翻译
16. American Study
1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of
a society destined to become best in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity. 在科学上对美国历史发生兴趣主要集中在其民族特性，以及一个注定要大起来、强调个性的社会的运转方式上。尽管这种兴趣不同于对欧洲历史的兴趣，但至少对于世界说来是同样重要的。如果有一天历史会成为一门真正的科学的话，它必定要建立起自己的规律。这些规律不是来自对手欧洲列强的复杂历史，而是来自一个伟大的民主国家的经济发展。北美是全球最适宜这样一个社会发展的地方，这个社会是如此地在物博，统一而又与欧洲大陆隔离，可以适合科学研究的各种需要。在那里只要没有干扰发展的条件，一个同质的社会能毫不困难地达到三四亿人口。在欧洲或亚洲，不受干扰的社会进化过去是未听说过的。没有干扰，进化似乎就停止了。而只要有出现干扰的地方，就不可能有永久一成不变的东西。各个民族都相继适应了这条必然的规律。
17. Jack London
1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinherited to be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
生活本身使杰克伦敦不能接受这样的看法。他知道作为一个被剥夺应有权利的人是什么滋味，也知道为得到微薄的工资天天困守在令人麻木的机器旁，干着心力交瘁的活儿是什么滋味。因此，他不仅撇开把我们的社会粉饰成一个光明美好的社会的一些作品，而且也反对主张灌输基督教的博爱精神就能消除阶级矛盾的那些作品。他不反对劳工组织，也不阻拦把罢工作为劳工斗争武器；而是从劳工运动中摄取他作品中的男女主人公，把他的故事情节交织在这些人的斗争中。他把他生活中遭受的痛苦，把这种痛苦在他心里产生的对资产阶级的深恶痛绝，把这种痛苦带给他的一种信念全部倾注在自己的作品里。这种信念便是：如果被压迫的人们站起来，从剥削者手中夺取社会管理权，那么世界就会变成一个人们能生活较好的地方。
18. Standardized Tests
1) Standardized tests have been the target of recent attacks in the daily press.2) The target is wrong for in attacking the tests critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill—informed or
incompetent users.3) All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance.4) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is isnterpreted.5) In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.6) They identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized but there are many things they do not do.7) For example they do not compensate for gross social inequality and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been gad he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
标准化测试最近受到报纸的批评。把它作为批评的目标是不对的，因为批评者没有注意到问题是人们测试不甚了解或使用不当。对将来的表现进行有根据的预测是依据对过去相关表现的了解。而这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所用的信息的数量、可靠程度和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。一般说来，当所要测定的东西能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效，而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确界定时，测试效果就差。测试能确定一个学生先前未被人们注意到的潜力，但是也有很多东西它们不能测试。例如测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此不能测定一个物质条件差的年轻人如果让他在较好的环境下成长，可能会有多大的才干。
19. President Carter
1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put i t down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite ―honest criticism‖from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room in America.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.
卡特总统近来不断把他最亲近的顾问召集到一起，以便对他的政府的棘手问题进行一次称之为“不留情面的重新评价”，可是谁会向他说真话？你几乎可以把这一点看成首都的一种惯例：历届总统都经常请他们的助手提出“直率的批评”，可是他们听不到什么批评，而且即使听到了，通常他们也不照着去做。出现这种情况的原因倒并非不清楚。白宫椭圆型办公室是美国最令人生畏的一个房间。它使多数进入这间房子的人产生一种需要尊敬的感觉，甚至在国会上对总统咆哮如雷的议员们跨进白宫大门后也往往把声音压低一些，按照事先准备好的稿子讲话。白宫的助手们很少在向总统提出不同意见时不表现出惶恐不安的。就是基辛格这个有点傲气，喜欢乱发言论的人在把他知道要发生的灾难告诉尼克松也有点踌躇不前。
20. AIDS
1) But AIDS deprives us of our roles in the customary death scene intervenes in any comfortable transaction we might have negotiated with Death.2) It is epidemic and so can never be quite individual.3) It comes unjustly before its time sparing or striking arbitrarily and so can never be wholly inevitable.4) Because of its arbitrary choices too one can never quite call it a consequence of one’s own actions never entirely take responsib ility for it as the hero of a tragic drama ought to be able to do 5) It simply is there scattering fates this way and that truncating some lives and leaving others mysteriously carefree prolonging some torments hideously and cutting off others
with the gentle snap of a leaf falling in autumn.6) Its combination of caprice and control carried out on so large a scale undercuts almost any response we can summon. 7) We react to it with a puzzled inhibited caution fearing simultaneously for our lives—a set of nervous supporting players in a show whose volatile star has unexpectedly come onstage drunk with a loaded gun
但是艾滋病使我们失去了一个人在传统的死时所能起的作用，改变了我们或许在过去能平静地与死神斗争的方式。艾滋病是流行性的，所以决不是个人的事。它在发作前就不公正地出现人们身上，不让人得这个病或让人得这个病，是任意的，所以决不是完全不可避免的。同样由于这种病是任意性的，我们决不能把它说成是自己行为的结果，决不能像悲剧中的主人公要对此负全部的责任。艾滋病就这样，把厄运带给这人或那人，夺去一些人的生命，而使有一些人就像秋天的落叶被轻轻地摘去。它流行甚广，虽不是无法控制，却来去突然，使我们不能有足够的反应。我们的反应表现得迷惑，拘谨和小心翼翼，同时担心自己的生命，就像一幕戏里战战兢兢的配角，看着反复无常的主角突然跑到台上，醉醺醺的，手握一支上膛的手枪。
21. On Incorruptibility
1) This reputation for incorruptibility is the greatest of our advantages in administering the Empire.2) Its rarity among nearly all the other peoples I have known raises our officials almost to the level of divine superiority and without it we could not hold the Empire together nor would it be worth the pains.3) A business man who has worked long under the system of concessions in Russia tells me that it is mow impossible to bribe the Commissar or other high officials there.4) That is an immense advance for under Tsarism one had only to signify the chance of a good bribe and one got what one wanted But nowadays on the suspicion of bribery both parties are shot off-hand.5) It is a drastic way of teaching what we have somehow learnt so smoothly that we are scarcely conscious of the lesson or of our need of it.6) Yet there was need.7) The change is remarkable and I think it may be traced to an unconscious sense of honor somehow instilled among the boys.
