九年级英语上册 Module 1 Wonders of the World埃及金字塔介绍文章背景材料 外研版

埃及金字塔介绍

埃及金字塔是法老(古埃及的国王)的陵墓。法老为什么要建造金字塔?巨大的金字塔是怎样建成的？

相传，古埃及第三王朝之前，无论王公大臣还是老百姓死后，都被葬入一种用泥砖建成的长方形的坟墓，古代埃及人叫它"马斯塔巴"。后来，有个聪明的年轻人叫伊姆荷太普，在给埃及法老左塞王设计坟墓时，发明了一种新的建筑方法。他用山上采下的呈方形的石块来代替泥砖，并不断修改修建陵墓的设计方案，最终建成一个六级的梯形金字塔 --这就是我们现在所看到的金字塔的雏形。

在古代埃及文中，金字塔是梯形分层的，因此又称作层级金字塔。这是一种高大的角锥体建筑物，底座四方形，每个侧面是文字三角形，样子就像汉字的"金"字，所以我们叫它"金字塔"。伊姆荷太普设计的塔式陵墓是埃及历史上的第一座石质陵墓。

在最早的时候，埃及的法老是准备将马斯塔巴作为死后的永久性住所的。后来，大约在第二至第三王朝的时候，埃及人产生了国王死后要成为神，他的灵魂要升天的观念。在后来发现的《金字塔铭文》中有这样的话：

“为他（法老）建造起上天的天梯，以便他可由此上到天上”。

金字塔就是这样的天梯。

同时，角锥体金字塔形式又表示对太阳神的崇拜，因为古代埃及太阳神“啦”的标志是太阳光芒。金字塔象征的就是刺破青天的太阳光芒。因为，当你站在通往基泽的路上，在金字塔棱线的角度上向西方看去，可以看到金字塔象撒向大地的太阳光芒。

《金字塔铭文》中有这样的话：“天空把自己的光芒伸向你，以便你可以去到天上，犹如拉的眼睛一样”。后来古代埃及人对方尖碑的崇拜也有这样意义，因为方尖碑也表示太阳的光芒。

有人认为古埃及人不可能建造出金字塔，说金字塔也许是外星人造出来的，也许是更远古的人类留下的，因为，金字塔的谜太多了！

金字塔是古埃及奴隶制国王的陵寝。这些统治者在历史上称之为“法老”。法老们不仅活着时统治人间，而且幻想死后成神，主宰阴界，因此，“法老”死后，便取出内脏，浸以防腐剂，填入香料，将尸体长久保存，称作“木乃伊”。金字塔便是存放“法老”木乃伊的陵寝。现在，埃及境内保存至今的金字塔共 96 座，大部分位于尼罗河西岸可耕谷地以西的沙漠边沿。

大型的金字塔一般建于古王国时期的三至六王朝（约公元前 2664～前 2180 年），在古埃及之都孟菲斯之北不远的吉萨、塞加拉、拉苏尔，梅杜姆以及阿布西尔等地都有大量的遗址。

由于金字塔是一种方锥形的建筑物，古埃及文称它为“庇里穆斯”，意思是“高”；而其底座呈四方形，愈上愈窄，直至塔顶，从四面看都像汉字的“金”字，所以中国历来译称“金字塔”。

在众多金字塔中，最为著名的是吉萨大金字塔，它位于开罗西南约 13公里的吉萨地区。这组金字塔共有 3 座，分别为古埃及第四王朝的胡夫（第二代法老）、卡夫勒（第四代法老）和孟考勒（第六代法老）所建。

胡夫金字塔，又称齐阿普斯金字塔，兴建于公元前 2760 年，是历史上最大的一座金字塔，也是世界上的人造奇迹之一，被列为世界 7 大奇观的首位。该塔原高 146.5 米，由于几千年的风雨侵蚀，现高 138 米。原四周底边各长230 米，现长 220 米。锥形建筑的四个斜面正对东、南、西、北四方，倾角为 51 度 52 分。塔的四周原铺设着一条长约 1 公里的石灰石道路，目前在塔的东、西两侧尚有遗迹可寻。整个金字塔建在一块巨大的凸形岩石上，占地约 5.29 万平方米，体积约 260 万立方米，是由约 230 万块石块砌成。外层石块约 11.5 万块，平均每块重 2.5 吨，最大的一块重约 16 吨，全部石块总重量为 684.8 万吨。其地理位置为东经31°07′北纬29°58′

令人吃惊的是，这些石块之间没有任何粘着物，而是一块石头直接叠在另一块石头上，完全靠石头自身的重量堆砌在一起的，表面接缝处严密精确，连一个薄刀片都插不进去。而塔的东南角与西北角的高度误差也仅 1.27 厘米。这是当时征召了 10 万劳力、前后历时 30 年才建成的。

胡夫金字塔的入口位于塔的北壁第十三石级，距地面约 20 米高。入口处四块巨大的石板构成“人”字形拱门，往里是 100 余米长的坡状隧道直达墓室。墓室长 10.43 米，宽5.21 米，高 5.82 米，与地面的垂直距离为 42.28米。室内仅有一具深褐色磨光的大理石石棺，棺内空空，棺盖去向不明。墓室上方有 5 层房间，最高的一层顶盖是三角形的，为的是把上面压下的重量均匀地分布在两边。同时，墓室还有砌筑在石块中的通风道。胡夫大金字塔外形庄严、雄伟、朴素、稳重，与周围无垠的高地、沙漠浑然一体，十分和谐。它的内部构造复杂多变，匠心独具，自成风格，凝聚着非凡的智慧。该金字塔历经数千年沧桑，地震摇撼，不倒塌，不变形，显示了古代不可思议的高度科技水平与精湛的建筑艺术。联合国教科文组织因此把它列为全世界重点保护文物之一，成为古埃及文明的象征。

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