CHapter 5=6

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The sentence structure is ________.

A. only linear

B. only hierarchical

C. complex

D. both linear and hierarchical

2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.

A. lexical

B. morphological

C. linguistic

D. combinational

4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.

A. right

B. wrong

C. grammatical

D. ungrammatical

5. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.

A. endocentric

B. exocentric

C. subordinate

D. coordinate

6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational antonyms

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy

B. Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.

A. homonyms

B. polysemies

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.

A. grammatical rules

B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules

D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.

12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.

14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.

15. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.

16. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different

situations.

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

19. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

20. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.

22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.

23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.

24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.

25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.

26. __________ are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

28. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

29. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.

30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31. Syntax

32. IC analysis

33. Componential analysis

34. Reference

V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

35. What are the three kinds of antonymy?

36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis.

I DCDDA CACDA

II TTTTT TFTFF

III.

21. simple 22. sentence

23. subject 24. predicate

25. complex 26. Converse antonyms

27. Componential 28. Reference

29. synonyms 30. naming

IV.

31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. 32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.

33. Compositional analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.

34. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.

V.

35.

Hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship

36.

(1) more | beautiful flowers

(2) more beautiful | flowers

Chapter 5 Meaning

[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.

A. Plato

B. Bloomfield

C. Geoffrey Leech

D. Firth

2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviorism

3. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis

B. Componential analysis

C. Phonemic analysis

D. Grammatical analysis

6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational antonyms

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy

B. Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.

A. homonyms

B. polysemies

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.

A. grammatical rules

B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules

D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.

15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

19. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.

22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.

25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.

26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.

30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a lan¬guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31. Entailment

32. Proposition

33. Componential analysis

34. Reference

V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

35. What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?

Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots （青岛海洋大学，1999）36. What are the three kinds of antonymy? （武汉大学，2004）

VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37. For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words. （青岛海洋大学，1999）

(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief b. bull, rooster, drake, ram

(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car b. milk, alcohol, rice, soup

(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractor b. idea, love, charity, sincerity,

bravery, fear

Key: Chapter5

I.

1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDA

II.

11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT

III.

21. Semantics 22. direct

23. Reference 24. synonyms

25. homophones 26. Relational

27. Componential 28. selectional

29. argument 30. naming

IV.

31. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences:

a. Tom divorced Jane.

b. Jane was Tom’s wife.

In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.

32. Proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences “Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold the same proposition.

33. Compositional analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.

34. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.

V.

35.

Hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship

36.

(Omit.)

VI.

37.

(1) The (a) words and (b) words are male.

The (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.

(2) The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.

The (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.

(3) The (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual.

The (a) words are material, while the (b) words are spiritual.

Chapter 6 从句的翻译

（一）重复先行词的中文句式, 可用非限定从进行翻译 I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. 他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area. 他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 （二）省略先行词的中文句式,翻译时应补出先行词 It is he who received the letter that announced the bankruptcy of your company. 是他接到那封信，说你们公司破产了。

They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。 （三）某些状语译成定语从句 （一）译成表示“时间”的分句 A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded. 司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。 （二）译成表示“原因”的分句 He doesn’t want to talk with Mrs. Smith, who is very haughty and conceited now 他不愿和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在非常傲慢和自负。 （三）译成表示“条件”的分句 Men become desperate for any kind of work, which will help them to keep alive their families.

Kotler_Chapter5

Chapter 5 Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior 1) ________ is never simple, yet understanding it is the essential task of marketing management. A) Brand personality B) Consumption pioneering C) Early adoption D) Consumer buying behavior E) Understanding the difference between primary and secondary data Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 135 Skill: Concept Objective: 5-1 2) The consumer market is made up of which of the following? A) individuals who acquire goods or services for personal consumption B) households that purchase goods or services for personal consumption C) businesses that purchase goods and services D) A and B E) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135 Skill: Concept Objective: 5-1 3) Economic, technological, and cultural forces are all ________ in the stimulus-response model of buyer behavior. A) buyer responses B) stimuli C) components of the buyer's decision process D) buyer characteristics E) buying attitudes Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 137 Skill: Concept Objective: 5-1