这种廉洁的名声是我们治理帝国的最大优势。这在我所知道的几乎所有别的民族中很少见，公这一点就把我们的官员抬到了神圣般的优越地位。如果没有这种廉洁，我们就不能使帝国保持团结，也不值得为之而尽心竭力。一个在俄国的租界长期工作过的商人对我说，如今在那里要去贿赂一位政治委员或其他高级官员是不可能的。这是一个很大的进步，因为在沙俄时代，只消向官员示意一下他有可能得到一大笔贿赂，就可以想要什么就得到什么。但是今天只要有行贿受贿嫌疑，双方都会立即枪毙。这是用一种过激的办法，来让我们懂得那些学得太顺当以臻我们几乎没有意识到是在学习，或意识到有学习的必要的东西。而在过去，这是必要的。这个变化是相当大的，我想变化的根源在于人们在小时候被灌输一种下意识的荣誉感。
22. On ―Mein Kampf‖
1) Mein Kampf’s theme song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussion of propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of
the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.
《我的奋斗》一书中一而再，再而三重复强调的主题就是种族、种族的纯正和种族的优越，虽然希特勒根本不想去解释什么叫种族。希特勒宣称，上帝从不认为所有民族应当平等，正如个人不平等一样。一些民族天生就高于另一些民族。如世界上最强大的民族德国人就应统治地球上的劣等民族。如果能使最优秀的民族地盘扩展到世界各地，并使分散的各日耳曼民族团结在一个统治下，全人类会最终从中受益。希特勒所设想的大规模扩张主要就是以牺牲其他民族利益而进行的。为了达到他野心勃勃的目的，希特勒提出三种手段，这就是宣传、外交和武力。在《我的奋斗》一书中，最能揭示希特勒本人和他的手段的地方莫过于在论述其宣传技巧时，这个被他认为是纳粹最有效最厉害的武器之一。
23. A Jew’s Journey
1) It is a very long time since I attended a Mass.2) In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing with a crowd of real worshippers—those who come include the paralyzed the crippled the blind the defor med the dying a terrible parade a parade of God’s cruel jokes or inept mistakes if you seriously maintain that he heeds the sparrow’s fall.3) Cold as it was in the church the air was warm as May compared to the chill in my heart as the Mass proceeded.4) It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time as all did since I had voluntarily come: but for all the disapproving glances I the stiff—necked Jew would not kneel.5) I remember the first break with my own religion as though it were yesterday.6) I can still feel my cheek stinging from the slap of the mashiakh the study hall supervisor as I trudge in the snow on the town square in the purple evening having been ordered out of the hall for impudent heresy.7) Perhaps in a larger city the mashiakh would have had the sense to smile at my effrontery and pass it off.8) Then the whole course of my life might have been different.
我已经很久没有做过弥散。在这个众人朝拜的圣城，我看到了真正的弥散。看到一批一批虔诚的善男善女，其中有瘫痪的，有跛足的，有失明的，有畸形的，有奄奄一息的，他们组成一支令人目不忍赌的行列。如果有谁真相信就连麻雀坠地这样的小事上帝也注意致了，那么这些人一定是他有意残酷作弄的对象，或是他千虑一失的牺牲品。教堂里寒气逼人，但弥撒开始后，教堂里的气氛与我心中的凄凉相比，却温暖如春。既然我来这里是完全出于自愿。仅仅为了礼貌起见，我本应该在需要下跪的时候和他们一起下跪。但是，我这个倔强的犹太人却不顾四周向我向射来的非难目光，就是不肯下跪。我还记得我最初和我的犹太教决裂的情形。就像昨天发生一样。那个学堂的学监，认为我胆敢信奉异端邪说，狠狠打了我一记耳光，把我赶出学堂。我只得在紫色暮霭中，拖着沉重的脚步走在市政广场的雪地里，脸上感到针戳一般痛。现在我还感到那种痛。这种事如发生在一个大一些的城市，那里的学监可能会通情达理，对我的冒犯行为一笑了之。如果真是那样，我的生命旅程也就会完全不同。
24. Extraterrestrial Life
1)Hand in hand with the recent spectacular advances in radio technology there has been a dramatic increase in the scientific and public respectability of the entire subject of extraterrestrial life.2) A clear sign of the new attitude is the Viking missions to Mars which are to a significant extent dedicated to the search for life on another planet.3) But along with the burgeoning dedication to a serious search a slightly negative note has emerged which is nevertheless very interesting.4) A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant why have we not already seen its manifestations?5) Think of the advances by our own technological civilization in the past ten thousand years and imagine such advances continued over millions or billions of years more.6) If only a tiny fraction of advanced civilizations are millions or billions or billions of years more advanced then ours why have they not produced artifacts devices or even
industrial pollution of such magnitude that we would have detected it ?
