混合动力汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译

对插电式混合动力电力车技术成本效益分析

摘要

插入式混合电动汽车（PHEVs）已经成为一个很有前途的技术，使用电取代石油消费。然而，有一个非常广泛的混合动力汽车的设计与大大变成本和效益。特别是电池成本，燃料成本，车辆性能属性和驾驶习惯大大影响PHEVs相对价值。本文提出了一种成本（车辆购置成本和能源成本）和收益减少（对比石油消费PHEVs）相对于混合动力电动汽车和传统。详细仿真模型，用于预测石油和混合动力汽车的成本削减设计相比，基于中型轿车。两个动力总成技术方案被认为是探索短期和PHEVs长期前景。分析认为，石油减少超过45％，每台车辆可以达到20英里（32公里），或储存更多的能量配备PHEVs。然而，这些车辆长期增量成本预计将超过8,000美元，比近期成本高得多。一个简单的经济分析表明，高石油价格和低成本的电池需要PHEVs做出引人注目的业务案例。然而，大油气PHEVs为政府加快混合动力汽车技术的部署提供强大的理由。

关键词插入式混合动力；混合动力电动汽车；二次电池的电池；

1 介绍插入式混合动力电动汽车

插入式混合电动车最近出现了有希望的替代方案，使用电要取代石油消费的车队相当一部分[1]。插件的混合电动汽车（混合动力汽车）是一种混合动力电动汽车充电的能力，其电化学能源（戊肝）从一板外源产品，如电力公司电网（电力储存）。车辆可以当时正处在一个电荷消耗（CD）的模式，降低了系统的状态充电（SOC）的，从而使用电力，以取代液体燃料，否则将被消耗。这是液体燃料典型的石油（汽油或柴油），尽管PHEVs也可以使用，如生物燃料或替代氢气。PHEV的电池通常在混合电动汽车相比有较大的能力，从而增加潜在的石油流离失所。

1.1插入式混合动力电动汽车术语

插入式混合电动汽车的特点是“PHEVx”符号，其中“X”通常是指汽车的全电范围（阿英俄）作为英里的距离定义的并联混合动力汽车可以完全充电驱动器之前需要操作的引擎。美国加州空气资源委员会（CARB）使用标准的城市测功机驱动附表（UDDS）来衡量PHEVs AER和提供车辆之间的公平比较[2]。按照这个定义，一个PHEV20可以驱动20英里（32公里）全在测试电周期开始前引擎开启。然而，这一切电定义没有考虑PHEVs可能继续在CD模式运作后的第一发动机开启。因此，笔者使用了PHEVx更恰当的定义，是与石油流离失所。按照这个定义，一个PHEV20包含足够的可用储能电池取代20英里（32公里的石油消费）的标准测试周期。请注意，这个定义并不意味着车辆运行以来，全电能力将最终取决于元件的额定功率和控制策略，以及实际使用中的驾驶循环。

1.2潜在插入式混合动力电动汽车

PHEVs可能取代石油消费来自车队的几个因素。首先，PHEVs是潜在的良好匹配，以驾驶者的驾驶习惯，尤其是分布每天游的距离。基于原型从过去十年中，PHEVs通常在秋季PHEV10-60范围[3]。美国的汽车，每天行驶里程分布的数据，收集了1995年全国个人交通调查（NPTS的）[4]。显然，大部分每日里程较短，有50小于30英里（48公里）被天％。图1还显示了效用因子（联阵）1995年NPTS的曲线数据。对于一定的距离D的效用的因素是分数总车英里前往（虚拟制造）发生在首每日旅行D英里。

对于距离为30英里（48公里），效用因子约为40％。这意味着全电动PHEV30可以取代石油消费相当于40％的虚拟制造，（假设该车辆是完全每天充电）。同样，全电动PHEV60可以取代约60％。这种低每日里程的特点是为什么PHEVs有潜力取代了很大一部分每汽车石油消耗。