英语本科段自学考试英汉翻译教程Unit 6 Literature.doc

Unit 6 Literature(1) Lesson 16(E—C) Tess of the D‘Urbervilles(1) By Thomas Hardy On an evening in the latter part of May a middle-aged man was walking homeward from Shaston to the village of Marlott, in the adjoinning Vale of Blakemore or Blackmoor. The pair of legs that carried him were rickety, and there was a bias in his gait which inclined him somewhat to the left of a straight line. He occasinally gave a smart nod, as if in confirmation of some opinion, though he was not thinking of anything in particular. An empty egg-basket was slung upon his arm, the nap of his hat was reffled, a patch being quite worn away at its brim where his thumb came in taking it off. Presently hi was met by an elderly parson astride on a gray mare, who, as he rode, hummed a wandering tune. ?Good night t‘ee,‘ said the man with the basket. ?Good night, Sir John,‘ said the parson. The pedestrian, after another pace or two, halted, and turned round. ?Now, sir, begging your pardon; we met last market-day on this road about this time, and I zaid ―Good night,‖ and you made reply ―Good night, Sir John,‖ as now.‘ ?I did,‘ said the parson. ?And once before that—near a month ago.‘ ?I may have.‘ ?Then what might your meaning be in calling me ―Sir John‖ these different times, when I be plain Jack Durbeyfield, the haggler? The parson rode a step or two nearr. ?It was only my whim,‘he said; and, after a moment‘s hesitation: ?It was on account of a discovery I made some little time ago, whilst I was hunting up pedigres for the new county history. I am Parson Tringham, the antiquary, of Stagfoot Lane. Don‘t you reaally know, Durbeyfield, that you are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d‘Urbervilles, who dervie their descent from Sir Pagan d‘Urberville, that renowned knight who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror, as appears by Battle Abbey Roll?‘ ?Never heard it before, sir!‘ ?Well it‘s true.‘ … ?But you‘ll turn back and have a quart of beer wi‘me on the strength o‘t Pa‘son Tringham? There‘s a very pretty brew in tap at The Pure Drop—though, to be sure, not so good as at Rolliver‘s.‘ ?No, thank you—not this evening, Durbeyfield. You‘ve had enough already.‘ (from Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D‘Urbervilles, Chapter 1) 译文： 五月后半月里，有一天傍晚，一个中年男子，正打沙氏屯，朝着跟这相连的那个布蕾谷（或者布莱谷）里面的马勒村往家里走去。支着他的那两条腿老是摇摇晃晃的，他走路的姿势里，又总有一种倾斜的趋势，使他或多或少地往一条直线的左边歪。待一会儿他就轻快地把头一点，好像是对某一个意见表示赞成似的，其实他心里头可并没想什么特别的事儿。

细胞生物学课后练习题及答案chapter5

第五章物质跨膜运输 一、名词解释 1. 渗透 2. 载体蛋白 3. 离子通道 4. 协同运输 5. 简单扩散 6. 协助扩散 7. 配体门通道 8. 离子门通道 二、选择题：请在以下每题中选出正确答案，每题正确答案为1-6个，多选和少选均不得分 1. 以下哪一种运输器或运输方式不消耗能量 A.电位门通道 B.内吞（endocytosis） C.外排（exocytosis） D.协同运输 2. 红细胞膜上的带3蛋白是一种 A.离子泵 B.ABC转运器 C.离子通道 D.离子载体 3. 动物小肠细胞对葡萄糖的吸收依靠 A.钠离子梯度驱动的同向协同（symport） B.钠离子梯度驱动的反向协同（antiport） 4. 植物细胞和细菌的协同运输常利用哪一种的浓度梯度来驱动。 A.钙离子 B.质子 C.钠离子 D.钾离子 5. 人类多药抗性蛋白（multidrug resistance protein, MDR）属于

A.V型离子泵 B.P型离子泵 C.F型离子泵 D.ABC转运器 6. V型质子泵位于许多细胞器的膜上，用以维持细胞器内部的酸性环境，以下哪一种细胞器内的pH值低于显著细胞质的pH值 A.溶酶体 B.内吞体 C.植物液泡 D.线粒体 7. 神经递质在神经肌肉-接点处的释放是对哪一种离子浓度的变化的直接响应。 A.钙离子 B.质子 C.钠离子 D.钾离子 8. 肌质网上的钙离子泵属于 A.V型离子泵 B.P型离子泵 C.F型离子泵 9. 钠钾泵 A.通过自磷酸化发生构象改变 B.每消耗一个ATP，转出2个钠离子，转进3个钾离子 C.参与形成膜静息电位 D.参与维持细胞离子平衡 10. 以下哪些可作为细胞主动运输的直接能量来源 A.离子梯度 B.NADH C.A TP D.光 11. 以下哪一种蛋白质不属于配体门通道