与无线电技术获得非凡进展相一致的是，无论是科学界还是在社会上，人们对寻外星人这一课题的重要性的认识，有了极大的提高。“海盗”号火星探测器的发射就清楚地表明了这种新的态度。因为这些发射在很大程度上是用来搜寻另一行星上的生命的。不过，随着人们倾注越来越多的精力，进行认真搜索的时候，却出现了一种有点反对，但又是十分有趣的论调。一些科学家近来问了一个奇怪的问题：如果宇宙间存在许多外星人，为什么我们迄今尚未见到表明他们存在的证据？想一想近一万年来我们自己的技术文明社会所取得的种种进步吧。再设想一下，这些进步再持数百万年或数十亿年时的情景吧。先进的文明社会中即使仅有极少一部分，其优越的程度超过我们数百万年或数十亿年，为何他们至今还未能制造出物件，器械装置和我们本应检测到的如此大量的工业污染？
25. The Importance of being Interested
1)Now I have recalled these beginnings of the careers of Franklin Darwin and Mozart because they strikingly illustrate a profound psychological truth the significance of which can scarcely be overestimated.2) It is a truth to ensure that has long been partially recognized.3) But its full meaning has not been—and could not be—appreciated until quite recently.4) Only within the past few years has scientific research effected various discoveries which make its complete recognition possible and of supreme importance—of such importance that practical application of the principles involved would make for an immediate and stupendous increase in human happiness efficiency and welfare.5) Stated briefly the truth in question is that success in life meaning thereby the accomplishment of results of real value to the individual and to society depends chiefly on sustained endeavor springing out of a deep and ardent interest in the tasks of one’s chosen occupation.
现在我已回顾了富兰克林，达尔文和莫扎特开始事业时的情况。因为这些事雄辩地说明了心理方面的一个深刻的真理，其意义再强调也不过分。确实，这是一个长期来并没有充分认识的真理。直到前不久，其全部意义才被，才可能被理解。只是在最近几年里科学研究才作出种种发现，使得完全认识这一真理成为可能，并变得极其重要，迟到于它所涉及到的原则运用到实践中去会立即和极大地提高人的效力，给人类带来幸福和康乐。简单的说，这个真理就是生活的成功，即实现个人和社会的真正价值的结果主要取决于坚持不懈的努力，这种努力是来源于对自己所选择的事业深深的和炽热的兴趣。
26. How to Write Clearly
1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.
有些作家，读者要费力才能看懂他们的意思，我对这样的作家一向是没有多少耐心的。你只要看一看那些大哲学家的著作就会明白，即使是最细腻的思想也是可以表达得很清楚的。写
不清楚的一个原因是许多作家不是想好了再写，而是边写边想。思想从运笔中产生。这有一种缺点，甚至是作家必须时刻警惕的危险，即文字有一种魔力。一个思想有了看得见的形状后，变成了具体的东西，它会妨碍作者把它进一步说清楚。不过，这种不清楚很容易与作者故意造成的不清楚混在一起。有些作家思路不请，往往认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达那么清楚，让什么人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
27. The Normandy Landings
1) The landings were very chancy and might have ended disastrously.2) A pyramiding of mistakes and bad luck on German side gave Roosevelt success in his one audacious military move.3) The mounting of the invasion armada was certainly a fine technological achievement; as was the production of the huge air fleets with crews to man them.4) General Marshall’s raising equipping and training of the land armies that poured into Normandy showed him to be an American Scharnhorst.5) The U. S infantryman while requiring far too luxurious logistical support put up a nice fight in France; he was fresh well—fed and unscarred by battle.6) But essentially what happened in Normandy was that Franklin Roosevelt beat Adolf Hitler as surely as Wellington beat Napoleon at Waterloo. 7) In Normandy the two men at last clashed in head—on armed shock.8) Hitler’s mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.
诺曼底登陆十分危险，结果很可能是一场灾难。德国方面的一错再错，加上运气不好，才使罗斯福在一次大胆的军事行动中得以成功。进攻船队的集结，确实是一个出色的技术成就，而庞大的冠军机群的生产和机上人员的配备，也是如此。马歇尔将军对于涌进诺曼底的地面部队的征募，装备和训练，显示出他是美国的一位沙恩霍斯特。美国步兵虽然需要过于奢侈的后勤支持，但在法国却进行了顽强的战斗。他们精神饱满，营养充足，没有在滑铁卢击败拿破仑那样，罗斯福确实是击败了希特勒。在诺曼底，这两人终于在正面的冲突中交手了。希特勒犯下的错误使罗斯福取得了胜利。正如在滑铁卢战场上，与其说威灵顿打胜了，不如说拿破仑战败了。
28. A New Hunger
1) There was a huge library near the riverfront but I knew that Negroes were not allowed to patronize its shelves any more than they were the parks of the city.2) But I managed to get some books there.3) I grew silent wondering about the life around.4) It would gave been impossible for me to have told anyone what I derived from these novels for it was nothing less than a sense of life itself.5) All my life had shaped me for the realism the naturalism of the modern novel and I could not read enough of them.6) Steeped in new moods and ideas I began to write; but nothing would come or what did come was flat beyond telling.7) I discovered that more than desire and feeling were necessary to write and I dropped the idea.8) Yet I still wondered how it was possible to know people sufficiently to write about them? 9) I now knew what being a Negro meant.10) I could endure the hunger.11) I had learned to live with hate.12) But to feel that there were feelings denied me that the very breath of life itself was beyond my reach that more than anything else hurt wounded me.13) I had a new hunger.