然而，PHEVs取代石油消费车队，他们必须深入市场，推断这些储蓄的船队水平。第二个因素是令人鼓舞的，是为PHEVs成功的混合电动汽车在市场上。全球混合动力汽车目前生产几百每年1000个单位[5]。正因为如此，电机和大功率蓄电池迅速接近，性能改进和成本的主要到期没有得到实现。虽然混合动力汽车组件没有优化的混合动力汽车的应用，它们提供了一个平台，其中混合动力汽车部件供应商可以开发出PHEV动力元件产品。

最后，在这非常PHEVs销售他们的混合电动汽车和电池相结合的有益属性（贝弗斯），同时减轻他们的缺点电动汽车。混合电动汽车燃料的生产达到高经济，但他们仍对石油燃料和设计不启用燃料替代/灵活性。PHEVs，然而，真正的燃料，灵活的车辆，可以运行在石油或电能。贝弗斯不需要任何石油，但在有限的由电池驱动造成的技术限制范围，成本和冗长的重大电池充电时间。PHEVs有一个更小的电池减轻电池充电时间和成本，而船上的石油燃料箱提供驱动范围相当于传统和混合动力汽车。这是建设一个属性组合需求强劲PHEVs，就证明了最近推出的插件合作伙伴运动[6]。

PHEVs有可能进入市场，渗透船队，实现有意义的石油位移相对较快。很少有竞争的技术提供了这种潜在的合并率和在车队的石油消费削减的时间[7]。但是，混合动力汽车技术并非没有挑战。储能系统的成本，体积和生活是必须克服的主要障碍这些车辆能够成功。增加混合电动汽车增幅超出了该电池储存车辆包装成本，并提出重大挑战。此外，合并后的深/浅循环在混合动力汽车电池是唯一比这更要求以混合电动汽车或贝弗斯经验。混合动力汽车电池可能需要超大去年该车辆的寿命，进一步增加成本。鉴于混合电动汽车在市场上取得成功，有关PHEVs的问题就是，“增量石油可达到降低边际成本什么？“这些因素将严重影响通过他们的PHEVs销路购买价格和成本的所有权。本文介绍了结果，旨在评估这项成本效益权衡的研究。

2建模并联混合动力汽车石油消耗和成本

在两个因素，混合动力汽车的结果减少每车石油消费：

1、石油在光盘模式，如前面讨论位移涉及PHEVx关于增加电池容量为基础的汽车能源指定。

2、燃油效率的改善负责维持（CS）的模式，由于杂交，其中涉及对学位的，杂交（卫生署）或添加车用动力电池的能力。混合电动汽车，不有CD模式，只能通过这第二个因素，实现节约。

2.1建模方法和研究范围

在混合动力汽车的成本效益模型包括若干子模型。首先，性能模型计算元件尺寸必须满足表1中列出的性能限制。第二，大规模平衡计算对车辆的性能质量模型确定组件大小为基础。第三，能源使用模型模拟了汽车的汽油和电力消费在各个驾驶循环。车辆的性能和能源使用模型耦合到车辆的质量，因此，模型能够捕捉到大量的元件尺寸复利。第四，成本模型估计零售价格的车辆组件尺寸为基础。所有费用在2006年美国报告美元。最后，结果后处理执行计算车辆的能源报告消费和有意义的方式经营成本。该模型是一个迭代实施微软Excel电子表格。

能源使用的模型是一个详细的，第二次按第二，动态车辆模型，它使用一个反向计算方法[8]。它还有一个特点是作为功率流模式，因为它的模型组件损失/效率作为设备的电源的功能，而不是作为扭矩/速度或功能电流/电压更详细的模型。这种反向计算，功率流方法提供快速估计车辆的使用，使能源的耦合，迭代电子表格中描述以上。一个解决方案是唯一一个获得了几秒钟，这意味着可以设计空间探索非常迅速和彻底。数百名混合动力汽车的设计，因此纳入研究。

该模型进行的常规车辆（CVS）和混合电动汽车（包括PHEVs），以便模拟该方由方比较可以的。的性能和能源使用模型进行了验证为丰田佳美轿车和本田Civic混合动力。在这两种情况下，不到5％的误差观察到车辆的性能和能源利用的估计。两个动力总成技术方案被纳入研究。短期方案（2005-2010年）代表目前使用的车辆生产地位动力总成技术，

