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翻译英语修辞格

翻译英语修辞格
翻译英语修辞格

翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果,否则译文即使在大意上与原文差不多,也会使原文的精神和风格受损,削弱语言的表达力。一般说来,修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。要做到这一点有时可以采取直译,因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法上存在某些惊人的相似之处;但有时仅靠直译是不行的,因为英汉两种语言还存在着许多差异。无视这些差异而采用直译不但不能保持原文中修辞格的神韵,反而会歪曲原作的意思,造成译文语言晦涩难懂。这时译者就得借助其他翻译技巧,根据具体情况灵活地改换原文的某些修辞手法,使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表述习惯。总的说来,英语辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、释义、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。

A. 直译

在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下,就可采用直译。直译既可传达原文的意义,又可保持原文的修辞风格,丰富译文的语言表达力。例如:

(1)They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man's funeral because nobody had really liked him.在老头子的葬礼上,他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪,因为老头子在世时他们都不喜欢他。

(2)The book set off a firestorm of reaction.这本书引起风暴般的反应。

(3)Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. 同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起,这位乡下姑娘颇有如鱼离水之感。

(4)I would my horse had the speed of your tongue.但愿我的马有你的嘴那样快。

(5)I deserve neither such praise nor such censure.这样的夸奖我担当不起,这样的责备我也担待不起。

(6)On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think.3月14日下午两点三刻,当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。

B. 加注

加注也是丰富译入语语言表达法的一种有效方法。它既能传达原文的意思和神韵,又能扩展读者的知识面。尤其当原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时,使用加注能收到较好的效果。例如:

(1)Christ, to hear some of those sailors' myths, you'd think bloody Fort Knox was on every ship that sailed. 天哪,要是听信有些水手的胡说八道,你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。

(注:诺克斯堡是美国的一个军事保留地,是美国黄金仓库的所在地。)

(2)They did not reopen the Pandora's Box they had peeked into in 1972.

他们在1972年曾挖掘过这些丑事,如今却不再打开这个潘朵拉的盒子。

(注:潘朵拉的盒子原自希腊神话故事,里面藏有许多能给人们带来不幸的事物。)

(3)-Why are parliamentary reports called "Blue Books"?

——Because they are never red.

──为什么议会报告称为"蓝皮书"?

──因为他们从来就不是红的。(注:red和read谐音,实际上是指"从来没有人读它们")

C. 释义

由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的,如保留其形就会危害其义。如头韵法,其搭配可以千变万化,很难碰巧找到相同的汉语搭配,即使勉强凑韵,也不一定能表达原文的意思。这时就必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容,然后再尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。如英语明喻as rich as Croesus,如译成"富得像科里瑟斯",读者会十分费解,不知Croesus是何许人也。如果加注,说明Croesus是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王,十分富有。读者虽然能明白了该词的意思,却极易分散他们阅读的主要注意力,因此不如干脆意译为" 极为富有",不必顾及其修辞手法。其他例子还有:

as drunk as a fiddler酩町大醉(在英格兰早期文化生活中,民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏,人们往往以酒酬谢,小提琴手因此每每喝得大醉。这种奇特的比喻只好意译。)

(1)They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling words.他们延长握手的时间,让摄影师照相,同时微笑着交谈。(英语transferred epithet——汉语无修辞格)

(3)You want your pound of flesh, don't you?你要逼债,是吗?(英语allusion ——汉语无修辞格)

(4)I spoke to them in hesitant English.我结结巴巴用英语对他们说。(英语transferred epithet——汉语无修辞格)

(5)He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。(英语metonymy——汉语无修辞格)

(6)Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps.不言而喻,注重务实的和强调意识形态的两大营垒还会在重大政策上争吵不休。(英语metaphor——汉语无修辞格)

D. 归化

有些英语的修辞格译成汉语时,可以换用符合汉语习惯的其他辞格或是改变原文中比喻形象,使译文在思想上忠实于原作、风格和神韵上尽量求得与原文相接近的效果。例如:

(1)He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him "magpie".

他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个"麻雀"的外号。(汉语中"喜鹊"喻义喜事、吉利、运气,而英语中喻义却是唠叨、饶舌,于是取汉语中联想效果对应的比喻)

(2)"Don't be scared, chickens!" came her voice with teasing gaiety.