该市江边有一个很大的图书馆，但是我知道它是不容许黑人去光顾的，就如市里的公园不让黑人进去的那样。但我还是设法从那里搞到一些书。我变得沉默起来，开始考虑周围的生活。如果真让我说出，读了这些小说有何收益，这是不可能的。因为这一切不过是生活本身的感受。我一生的经历造成了我喜欢现代小说中的现实主义和自然主义作品。这类小说我百读不厌。我完全沉浸在新的情绪和思想中，于是便开始写作。但我什么也没写出来。即使写出来
的也极其平淡无味。我发现要写作，只有愿望和感情是不够的。于是我放弃了写作的念头。然而，我仍然是想知道，怎样才能了解人们，进而描写他们？我现在知道了做一个黑人意味什么。我可以忍受饥饿。我学会了容忍仇恨。但我感到我被拒之于某些感情之外，感到生活中最必需的东西我也得不到，这种感觉比其他任何东西都更深深刺伤了我的心。这样有了新的饥饿。
29. Sunset
1)But owing to the constant presence of air currents arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of varying extent and density and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degree we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of an uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature’s kaleidoscopic color painting.2) With every change in the altitude of the sun the display changes its character; and most of all when it has sunk below the horizon and owing to the more favorable angle a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us.3) These as long as the sun was above the horizon intercepts much of the light and color but when the great luminary has passed away from our direct vision its light shines more directly on the under sides of all the clouds and air strata of different densities.
但是由于不断出现的气流，把尘埃与水汽形成范围和密度均不等的空气层，加上不断出现的高低空云层不同程度地吸收和反射太阳光，我们这才看到所产生的各种奇异的色调和不断变化的色彩，任何人只要有幸看到一幅完整的西天的景色，习惯于注意大自然的不时展现的那瞬息万变的画面，都会为之赞不绝口，喜不自胜。随着夕阳缓缓西坠，这种景观也不断变幻，尤其是在太阳深入地平线之后，由于角度更加适宜，大量五颜六色的光就都反射到地面上来了。原先只要太阳还在地平线上，云雾就截住上少阳光和色彩，但现在太阳从我们的视野中消失了，阳光便更为直接地照射到密度不同的云层和大气层的底部。
30. Tragedy
1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.
我们今天的悲剧在于存在着一种普遍的内心恐惧，这种恐惧一直伴随着我们，以致我们竟能默默承受着它。不再有精神问题了。唯一存在的问题是：我什么时候会被炸得粉碎？因为想着这个问题，如今的青年男女作家已经忘却了人类内心冲突的问题，而惟有写内心冲突才会产生优秀的作品，因为这是唯一值得去写的，值得作家们为之呕心沥血的。作家必须再度学习这些问题。他们必须使得自己懂得恐惧是最低贱的东西，学会永远忘却恐惧，在自己的作品里除了写反映心灵的永恒那些古老的价值与真理外，不保留任何东西。因为缺少这些永恒的真理，任何小说，或写爱情，荣誉，怜悯，自尊，或写同情，牺牲，都是短命的，注定要失败的。除非他这样做，否则他的辛勤工作只能遭来诅咒。他写的不是爱情而是情欲，写失
败，没有人失去有价值的东西，写胜利，没有希望，更糟的是，没有怜悯，没有同情。31. Technology vs. Genius
1) According to the new school of scientists science moves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.2) ―In short‖a leader of the new school contends ―the scientific revolution was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.‖3) Over the years tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.4) The modern school that hails technology argues that Galileo Newton Einstein and Edison attached great importance to and derived great benefit from information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.5) Government policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.6) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
根据新学派的科学家的观点，科学的发展与其说是源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是由于改进的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。他们中的一个领导人坚持说：“简而言之，科学革命主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。偏向技术的现代派认为伽利略、牛顿、爱因斯坦和爱迪生都看重在科学实验中有用的信息和各种技术工具，并从中得益非浅。政府的政策必然要涉及到是偏向技术还是偏向人才的争论。政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
32. Views on the World Wars
1) The Second World War in some ways gave birth to less novelty and genius than the First.2) It was of course a greater cataclysm fought over a wider area and altered the social and political structure of the world at least as radically as its predecessor perhaps more so.3) But the break in continuity in 1914 was far more violent.4) The year 1914 looks to us now and looked even in the 1920s as the end of a long period of largely peaceful development broken suddenly and catastrophically.5) In Europe at least the years before 1914 were viewed with understandable nostalgia by those who after them knew no real peace.6) The period between the wars marks a decline in the development of human culture if it is compared with that sustained and fruitful period which makes the nineteenth century seem a unique human achievement so powerful that it persisted even during the war which broke it to a degree which seems astonishing to us now.
第二次世界大战在某些方面不像第一次世界大战那样产生了诸多新奇事物和天才伟人。当然，它是一场更大的战争，卷入的地区更广，改变世界社会和政治结构的激烈程度至少不亚于第一次世界大战，或许更为激烈。但是1914年的时势突变更为剧烈。1914年就我们现在看来，甚至二十年代的人看来，标志了一个长期来基本上是和平发展时期的结束，这个时期的结束是如此的突然和灾难性。至少在欧洲有些人抱着怀旧的心情看待1914年前的岁月是可以理解的，因为他们知道此后就没有真正的和平了。如果和十九世纪相比，两次大战之间的那一段时期标志着人类文化发展的一个衰退。十九世纪由于那段持续发展和硕果累累的时期似乎成为人类的一个独特的成就。那段时期的成就是如此之大，就是后来发生大战，还是在大战期间继续发展。我们当代人似乎也为之惊叹。
33. Specialisations in Sciences
1)One must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines in the sciences
which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous numbers of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined.2) Associated with this is the growth
of specialist periodicals which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences.3) From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost schemes of cooperation.4) But a the specializations have increased in number and narrowed in range there has been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies.5) These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by the modern world and by recent advantages in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline.6) This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.