而长期方案（2015-2020年），预期将导致从正在进行的先进技术，使研发努力，并大批量的生产水平。长远的方案，但不包括先进的发动机技术，因为撰文想孤立改善电力驱动的影响并在相对成本效益的PHEVs能源存储技术。

2.2汽车平台性能和成本假设

所有车辆包括在研究中满足了同样的性能和使用车辆的限制平台相同的基线简历。基准简历是一个中型轿车（类似于丰田凯美瑞或雪佛兰Malibu）及有关参数列于表1。大多数参数计算出的2003年美国最畅销[9]中型轿车销售加权平均数据。一些参数，如滚动阻力，配套荷载，通过加速度，爬坡能力，是工程概算。基准制造商的建议零售价（MSRP）美国23.392美元，所使用的动力系统成本模型，结合估算基准“滑翔机”的成本（即车辆无动力总成）。一个121千瓦的简历动力总成的费用估计在美国六零零二美元，导致预计基准的美国滑翔机成本17390美元。

2.3动力系统结构

这两个东西，一个PHEV的区别戊型肝炎病毒是从一个CD列入经营模式和充电插头。因此，混合动力汽车可以实施典型的混合动力汽车使用的任何架构（平行，串联，或电分裂）。在这项研究中，一个并行体系结构与能力去承担declutch于动力系统（图3）发动机。这两个平行的布局提供了更大的灵活性体系结构与能力去承担declutch于动力系统（图3）发动机。这两个平行的布局提供了更大的灵活性在发动机开/关控制相比，本田的综合电机辅助（IMA）并行系统[10]这里的引擎和汽车是一直保持连接状态。为了创造更多的灵活性，在发动机开/关控制，也有人认为，所有配件（包括空调）将供电电从电池。

2.4组件电池

该电池是由第一个组件大小的模型和两个关键的投入是PHEVx指定和电池电源的能源（的P / E）的比例。电池的可用能量的计算使用车辆的单位电能相当于消耗估计距离乘以目标PHEVx距离。电能消耗，估计使用PAMVEC模型[11]。电池的总能量，然后计算出基于SOC的设计窗口。最

后，电池的额定功率计算乘以输入P / E的总电池能量比，然后去了20％的受访者占电池在结束时的生命权退化。

2.5组件效率，贴近群众，成本

发动机和电动机正如2.1节所讨论的，混合动力汽车能源使用模式是反向计算，功率流模型该损失是模拟组件的输出功率的功能/效率。无论是引擎和电动机的效率是参照使用分量输入功率多项式表达式作为一个函数的输出功率。该发动机曲线是基于一个4缸，1.9升，95kW的汽油发动机。一路3阶多项式是由一顾问仿真拟合数据[8]使用这种发动机。这是第电机曲线是基于一个50千瓦永磁电机和一个9阶多项式拟合从仿真数据的顾问使用此马达。电池使用效率是仿照效率与输入功率（图5）标准化的功能。这种关系是这样得出的等效电路模型，利用实际值名义开电路的电压和内部阻抗。电池模块为镍氢和锂离子技术，质量为使用电池的设计为蓝本15]和图6所示德卢卡[开发出功能。新增加的电池的包装质量和热管理也基于[15]。电池模块的具体费用（$ /千瓦时）更改为一个功率为能源的比例（图6）函数。该长期锂离子成本曲线是根据电力科学研究院[14]的估计。发言后，电池供应商和其他专家，据估计，近期的镍氢电池模块的具体费用大约两倍电力科学研究院的长期预测的。电池包装和热的费用管理也是基于在[14]所列。

3结果

PHEV2，5，10，20，30，40，50，60辆汽车被认为是研究。此外，一HEV0是作为一个以充电器PHEV2蓝本/插件删除。P / E比率分别选择不同卫生署（定义为电机的功率比电机总功率加发动机），覆盖的约10％-55％之间。请注意，发动机缩编限制对应的约32％卫生署，而卫生署高于该车辆超过板载这将导致电力的能力。仔细查看图8，我们看到在不同的相对成本效益的PHEVs反复趋势卫生署，而且是每个PHEVx最佳卫生署。对于HEV0s，最佳卫生署（32％）恰逢引擎缩编限制。对于PHEVs，最佳卫生署较高（35％），以配合最低电池全电式上UDDS周期（所需功率的能力在HWFET周期最大功率的要求较低）。这种全电动能力允许避免引擎空转

