or less than a singe message in a segment. UDP, on the other hand, encapsulates in a segment whatever the application gives it; so that, if the application gives UDP an application message, this message will be the payload of the UDP segment. Thus, with UDP, an application has more control of what data is sent in a segment. b) With TCP, due to flow control and congestion control, there may be significant delay from the time when an application writes data to its send buffer until when the data is given to the network layer. UDP does not have delays due to flow control and congestion control.

商务交际英语任务(assignment)

商务交际英语（二） Assignment ● You work in the Sales Department of an international company. Manuela Garcia, an important client, is visiting your company for a day. There are some changes to the itinerary you sent her last week. ● Write a letter of 120 - 140 words to Ms Garcia, using the original itinerary and your handwritten notes, informing her of the changes. Proposed itinerary for one-day visit of Manuela Garcia Wednesday 20 October 11.00 John Sallis to meet Ms Garcia at airport 11.30 Arrival at company John Sallis to give Ms Garcia an introductory tour of company 12.30 14.00 ( Carol Snape Tom McAllister Sue Smith Manuela Garcia ) 15.30 Coffee break 16.00 18.00 John Sallis to take Ms Garcia to the airport 19.30 英语老师：周俐 2012年10月17日（第七周） （作业于10月26日前上交给我）

Assignment 1

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assignment写作浅谈

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Assignment3经原

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阅读assignment第一周(1)

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Assignment1_OceanCarriers

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Assignment要求表(3)

1．Topic： Global Business Situation and Opportunity Analysis 2．Essay or Report格式： 3．Outline（请说说您的想法和要求，以免写出来不是您想要的内容）： An opportunity analysis is used to leverage the marketing strategy and action plan. It is the first part of any marketing plan. The market opportunity identified through this situation and opportunity analysis will become the stated objective of the Global Marketing Plan (Assessment no. 4). Instructions: Choose a business that you find interesting and narrow it to one product or product line. Conduct an analysis of the current internal and external situation of the product/ product line. Internal should include: ? A brief summary of the company structure and its overall capabilities and resources ? Current products/ product line ? Current market/s, including customer behaviour issues, demand and trends, plus sales information (if available) ? Distribution and Supply External should include: ? Competitive environment- a global perspective but stay on the product offering ? Industry situation in particular global markets ? Consider the economic, technological, political, socio-cultural and natural imperatives Conduct a SWOT analysis. Synthesize and summarize the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats associated with the product/ product line Carefully evaluate the strategic fit of the market opportunity to the company’s capabilities Select one market opportunity that you believe is worth pursuing and justify. This is the stated objective of Global Marketing Strategy Plan (Assessment no. 4) Conclusion

Assignment(旅游文本的翻译)

Assignment: 1.河道、瓦房和石桥组合成了位于上海西侧的周庄，这是淀山湖畔一个风景如画的水乡小 镇。 Zhouzhuang is a small canal town located on the west of Shanghai. The combinations of waterways, tiled houses and stone bridges make up a picturesque view for the shore of Dianshan Lake. A web of waterways, tiled houses and stone bridges holds together Zhouzhuang, a small canal town located on the picturesque shores of the Dianshan Lake, west of shanghai 2.西湖周围有公园、茶馆、旅店，还有清新的空气、秀丽的景致、宁静的气氛、绿树成荫 的街道和拱形的石桥，构成了人们心目中的“中国风景”。 Around West Lake, there are parks, teahouses and hotels. With the fresh air, the inviting views, the pleasant shade and the arched bridges, the elegant environment make it a Chinese Scenery in everyone’s mind. Around the west lake, the air is clear, the landscape green and tranquil, and the avenues of willows and arched stone bridges conform to everyone’s idea of what Chinese scenery should look like. 3.绍兴的鉴湖，湖水清澈，风景秀丽，故又名镜湖。 Because of its clear water and inviting views, the Jianhu in Shaoxing is also known as Mirror Lake. The Jianhu Lake in Shaoxing is also known as Mirror Lake for its crystal clear water and picturesque landscape around. 4.这里不仅民族风情浓郁，同时还是一片具有生命灵气的宝地，草原辽阔，山水环绕。梅 里雪山主峰卡格博，屹立于迪庆西北，海拔6740米，是迪庆的最高点，也是云南第一峰，终年雪冠冰氅，云缠雾罩。 Having a strong flavor of local ethnic color, the prefecture boasts a scenic landscape with surrounding mountains and winding rivers and streams. As the dominant peak of Meili Mountain, the Kagebo Peak is outstanding at the northwest of Diqing with the height of 6740 meters above the sea level . Being covered by snow and surrounded by mist all year, it is known as the first peak of Y unnan province, Radiating with the local ethnic colors of ethnic minorities, the Prefecture boasts a scenic landscapes with surrounding mountains and winding rivers and streams. The Kagebo Peak---the dominant peak of the Meili Mountain range in the northwest of Diqing---stands aloft 6740 meters above the sea level, the highest peak in Diqing and in Yunnan province as well, was covered by snow and shrouded by mist all the year round.

Assignment1 for chapter 1

Assignment1 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. __T__ 1. A transaction is an exchange of value. __F__ 2. Business-to-consumer electronic commerce occurs when a person sells an item through a Web auction site to another person. __T__ 3. The U.S. government is one of the largest EDI trading partners in the world. __T__ 4. Firms such as Wal-Mart and General Electric have been pioneers in using EDI to improve their purchasing processes and their relationships with suppliers. __T__ 5. In some cases, business processes use traditional commerce activities very effectively, and technology cannot improve upon them. __T__ 6. Electronic commerce provides buyers with an easy way to customize the level of detail in the information they obtain about a prospective purchase. __T__ 7. Businesses and individuals can use electronic commerce to reduce transaction costs by improving the flow of information and increasing the coordination of actions. __T__ 8. Using the value chain reinforces the idea that electronic commerce should be a business solution, not technology implemented for its own sake. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. __b__ 9. The group of logical, related, and sequential activities and transactions in which businesses engage are often collectively referred to as business ____. a. services c. logistics b. processes d. communications __c__ 10. A(n) ____ is a specific collection of business processes used to identify customers, market to those customers, and generate sales to those customers. a. industry value chain c. revenue model b. strategic alliance d. value-added network __a__ 11. Businesses often calculate ____ numbers before committing to any new technology. a. return-on-investment c. productivity b. return-to-profit d. return-to-value __d__ 12. In a ____, companies coordinate their strategies, resources, and skill sets by forming long-term, stable relationships with other companies and individuals based on shared purposes. a. market economic structure c. business model b. value system d. network economic structure __c__ 13. Strategic partnerships occurring between or among companies operating on the Internet are called ____. a. strategic alliances c. virtual companies b. economic structure d. virtual partnerships