必须认识到在各门科学中出现了许许多多的分支学科，这些学科通过开拓高精尖研究的领域，产生了一大批他们有自己特别课题的专家。与此同时出现了越来越多的学术专刊，这就使得学者们可以了解其他地方的研究情况，并在国际大会上磁头交流。这种接触产生了他们个人之间的友谊，继而出现了几乎所有的合作计划。但是随着分支学科和专家的数量越来越多，研究的范围越来越狭窄，出现了另一种相反的倾向，这就是跨学科的研究。这主要基于这样一种看法：由于现代世界的发展和单一学科的狭窄领域方面的研究进展，出现了一些极其复杂的难题，而单凭一两人是不能对它们进行很好的研究的。这种跨学科研究倾向的结果是加强了学科间的学术联系，和更重视了各专家知识的交流。这可以从许多国际会议所选择的广泛的研究课题中看出。
34. The Choice of Life
1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.
对大多数人来说，生活是由环境决定的。他们在命运拔弄面前，不仅逆来顺受，甚至还能随遇而安。这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行，而对于那些不时在车流中进进出出，和欢快地奔驶在旷野上的摩托车不屑一顾。我尊重这些人：他们是守法的公民，尽职的丈夫，慈祥的父亲。当然，总得有人交纳税款，可是我并不觉得他们使人振奋，另有一些人把生活掌握在自己手里，似乎在按照自己的意愿创造生活，尽管这样的人的确寥寥无几，他们却深深地吸引了我。或许生活中没有可按自己意愿干的事，但不管如何，它确实存在于我们的幻想中。站在十字路口，我们确实似乎可在左右两条道路中任选其一。一旦选定后，很难认识到，那实际是世界历史整个进程左右了我们的选择。
35. Death
1) Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents eyelids in death and who have experienced the additional distance from death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today pushing away from them both a recognition
of death and a recognition of the tremendous significance—for the future—of the way we live our lives.2) Acceptance of the inevitability of death which when faced can give dignity to life and acceptance of our inescapable role in the modern world might transmute our anxiety about making the right choices taking the right precautions and the right risks into the sterner stuff of responsibility.3) Worry in an empty context means that men die daily little deaths.4) But good anxiety—not about the things that were left undone long ago but active vivid anxiety about what must be done now—binds men to life with an intense concern.
美国人的前辈曾撇下自己的老人去闯荡世界，父母死了也不能为他们闭上眼睛。而由于两次大战都在远离美国本土的地方进行，他们也有了这种亲人死时不在场的经历。有这样历史和经历的他们今天越来越不能正视死亡，不能正视我们的生活方式对未来的重大意义。而当死亡来临时，能接受死亡这一不可避免的事实反能使生命具有尊严。接受我们在现代世界上不可推卸的作用可能会把我们担心是否作出正确的决定，是否采取了恰当的防范措施，和是否冒了该冒的险焦虑变为坚定的责任。无事凭空发愁的人等于每天在小死几回。但务实的焦虑，即不是为很久以前留下未做的事发愁，而是为今天必须做的事所产生的积极实在的担忧，这种焦虑能以一种强烈的关注把人们和生活紧密地联在一起。
科技翻译
科技英语翻译的理解与表达 随着世界科技发展的日新月异和我国对外科技交流的日益频繁，科技翻译的重要性越发凸显出来。科技翻译要求确切理解和掌握原文的内容，不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测,做到科学性和艺术性的完美结合。其科学性和艺术性主要体现为“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。 下面就英语科技翻译的科学性和艺术性，以及翻译的三个标准，讨论科技英语翻译的理解与表达。 一、科技翻译的科学性 科技英语的翻译由于其文体的特殊性，首先就要求它的译文要求忠于原文，它的文字表达不需要过于华丽的辞藻，语句直截了当，词意简单明了。而做到这些就需要译者准确理解原文，包括掌握常用词汇的专业化和语句中词汇翻译的灵活性等。 例1：Applications and incomes become the carrier’s focus of attention. Personalized service has present itself as the high mode service. carrier：n.[化学]载体；运送者；带菌者；货架。这些是“carrier”的常用词意，但是在科技英语翻译中，它更常用其专业释义。 这句句子中的“carrier”如果用常用的几个词意带入，很快就会发现句
子是不通顺的，根据前后文则可以猜测它的词意应该与经济体有关。实际上，这里“carrier”是“运营商”的意思。 译文：运营商的关注焦点已从技术转向了应用、服务和收益。作为信息服务的高级形态，个性化服务开始逐步走上了前台。 例2：Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months because strong sunlight and hot weather result in harmful ozone concentrations in the air we breathe. concern：vt.涉及，关系到；使担心。n.关系；关心；关心的事。这些是“carrier”的常用词意。 译文1：因为强烈的阳光和炎热的天气会导致有害臭氧集中在我们呼吸的空气中，所以在夏季，臭氧污染是一个关注点。 显然把“concern”翻译为“关注点”并不适合在这一句的翻译中，因此我们可以对词意进行灵活的变动。 译文2：受强光和炎热天气影响，有害臭氧在空气中大量聚集，因而在夏季，臭氧污染是一个尤为突出的问题。 二、科技翻译的艺术性 科技翻译的前提是忠实于原文，这不意味着呆板、毫不变通的文字的堆砌。科技翻译需要创造性的技巧运用，所以，可以说，翻译是一种再创造。 It is fortunate that men have worked out new plane shapes which enable
英语翻译例子