车辆，否则将招致因发动机损失开启事件受5分钟的时间限制最低引擎。最适用于混合电动汽车与PHEVs短期和长期方案总结于表3和4。必须强调，这些最佳卫生署是高度依赖于汽车平台/性能属性和驾驶模式的性质。应反复分析其他基线车辆（如运动型多用途车），看看如何混合动力汽车的设计会有所不同。此外，PHEVs应在现实世界的模拟驾驶周期，以确定在不同石油位移和全电动操作与标准测试循环。这种进一步应提供必要的分析，以优化市场PHEVs的理解。

3.1 PHEVs经济学

在混合动力汽的成本效益分析还包括一个以上的成本，拥有简单的比较车辆的使用寿命。比较包括汽车的零售价和成本的年度能源（燃料和电力）的消费量，但并不能解释在维护可能存在差异并联混合动力汽车的总生命周期成本更透彻的分析成本（读者被定向到[14]）。图9列出近期和长期方案的经济比较。在计算每年的石油和电力消费，所有车辆均假定为旅行15000英里（24,100每年公里）将与美国环保局的假设是一致的。近期零售成本汽油是假设美元每加仑（约合0.79元L）3，而对美国汽油价格5元每加仑（约合1.32元L）是承担了预期的设想。零售业发电的成本是举行在美国不断为每对2005年美国的平均零售价计算为0.09千瓦时和历史发展趋势[19]。没有贴现率采用未来现金流量。

在短期情况下，混合动力汽车实现了较低的成本比简历所有权后大约10年。然而，PHEVs从未达到较低的成本比简历所有权还是在15年寿命汽车混合动力电动汽车。长期的方案提供了一个重要的对比，与混合动力汽车提供比简历后约4年，PHEVs提供更低的成本更低的成本比混合动力汽车后约12年。若干意见，可从这些比较。很显然，这些“回报”的分析是敏感的汽油车的成本，也是零售成本，这是强烈的影响在每个场景电池成本的假设。它还明确指出，在经济上不PHEVs如果汽油价格有希望在目前的水平和电池成本仍不能得到改善。然而，它似乎是一对插电式混合动力车可以根据这两者的情况下作出了引人注目的业务案例汽油价格上涨和预测（下）电池的成本，至少从简单的角度出发这里介绍的消费经济比较。

尽管经济不确定性的混合动力汽车，还有其他因素，可能证明增量混合动力汽车的成本。例子包括税收优惠，在石油消耗量减少，空气污染，温室气体排放量，国家能源安全，减少维修，少填制成品在加油站;在家充电的便利，从高扭矩提高加速度;电动马达的绿色形象的机会，提供家庭应急备用电源，以及潜在的汽车到网格应用。另类的商业模式，如电池租赁，也值得进一步考虑，因为他们可能有助于减轻车辆的巨大增量成本，并鼓励混合动力汽车购买者把重点放在长期的成本节约潜力。

4结论

本文介绍了成本（车辆购置成本和能源成本）和比较福利（减少石油消费的PHEVs）相对于混合电动汽车和简历。根据研究结果，是一种混合动力汽车，混合动力汽车的设计范围十分广泛，成本和效益大大不同谱。此外，混合动力汽车的成本效益方程是相当敏感的一系列因素。特别是，电池的成本，燃料成本，车辆性能和驾驶习惯有一个很大的影响相对价值PHEVs。面对庞大的变异，而在这些因素的不确定因素，因此很难预测为PHEVs未来潜力进入市场，减少石油消费的车队。

然而，对于PHEVs可能减少每车石油消费显然是非常高的。在裁减45％以上都可以使用的PHEV20或更高的设计。与此相比与30％的最高混合电动汽车的估计，但有利的减少，这很可能是一种混合动力汽车电池容量增加将导致汽车成本大幅递增，即使在长期任期。对于在本研究中，美国零售价3000美元的费用预计为1的情况估计中型轿车混合动力汽车。相比之下，一个中型PHEV20和PHEV40长期增量成本估计为8,000美元和11,000美元分别。不知道未来的成本石油，这是无法确定未来经济的PHEVs。但似乎有可能，根据这项研究的结果，这将是很大的挑战，证明PHEV的资本成本溢价的降低能源成本寿命仅依据。其他奖励和商业模式可能需要建立一个有吸引力的混合动力汽车驾驶者的价值主张。然而，大油气PHEVs还原电位提供了重大的国家利益，并提供强大的为政府支持的理由，以加快混合动力汽车技术的部署。