Chapter5线性微分方程组

第五章 线性微分方程组 5.1 存在唯一性定理 5.1.1 记号和定义 考察形如 (5.1) 其中已知函数a ij(t)(i,j,=1,2,…,n)和f i(t)(i=1,2,…,n)在区间atb上是连续的,方程组关于x1,x2,…,x n及x1,x2,…,x n是线性的. 引进记号 则原方程(5.1)可写成形式x=A(t)x+f(t). 概念 一个矩阵(或向量)在区间atb上称为连续的,如果它的每一个元都是区间atb上的连续函数. 一个nn矩阵B(t)或一个n维列向量u(t) 在区间atb上称为可微的,如果它的每一个元都在区间atb上可微,且 性质 (1)[A(t)+B(t)]=A(t)+B(t); (2)[u(t)+v(t)]=u(t)+v(t); (3)[A(t)B(t)]=A(t)B(t)+A(t)B(t); (4)[A(t)u(t)]=A(t)u(t)+A(t)u(t). 类似地, 矩阵B(t)或一个n维列向量u(t)在区间atb上称为可积的,如果它的每一个元都在区间atb上可积,且 定义1设A(t)是区间atb上的连续nn矩阵,f(t)是同一区间上的连续n维向量.方程组x=A(t)x+f(t)(5.4) 在某区间t ([, ][a, b])的解就是向量u(t), 它的导数u(t) 在区间atb上连续且满足u(t)=A(t)u(t)+f(t), t. 定义2初值问题x=A(t)x+f(t) x(t0)= (5.5) 的解就是方程组(5.4)在包含t0的区间t 上的解, 使得u(t0)=． 例１　试列出下图中经过L1及L2电路的电流I1及I2应满足的微分方程．

Chapter 6 谓语翻译for students

Chapter 6 谓语翻译 一）汉英谓语对比 二）确定谓语的原则 1. 主谓一致+时态+语气 1) 我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on in our country. 2) 她的独生子让车给轧了。 Her only son was run over by a car. 2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 1）这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。 The incidence showed us that he was dishonest 2）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 3）这次旅游可以选择的地方有北京、上海或西安。 Beijing,Shanghai and Xi’an are the places we can choose during this trip. 4）本书精选流传于中国南方26个少数民族的131则脍炙人口的故事。 The books consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26minority nationalities in the south of the China. 5) 这一证书课程将在三年内学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over three years. 6) 细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。 It was drizzling on a windy autumn. 7）你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自满。 You have made great progress in the research on teaching,but you should guard against complacency. 8）汉语部不仅教中国学生汉语和中国文学课，还招收学习汉语的外国留学生。 The Chinese Program offers not only Chinese and Chinese Literature but course for international students of Chinese. 3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当 1）秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国。 QinShiHuang,the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty,conquered the other six states in 221BC. 2）热腾腾的晚餐已摆好在桌上。 Hot meals were served on the dinner table. 3）他们也学会了中国的饮茶。 They became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking. 4）到麦当劳去吃什么? 有人总结说：吃时髦，吃清洁，吃快捷，吃氛围，吃气派，吃档次，吃高雅。闹了半天，还没有涉及“吃饱肚子”。 For what do we go to the McDonald’s?Summarized are the following answers:for its popularity,for its remark cleanness,instant services,exotic atmosphere,showing off,super quality,elegant consumption.With so many for,yet we have not come to “for our stomach”.

versions for some sentences in Chapter 5第五章

第五章减译（Omission） 10) *Different metals differ in their conductivity. *不同的金属具有不同的导电性。 11) *The use of silver as a conductor is very limited because of its cost. *由于成本高，很少用银作导体。 14) *The volume of the sun is about 1,300,000 times that of the earth. *太阳的体积约为地球的130万倍。 17) *For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 对于每一个作用，都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用。 19) *The average speed of all molecules remains the same as long as the temperature is constant. *温度不变，分子的总平均速度也不变。 20) *Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. *几乎所有的物质都热胀冷缩。 25) *When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low. *气压低，沸点就低。 26) *The result of the experiment is rather good. *实验结果相当好。 28) *Copper wire allows a large current to flow than does iron wire. *铜导线比铁导线通过的电流大。 29) *The molecules in gases move more freely than do those of liquids and solids. *气体分子的运动比液体和固体分子更自由。 31) *Obviously, since this radiation is invisible, it is of no use to us for illumination purposes. *很明显，由于这种辐射是不可见的，所以不能用于照明。 38) *From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea. 阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。 40) *They float on the surface of the water and they give off light when they are disturbed. 它们在水面上漂浮，受到干扰时便放出光来。