Translation Work 1 The evidence has gotten much stronger that a substance known as C-reactive protein may be every bit as important as cholesterol in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Back in 2002, a thought-provoking study found that a blood test for C-reactive protein, called CRP, was actually better than the standard cholesterol test at predicting the risk of a heart attack or a stroke. Now two studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine have shown that drugs that reduce the levels of that protein in patients with severe heart disease can show the progression of atherosclerosis and prevent heart attacks and cardiac-related deaths. 更有力的证据证明一种被称作C反应蛋白的物质在诊断与治疗心脏疾病中有可能与胆固醇一样重要。早在2002年，人们在一个发人深省的研究中已发现血液C反应蛋白测试，即CRP，比胆固醇水平测试能更好地预测心脏病或中风的风险。现今，在《新英格兰医学期刊》中刊登的两则研究表明，用以减少患有严重心脏病的病人中的C反应蛋白水平的药物可以显示病者动脉粥样硬化的进展，并且该种药物还可以预防心脏病、降低因患与心脏相关疾病而死亡的风险。
时代周刊翻译
…Back to Sleep?: Why Are 2,500 U.S. Babies Still Dying of SIDS Each Year? ‘用背部睡觉’：为什么美国每年都有2500个婴儿死于婴儿猝死综合症 Putting babies on their back to sleep has dramatically reduced the number of SIDS deaths, but thousands of babies still die each year. A look at the key risk factors. 让婴儿用背部睡觉戏剧性的减少了婴儿猝死综合症的死亡数量，但每年还是有上千数量的婴儿死亡。这有一种对于关键的风险因素的看法。 There?s no doubt that the Back to Sleep campaign launched in 1994 to get parents to stop putting babies to sleep on their tummies has been a success. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rate of infant deaths per 1,000 live births was 1.5; it?s now 0.5. 无需置疑的是，1994年发起的用背部睡觉的运动，旨在阻止父母让婴儿用肚子睡觉是成功的。在20世纪70到80年代，婴儿死亡率为每一千名安全出生婴儿中有1.5，现在是0.5。 Within a generation, most babies are now put to bed on their backs, and yet 2,500 U.S. infants still die each year in the U.S. Researchers trying to understand why have noticed a curious byproduct of the trend toward back-sleeping: as fewer babies were being put to sleep on their bellies, more babies were documented engaging in other pediatric no-nos — sleeping with their parents, for example — which is another risk factor for SIDS. 在一代人中，大部分婴儿现在都用背部放在床上，但美国每年依然有2500个婴儿死亡。研究员正试图弄明白为什么人们会注意到用背部睡觉这种趋势的奇怪的副产品：越来越少的婴儿用腹部睡觉，越来越多的婴儿被证明参与到了一些儿科禁止的事情中——例如，和父母一起睡——这是婴儿猝死综合症的另一个风险因素。 A study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics takes a look at how risk factors for SIDS have evolved over the years. In an analysis of the 954 babies who died suddenly and unexpectedly in San Diego County between 1991 and 2008 — 568 of these deaths were attributed to SIDS — researchers found that
西方翻译理论流派
西方翻译理论流派 西方的翻译活动#若从公元前(世纪%七十子希腊文本圣经&在埃及的亚历山大城问世算起#已有两千多年的历史$自古罗马的西赛罗!)*+,-."’贺拉斯!/.-01*23"以来#翻译学学派林立#学说纷繁$不同时代’不同学派的学者从不同的角度对翻译进行了各自的阐释$从某种意义上来说#一部西方翻译学史就是一部学派的传承与更替’聚合与交锋的历史$国内对于西方翻译理论的译介与评价也有三十年的历史了#由于不同学者对西方翻译流派划分时所依据的标准不同#一度出现了流派名称混乱的情况$有人把文化学派归于(翻译研究)学派的框架之下456(5%(7#也有人用(文化学派)来统称(翻译研究)学派!张南峰’陈德鸿##$$$"$同是女性主义翻译理论#有人把它归为(解构学派)或译者中心学派456(7%(8#也有人把它归为翻译研究学派4#6$本文通过对西方翻译理论流派研究的梳理与评价#一方面呼吁国内学者为当代西方翻译理论流派(正名)#以方便学术界的理论交流*另一方面希望从西方翻译理论研究中获得启示#以促进国内翻译理论流派的形成$ 一对翻译理论流派的概括和梳理是翻译研究不可缺少的组成部分#许多翻译理论家都进行过有益的探索$尤金+奈达!5&8!"根据各流派所关注的焦点将当代翻译理论分为四个基本流派,语文学派’语言学派’交际学派和社会符号学派!9*:0;5&’7"$埃德温+根茨勒!<:=0-:>,?1@A,-"在其专著%当代翻译理论& B5&&(C中#根据二战至九十年代初西方翻译理论研究的发展状态#依据各流派所采用的研
究方法和依据的理论来源将当代译论划分为(美国翻译培训派)’(翻译科学派)’(早期翻译研究派)’(多元体系派)和(解构主义派)五大流派$香港学者张南峰’陈德鸿!#$$$"在%西方翻译理论精选&中将西方翻译理论流派分为语文学派’诠释学派’语言学派’目的学派’文派!并且在大流派下分出小流派的划分方法比较合理"首先!他划分的目的明确#$$为了强调翻译学学科建设的重要性%其次!这种方法以时间为线!把各个流派的发展演变过程以及它们之间的姻亲关系表述得非常清楚!脉络分明"他的缺陷是在当代翻译理论的划分方法上显得有点混乱!而张南峰的划分更易于被学术界所接受"当然!要想得出公正合理的划分还是得考察一下当代西方翻译理论流派的渊源" 二从古代的西赛罗到!"#"年!可以叫做传统的翻译学阶段"这一阶段的特点是基本上没有什么学科意识!理论均零碎而不成系统!作者大多是翻译实践家!理论大多是经验性的"&潘文国!$%%$’%从!"&"年雅可布逊&’()*+,*-(./(+’发表他的著名论文(翻译的语言观)开始到0"1$年!可以叫做现代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有朦胧的学科意识!认为需要加强翻译学的理论研究!使之成为一门*科学+"人们把这一阶段的翻译研究称之为*语言学派+&陈德鸿,张南峰!$%%%’或*科学学派+&23+45637!0""8’%从0"1$年霍姆斯发表里程碑性的论文(翻译研究的名与实)开始至今!可以叫做当代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有强烈的学科意识%当代的翻译学阶段是翻译研究最为繁荣的阶段!也是最有争议的阶段%而最大的争端就是*翻译研究学派+之*名+与*实+的问题% 霍姆斯及赞同他主张的一批学者一度被称作*翻
