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定语从句

定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有w here, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。

4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用………的?表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。

先行词：被限制或修饰的主句的主语。

（一）限定性定语从句

一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）

1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is the book （which）you want。]而且，如果whi ch在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与w hich之间的介词不能丢

3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which 时,都只能用that

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of w hich 调换,表达的意思一样。

二、关系副词（在句中作状语）

关系副词=介词+关系代词

why=for which

where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)

when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)

1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。

2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there f or two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time

he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, suc

h as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。

3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobo dy, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。

（二）非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly up sets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

4. 有时as也可用作关系代词

5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物.；

（三）关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人在从句中做主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。（注：who和who m已无太大区别，可以通用。）

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/ who I talk to.

如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.

3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city e ach year rises one million.

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaire

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be re paired.

(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?

(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

（四）注意

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you ask ed for.

(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you aske

(5) We?ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we ha ve often talked about.

(6) We?ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have

often talked.

注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look fo r, look after, take care of等

(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确)

(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)

(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)

(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable.

(F)

3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, mo st, each, few等代词或者数词

(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind

to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

关系代词

关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语

which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；

who在从句中作主语；

whom在从句中宾语；

where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；

when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；

why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"reason"

有时why也可用for+which代替。

例：A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.

________ ___ ________ ____________

先行词主语谓语宾语

|________________________|

定语从句修饰先行词

（五）关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2) The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled do wn.

3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

(2) I don?t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he b egan to know what he wanted when he grew up.

(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where

I was born.

[编辑本段]

（六）判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one答案：

例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句：This museum is ___ you visited a few days a go.例2变为肯定句：This is the museum ___ the exhibition was hel d.

在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从句。

而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)；

先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。

（七）介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

This is the reason why he came late.

This is the reason for which he came late.

（八）先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。

（九）as,which引导的非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

典型例题

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a su rprise.

A. it

B. that

C. which

D. he

答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more tha n we could expect.

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. it

答案B。

which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to t he park..

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. it

答案B.

as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

(1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。

As 的用法例

1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。

I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；

例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

（十）关系代词that 的用法

(1)不用that的情况

(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous he re.

(b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

(b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

(c)先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。

(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

(e)先行词既有人，又有物时。

(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．

(g) 为了避免重复．

(h)先行词是the way时

举例：

Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?

这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？

Who that break the window should be punished．

谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

（十一）难点分析

（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), fe w, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时

(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?

(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.

(3) All that can be done has been done.

(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.

注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。

注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won?t do such a t hing.

2. 当先行词被序数词修饰

(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Be n.

3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

(1) This is the best film that I have seen.

4. 当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时

(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,

(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing th at he owned.

当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will atten

d th

e meeting？

5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时

(1) Who is the man that is standing there?

(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we ha ve learned?

7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语或先行词本身就作主语的表语

(1)The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.

(2)This is a good book that will help you a lot.

（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：

1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

(1) He married her, as/which was natural.

(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.

2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思

(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.

(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I do n?t believe.

注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which

(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher a ngry.

3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as

(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.

(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.

(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary?s wedding.

她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that

…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分

(6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.

(7)He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one.

(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。

(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was su rprising.

(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

(1) There are very few but understand his idea.

( but= who don?t )

(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句

1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；

同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系

(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句

(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句

2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；

同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；

句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分

(1) The news he told me is true.

(2) The news that he has just died is true.

(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语

(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficul t to solve.

3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以

(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wond erful. 同位语

(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known t o all.

(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

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定语从句练习题（附参考答案及解析） 1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _______? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _______last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day ______I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _______. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen ______he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which 11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose 14.I'm interested in ______you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 17.He is good at English, ______we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 19.I don't like ______ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels 20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what

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