"别害怕,你们这些胆小如鼠的东西!"只听得她用戏谑的口气说道。(英语中鸡是懦弱、胆怯的代名词,汉语中的鸡却无法引起人们这种联想,于是换成老鼠形象。)

(3)It is regrettable that our appeal remained a dead letter.遗憾的是,我们当时的呼吁石沉大海。

(4)And I suppose she'll tell all the boys, the old cat. 我猜想她会告诉所有的男人,这个长舌的老太婆!(英语中猫常用来比喻恶毒的女人)

(5)Up and down he walked, up and down across the library floor.他在书房里走过来又走过去,走过来又走过去。(英语anastrophe——汉语顺成结构)

(6)In the past 12 months the word has watched with disbelief and dismay the acceleration of force and violence in the region.过去的十二个月里,全世界惊愕莫名地和难以置信地看到了这个地区正在加速使用武力和暴力。(英alliter-ation——汉语对偶法)

(7)Mrs. Macbeth has a heart as hard as flint.麦克白夫人生来一副铁石心肠。(英语simile——汉语隐语)

E. 切分

有些英语修辞格(特别是那些句子结构上的修辞格)难以采用对应的汉语辞格来翻译,有时有必要使用切分的办法来译,以便使译文符合汉语的规范和表达习惯。例如:

(1)She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.

在一次舞会上,她倾心爱上了一个人,但却丢失了她的项链。

(2)He was restlessly tired, even as he lay in bed.他累了,然而一点也不安宁,即使躺在床上也还是这样。

(3)Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.罗斯福目光炯炯,面带微笑,聚精会神地听着。

F.数种译法并用

有些英语修辞格译成汉语时有时需要数种译法并用才能译成漂亮的汉语。例如:

(1)…when I and my sorrows are dust.当我的尸骨化为尘土,我的哀愁化作清风时…… (英语zeugma——汉译采用分译和归化)

(2)Civilization is syphilization!世界愈文明,梅毒愈蔓延。(英语pun——汉语采用分译和释义)

(3)From their slopes flow streams feeding the oases strung along the rim of inland deserts. 条条溪水,潺潺而下,滋润着镶嵌于内陆沙漠边缘的片片绿洲。(英语alliteration和assonance——汉语使用叠词、象声词、分译)

G.英语原文无修辞格,翻译成汉语时用修辞格

有时原文中没有修辞格,但译成汉语时为了使语言表达生动活泼,译文中可以适当增加汉语修辞手法,例如:

(1)He determined to satisfy himself of the real state of the case.他决心把事情弄个水落石出。

(2)I judge that there was going to be a crash by and by, but I was in now and must swim across or drown.我猜想迟早会有一天西洋镜有被拆穿,可是我既已下水,就不得不泅过水去,否则就会淹死。

(3)Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

(一)音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)

顾名思义,音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration和assonance.Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法,与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如:

Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。

Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中,有两个以上彼此靠近的词,其开头的音节(或其他重读音节)具有同样的字母或声音;assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间,有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。前者与汉语的双声(汉语中两个或多个音节,声母相同,叫做双声,它不是辞格)相似,后者与汉语的叠韵(两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同)非常相似。例如:

(1)Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.(alliteration)皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。

(2)With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. (assonance)怀着这个信念,我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。

(二)词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)

词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet,

personifi-cation, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 等。

A. simile,metaphor;allusion

Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同,用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中,在形式上是相对应的。英语simile 的比喻词一般是like, as(……as)等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是"好象"、"仿佛"等。例如:

They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.这些人犹如街上的有轨电车,满足于在自己的轨道上运行。

Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点,即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。如:

(1)Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验为智慧之母。(隐喻)

(2)She is shedding crocodile tears. 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。(借喻)

(3)Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him.瞧着吧,不管什么女人钓他,他就会上钩。(拟物)

比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界,有许多共同的经历和感受。比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻,就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处,比如都用狐狸比喻狡猾,用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬,常见喻体相同的还有Footnote(脚注)、Harelip(兔唇)等。当然,比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印,某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云,如英文as wise as a man of Gotham ("象戈丹人一样明智")就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄,相传那里的人是最愚蠢的,所以这个比喻的意思是"蠢笨无比".类似的例子还有:

as thick as thieves亲密无间(不是"像贼一样厚")

as old as the hills古老(不是"像山一样老")

The ship plows the sea. 船在乘风破浪地前进。(不是"船在犁海")

Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处,一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组,将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如:

(1)Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。(Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处,他身上其他地方刀枪不入。)

(2)The project is an economic albatross from the start.