换言之 翻译教=教程 第六章 笔记

Chapter 6 T extual equivalence: cohesion In this chapter, we resume discussion of translation difficulties and strategies at the level of text by looking at cohesion, the second feature of text organization which was mentioned at the end of Chapter 4. Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text. Cohesion is a surface relation; it connects together the actual words and expressions that we can see or hear. Halliday and Hason identify 5 main cohesive devices in English: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. 6.1. Reference The term reference is traditionally used in semantics for the relationship which holds between a word and what in points to in the real world. Instead of denoting a direct relationship between words and extra-linguistic objects, reference is limited here to the relationship of identity which holds between two linguistic expressions. Reference, in the textual rather than the semantic sense, occurs when the reader has to retrieve the identity of what is being talked about by referring to another expression in the immediate context. The resulting cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into the discourse a second time. Reference is a device which allows the reader/hearer to trace participants, entities, events,etc, in a text. One of the most common patterns of establishing chains of reference in English and a number of other languages is to mention a participant explic itly in the first instance, and then use a pronoun refer back to the same participant in the immediate context. The relationship of reference may be established situationally:(分析如下) For example, a given pronoun may refer to an entity which is present in the context of situation rather than in the surrounding text. The first- and second-person pronouns are typical examples in that they do not refer back to a nominal expression in the text but to the speaker and hearer(writer and reader) respectively. Third-person pronouns typically refer back or forward to a nominal expression in the text but may also be used to refer to an entity which is present in the immediate physical or mental context of situation. Patterns of reference is also known as anaphora. Fox(1986) examined patterns of reference in 3 genres of American English: spontaneous conversation, written expository prose and written fast-paced popular narratives. 6.2. Substitution and ellipsis Unlike reference, substitution and ellipsis are grammatical rather than semantic relationships. In substitution, an item/items is replaced by another item/items. Ellipsis involves the omission of an item. In other words, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing. Substitution and ellipsis are purely grammatical relations which hold between linguistic

Chapter 6 语篇翻译的要素学生资料

Chapter 6 篇章翻译的基本要素 什么是篇章 篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇） 篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎） 一、篇章是翻译的理想单位 1. 篇章的功能应保持一致 广告类 出手不凡钻石表 Buy a Diamond brand watch, if every second counts for you. 应用文体类 译文符合原文对衔接（cohesion）与连贯（coherence）的要求。 Gentlemen, In reply to your advertisement in the Bristol News of June 2, I wish to say that I am seeking the kind of position your offer. I am nineteen years old, and expect to graduate from the Bristol Technical High School this month. During three years of the course I have been working with many kinds of machinery and have helped to set up and repair the machinery in one of the school shops. My father is a chauffeur, and I helped him in repairing automobiles. Last summer I took a party of excursionists on a three weeks’tour. While we were in West Epping, away from repair shops, my machine was badly damaged. I had to repair two cylinders and rig up a temporary steering wheel. 尊敬的先生: 贵公司在六月二日布里斯多报上所刊登征求的职位正是本人想要得到的。 我今年十九岁，这个月即将从布里斯多高工毕业。在学三年中，我操作过各机械，曾协助学校工场机器的建立和修理工作。家父为一名司机，我时常帮他修理汽车。去年夏天，我加入一群远征队旅行三周，在西伊平地方没有修理站，我的机件严重损坏，我不得不迳行修护两门汽缸，装配一支暂用的驾驶盘。 Inclosed you will find a copy of my resume-and my photo. I believe they may be found satisfactory. Concerning my character I am permitted to refer to Mr. H. L. Sled, Head of the Mechanical section of the Bristol Technical High School. Yours truly, signature 附上我的简历表和相片，希望二者令您满意。至于我的品德您可函询布里斯多高工机械科主任，史列德先生。倘若您能考虑我的申请，并给予面试机会，我将十分感 谢。 2. 篇章的语域保持一致