3英文文献及翻译格式示例
哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文） 英文原文（原文也可以直接将PDF版打印） ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量？ 本文：2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年，信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中，首先他们未能发现问题，导致安然和世通破产；其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑，但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍，然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起（错综复杂）的来源：1）和信贷质量相关的信息；2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据，我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式，在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1
科技翻译
全球智能纺织品发展综述 在过去的几年里，智能材料在我们的生活中起着十分巨大的作用。智能材料的潜力非常广泛，也已经走进了纺织品中，德国Niederrien 大学的U.R.B.Sastry总结了近一阶段以来智能纺织品的主要发展情况。 近几年来，智能材料以其自身独特的方式融入到纺织品中。智能材料的出现激起了材料科学、电学和计算机工程的研究者们的极大兴趣，同时感兴趣的还有产品设计者和纺织品生产者。智能材料从概念产生到产品开发的过程包括了从不同领域、不同背景来的人员，也包括了使用者他们自己。 最早的智能纺织品之一是被用于部队伪装的。在部队伪装这个应用中，纺织品大多用来伪装战场上的军车、军用设备和个人装备，避免被3种电磁辐射（可见光、红外线和雷达）的探测。另外，这种纺织品在设计中要求必须防火、耐穿着、高强度和容易生产。 雷达吸收结构通常是由带有氧化铁或碳涂层的伞面金字塔状的泡沫材料组成，通常它会与一定数量的银结合，可以调整雷达的目标有效截面。同时，针织物中的经编织物的红外特性通过使用带有可见的印花和图案的、低发射率涂层来控制，它被设计成迷彩效果。 1 21世纪的服装 进入21世纪以来，对于服装设计的要求不断向重量轻、容易携带的方向发展，什么是将智能材料融入到纺织品中的更好方法呢？比如说：总部设在布鲁塞尔的Starlab 发明了一种带有传感器的田径服用来监视穿着者的心脏变化情况，从运动员刚一出发开始，数据便通过电子信箱的方式，即服装所具备的移动电话功能进行信息传输。更进一步的例子，德国的Infineon Technologies 生产出了第一件可穿着的MP3音乐运动服装，这种音乐运动服的袖子里带有键盘。基于这些发明，真正的可穿着计算机服装似乎是可能实现的，但是，在这里我们不能忽视将会出现的问题。比如，服装的耐用性和洗涤效果——与日常服装相关的因素必须加以考虑，如果制造商想要使用可穿着这个术语作为智能材料纺织品的标注，就必须充分符合其真实
科学美国人的中文翻译
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
英汉翻译经典例子及答案
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
新时代英语传统文化翻译
英语翻译 Unit 1Book 3. 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春 节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、 中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风 俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝 聚力和生命力的体现 Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on the lu Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double- Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Ea Lunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality. Unit 3Book3. 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式 是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹 青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人 物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔 墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的 审美意识和情趣。 The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And paint painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” ( hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese pai 5. 中国石窟 中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛 阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟 随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然 造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、 绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界 文化遗产。 Chinese Grottoes Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China， there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded
当代西方翻译理论流派评述及代表人物(详)