这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁,它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后,全船陷入灾难中。)

B. metonymy; transferred epithet Metonymy、synecdoche和_1antonomasia都是不直接说出事物的本来名称,而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代(分为旁借和对代两类)。如Crown(王冠)可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等;doll(玩具)可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。再如:

(1)The baby was brought up on the bottle.

这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。(metonymy──用奶瓶代奶)

(2)Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。(antonomasia──用米尔顿代诗人)

Transferred epithet是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来

修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。例如:

The doctor's face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. (用"疑惑"修饰限定"钦佩")医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。

C. personification; hyperbole

personification与汉语拟人完全相同,就是赋予物以人的言语属性。这种拟人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。例如:

Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。

Hyperbole与汉语的夸张完全相同,都是为了表达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感情,通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如:

His words made my blood freeze. 听了他的话,我的血都快凝固了。

D. irony; euphemism;pun

Irony的含义比汉语的反语广泛。它包括verbal irony, dramatic irony, situational irony.后两种已超出一般修辞格的范畴,这里不作详细介绍。Verbal irony与汉语反语的特点完全相同,也是正话反说,反话正说,一般需借助于特定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下,irony可以译成汉语的反语。例如:

She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May Fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black. 她一开口就是某某勋爵某某

大人,那口气竟好象她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事,她没有一回不穿孝。

Euphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话,把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。例如:

用sanitation engineer替代garbage man(清洁工)

用the disadvantaged替代the poor(穷人)

用industrial action替代strike(罢工)

Pun与汉语双关一样,就是用一个词,一句话,或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思:一个是表面的,一是隐含的,并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣,达到由此及彼的效果。英语pun 和汉语的双关语都可以分为两类:谐音双关(homophonic puns)和语义双关(homographic puns)。前者是利用词意根本不同的谐音词构成。后者是利用一词多义的特点来构成。虽然pun和汉语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同,但是由于两种语言的语音不同,多义词也很难找到完全对应的词语。例如:

What does that lawyer do after he dies?——Lie still. 那个律师死后干什么?

──躺着仍说鬼话。(注:lie躺,撒谎;still安静地,仍然)

E. oxymoron; zeugma; contrast

Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)与汉语中的反映辞格类似,都是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起,以便相互映衬,突出事物的特点,表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见,但在汉语中很少见。如:sweet sorrow 忧喜参半(不是甜蜜的悲伤);proud humility 不卑不亢(不是骄傲的谦卑)

Zeugma(轭式搭配法)是用一个词(动词、形容词或介词)与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练,饶有风趣,与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。例如:

She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.

她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门,也打开了自己的心扉。

Contrast和汉语的对照在修辞格上是完全相同的,就是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起,在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性,例如:

United we stand, divided we fall. 合则存,分则亡。

(三)句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)

句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, apostrophe 等。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同。例如:

(1)I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night.

我卧床写,起床写;白天写,晚上也写。(repetition)

(2)The gods, they say, give breath , and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not? 人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵,又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小的逗号上,何尝不是如此?(rhetorical question)

(3)Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人,成事在天。(antithesis)

(4)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.

气球腾空而起,飘入万里无云的蓝天。(anastrophe)

修辞格的翻译方法

修辞格的翻译方法 修辞格一般都具有形式独特新颖、内容丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的精神和风格。 英译汉中常见的修辞格,包括音韵修辞格、词义修辞格、句法修辞格等,本文着重介绍了修辞格的翻译方法,包括直译、加注、意译法、替换法、归化、切分等,并通过一些实例来阐述。 一般说来,修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要,因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法修辞格的翻译上存在许多差异,为了使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表达习惯。总的来说,英语修辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、意译、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。 (一)直译法在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下,就可采用直译。直译既可传达原文的意义,又可保持原文的修辞风格,丰富译文的语言表达能力。 His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿,他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。 (二)加注法加注也是丰富译文语言表达的一种有效方法。它既能传达原文的意思和神韵,又能扩展读者的知识面,尤其原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时,使用加注能收到比较好的效果。 Christ,to hear some of th ose sailor’s myths,you’dthink bloody Fort know was on every ship that sailed.天哪,要是听信有些水手的胡说八道,你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。(注:诺克斯