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

TECHNOLOGY

Abstract

Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emerged as a promising technology that uses electricity to displace petroleum consumption in the vehicle fleet.However, there is a very broad spectrum of PHEV designs with greatly-varying costs and benefits. In particular, battery costs, fuel costs, vehicle performance attributes and driving habits greatly-influence the relative value of PHEVs. This paper presents a comparison of the costs (vehicle purchase costs and energy costs) and benefits (reduced petroleum consumption) of PHEVs relative to hybrid-electric and conventional vehicles. A detailed simulation model is used to predict petroleum reductions and costs of PHEV designs compared to a

baseline midsize sedan. Two powertrain technology scenarios are considered to explore the near-term and long-term prospects of PHEVs. The analysis finds that petroleum reductions exceeding 45% per-vehicle can be achieved by PHEVs equipped with 20 mi (32 km) or more of energy storage.However, the long-term incremental costs of these vehicles are projected to exceed US$8,000, with near-term costs being significantly higher. A simple economic analysis is used to show that high petroleum prices and low battery costs are needed to make a compelling business case for PHEVs in the absence of other incentives. However, the large petroleum reduction potential of PHEVs provides strong justification for governmental support to accelerate the deployment of PHEV technology.

Key words Plug-in Hybrid；Hybrid-Electric Vehicles；Battery；Secondary

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New energy vehicles New energy vehicles is a new automotive product type, because the development time is not long, the technology is still not mature, so has not yet formed a widely accepted concept, but it certainly is new energy automobile is compared to the traditional fuel vehicles, the new energy vehicles, according to the definition of the scope of the concept size, there are two types of narrow and broad statement.Generalized: used in gasoline and diesel oil as power source of the car.Special: a non conventional vehicle fuel as the advanced technology of powercontrol and drive, the formation of technology has advanced principle, new technology, new structure of automobile.New energy vehicles, including fuel cell cars, hybrid cars, hydrogen powered cars and solar car etc..Hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle equipped with more than two source:battery, fuel cell, solar cell,Turbine locomotive.The current hybrid vehicles generally refers to the diesel generator, plus battery cars. Advantages:Vehicle starting and stopping, driven only by the battery, do not reach a certain speed,The engine will not work, therefore, can make the engine has been maintained in the best condition, good dynamic performance, very low emissions, and the source and power are the engine, gas can only. Its principle is simply the motor and engine the reasonable arrangement of power output machine. Disadvantages:There are two sets of power,Management control system plus two sets of dynamic,Complex structure,Difficult,The price is high and long distance speed is not fuel-efficient.Pure electric vehicle is composed entirely of rechargeable battery (such as lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries or lithium ion batteries provide power source for car).Pure electric vehicle motor fuel to replace machine, low noise, no pollution,and by the use of electrical energy single, electric control system of hybrid electric vehicle is greatly simplified compared. Reduces the cost, the price also can compensate the battery. Pure electric vehicle is mainly used for the airport, community, courts and other places. Disadvantages: only in certain range, the market is smaller. The main reason is because of various categories, the prevailing prices high, life is short, the size and weight of the large, long charging time, serious shortcomings.Fuel cell vehicles refers to the hydrogen, methanol as the fuel, the current through the chemical reaction, depending on the electric motor driven vehicles. The battery power is through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, rather than through the combustion, directly into electrical energy.The chemical reaction process of fuel cell does not produce harmful products,therefore the fuel cell vehicle is a car without pollution, energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell of high 2 ~ 3 times than the internal combustion engine, so the use of environmental protection and energy, fuel cell vehiclesand is an ideal vehicle.Household car is more and more, oil prices more and more expensive, every car company began to research and development of new energy vehicles.