堡是美国一个军事保留地,是美国黄金仓库的所在地。) (三)意译法由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的,如保留其形象就会危害其义。 如英语的头韵法,其搭配可以千变万化,很难碰巧找到这样的汉语搭配,即使勉强凑韵,也不一定能表达原文的意思。 在这种情况下,必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容,然后尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。 safe and sound安然无恙 now and never机不可失 (1)He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。 (2)He took his time and the floor.他不慌不忙,翩然起舞。 (四)替换法 替换法有两种情况, 一是用其他修辞格翻译某种达到原文具有的效果, 二是保留修辞格,但是在内容上做少许变动,而不会影响效果。 第一种情况的例子: (1)Anna was thin and black,a very umbrella of awomen.安娜是个又瘦又黑的女人,简直像一把雨伞。 (2)(2)They went to the funeral with weeping eyes andhearts.他们向墓地走去,眼里流泪,心里滴血。 第二种情况可以拿比喻的翻译作例,比喻在英汉两种语言中都是应用

英语写作常用修辞格

英语写作常用修辞格 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice. 鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart. 品尝Mozart的音乐.

广告英语翻译常用词语

广告英语翻译常用词汇 产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚,深受消费者欢迎和好评Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers. 畅销全球 selling well all over the world 典雅大方 elegant and graceful 定型耐久 durable modeling 方便顾客 making things convenient for customers 方便群众 making things convenient for the people; to suit the peo ple's convenience 方便商品 convenience goods 方便生活 bringing more convenience to the people in their daily life; prov iding amenities for the people; making life easier for the popula tion 各式俱全 wide selection; large assortment

顾客第一 Customers first 顾客是我们的皇帝 We take customers as our Gods. 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specific ations 花样繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 货色齐全 goods of every description are available. 客商第一,信誉第一 clients first, reputation first 款式多样 a great variety of models 款式活泼端庄 vivid and great in style 款式齐全 various styles 款式新颖 attractive designs; fashionable(in) style; novel (in) de sign; up-to-date styling 款式新颖众多 diversified latest designs 美观大方 elegant appearance 美观耐用 attractive and durable 品质优良,疗效显著,誉满全球,欢迎选购 excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 品种多样 numerous in variety 品种繁多 great varieties 品种齐全 complete range of articles; a great variety of goods

英语中19种修辞手法及解释

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.

2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

常用专业术语翻译

1.素质教育:Quality Education 2. EQ:分两种,一种为教育商数Educational quotient,另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业:the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出:ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金:clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款:non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包:mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社:credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障:a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度:the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷:export credit 12. 贷款质量:loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法:the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险:take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程:flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易:illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇:foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构:non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税:transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计:foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度:the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全:the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦:excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度:the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策:pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费:basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系:sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制:the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全:economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设:to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求:the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长:fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库:grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业:grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行:closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场:grain sales market 37. 劣质工程:shoddy engineering

英语中常见的修辞手法11928

英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如: Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词,只是在暗中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如: I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧,孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如: The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧,”医生说,“我会尽力做到科学能做到的,但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时,药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)(大学英语第三册第六单元课文A) 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张,即采用“言过其实”的说法,使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如:Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中,马克.吐温是位伟大作家,他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)(eternal和endless都是夸张用语,表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。) 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写,赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如:The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)(采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.) The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶,藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) (这里作者运用了拟人手法,将秋天比做人,秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力,让人有身处其境的感觉)(大学英语第三册第六课课文A) 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话,用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如: “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了,于是出现了上面的这句话,通过反语达到讽刺的效果,从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)

翻译常用词汇

翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好,下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋,其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁,恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来,犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦,方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼,百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆,后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足,教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务,成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.

英语中常见的修辞手法

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