翻译学必读 1语文和诠释学派 二十世纪之前的翻译理论被纽马克（1981）称为翻译研究的‘前语言学时期’，人们围绕‘word-for-word’和‘sense-for-sense’展开激烈的讨论，核心是‘忠实’，‘神似’和‘真理’。典型的代表有John Dryden, Tytler等，而Barnard, Steiner等人则是在他们的基础上进一步发展。 2语言学派 Jacobson(1959)提出意义对等的问题，随后的二十多当年，学界围绕这个问题进行了研究。奈达（1969）采取了转换语法模式，运用“科学（奈达语）”的方法来分析他翻译《圣经》过程中的意义处理问题。奈达提出的形式对等说、动态对等说和等效原则都是将注意力集中在受众一方。纽马克信奉的是语义翻译和交际翻译，即重视翻译中的语义和交际方面。 3话语分析Discourse Analysis（critical discourse analysis批评话语分析functional discourse analysis功能语篇分析Discourse analysis theory话语分析理论 Discourse Analysis for Interpreters翻译专业演说分析 Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis语用学positive discourse analysis积极话语分析 rhetorical or discourse analysis语篇分析Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis语用学Mediated discourse analysis中介话语分析 二十世纪七十年代到九十年代，作为应用语言学领域的一个分支，话语分析经历了产生和发展壮大的过程，其理论背景来自M.K.Halliday（韩礼德）的系统功能语法。今天，话语分析的方法已经逐步运用到翻译研究中。House(1997)提出的翻译质量模型就是基于韩礼德的理论，他吸收了其中的语域分析方法；Baker(1992) 则为培养译员提供了话语分析和语用分析的范本；Hatim 和Mason(1997)将语域研究拓展到语用和符号学角度 4目的学派 目的学派于二十世纪七、八十年代在德国兴起，是从静态的语言学、语言类型学中剥离出来的。其中的代表人物有，Reiss，Vermmer，Nord 等。Reiss（1971，1988，2000）强调的是文本层面的对等，主张文本的类型和翻译策略结合起来；Holz-Manttari（1984）则认为在翻译过程是一个交际、互动的过程，涉及各种各样的角色。Vermmer（2000）继承并发展了Reiss的观点。 5文化学派the Culture School Even-Zohar 在二十世纪七十年代提出将文学翻译视为文化的，文学的和历史的过程或系统。翻译研究的“文化转向”指的是更加注重从文化研究的角度进行翻译研究。其中，Lefevere （1992）逐渐从系统理论转向文化学研究，将翻译看作‘重写’的过程，审视围绕着翻译文本的意识形态冲突等课题。Simon(1996) 和一些女权主义者则重点研究文化学研究中的女性意识。后殖民主义文化学方向的代表人物是Bassnett和Trivedi (1999)，他们认为，无论在殖民化的过程中还是在被殖民的社会，翻译都十分活跃。文化学派的研究有着各自的研究任务和各自的侧重点，丰富了翻译研究的内容。 6解构学派 本雅明本人不属于解构学派，但他的著作《译者的任务》通常被看作解构学派对翻译研究的缘起和根据。本雅明率先指出，翻译不可能与原作相等，因为翻译过程已经改变了原作，况且，没有蜕变，也就不会产生‘后起的生命’。本雅明认为，译者的任务不是在目标语中复制原文，而是颠覆原语的体系，把潜藏于原文的精神内容表达出来。德里达则更进一步，在他的著作《巴别通天塔》中，翻译被看作一个不断解构和建构的过程。学界认为德里达将翻
英文翻译范例
毕业设计（论文）英文翻译 课题名称 系 部 专 业 班 级 学 号 姓 名 指导教师 校内： 校外： 2012年4月5日
原文： CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES 1．CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION The target of a crime involving computers may be any piece of the computing system．A computing system is a collection of hardware，software，storage media，data，and persons that an organization uses to do computing tasks．Whereas the obvious target of a bank robbery is cash，a list of names and addresses of depositors might be valuable to a competing bank．The list might be on paper，recorded on a magnetic medium，stored in internal computer memory，or transmitted electronically across a medium such as a telephone line．This multiplicity of targets makes computer security difficult．In any security system，the weakest point is the most serious vulnerability．A robber intent on stealing something from your house will not attempt to penetrate a two-inch thick metal door if a window gives easier access．A sophisticated perimeter physical security system does not compensate for unguarded access by means of a simple telephone line and a modem．The “weakest point” philosophy can be restated as the following principle．
地层时代中英文对照
圭亚那盆地地层时代中英文对照 Cainozoic 新生界 Tertiary 第三纪 Pleistocene 第三纪更新世 Miocene 第三纪中新世 Lower Miocene 第三纪下中新世 Oligocene 第三纪渐新世 Eocene 第三纪始新世 Middle Eocene第三纪中始新世 Lower Eocene第三纪下始新世 Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Cretaceous 白垩纪 Senonian 森诺阶 Campanian 坎帕阶 Santonian 桑托阶 Coniacian 科尼亚克阶（晚白垩纪第三期）Turonian 白垩纪土仑阶（晚白垩纪第二期）Cenomanian 森诺曼阶 Albian 阿尔比阶 Aptian 阿普第阶 Barremian 巴列姆阶 Precambrian 前寒武纪地层
Cainozoic 新生界 Quaternary 第四系Quaternary period 第四纪Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Mesozoic中生界 Cretaceous 白垩系 Jurassic 侏罗系 Triassic 三叠系 LateTriassicepoch 晚三叠世 Paleozoic 古生界 Permian 二叠系 LatePermianepoch Early Permian 早二叠世 Carboniferous 石炭系石炭纪 Late Carboniferous Devonian 泥盆系泥盆纪upperDevonionseries 上泥盆统 siluric 志留系Silurian 志留纪 Ordovician 奥陶系奥陶纪 Cambrian 寒武系寒武纪 Proterozoic era 元古代
中文地址英语翻译示例
中文地址英语翻译示例 【字体：大中小】【日期：2005年01月11日来源：本站原创编辑：毛浩然点击数：】【关闭】 中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小，如：Ｘ国Ｘ省Ｘ市Ｘ区Ｘ路Ｘ号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是：Ｘ号，Ｘ路，Ｘ区，Ｘ市，Ｘ省，Ｘ国。掌握了这个原则，翻译起来就容易多了！ Ｘ室RoomＸ Ｘ号No.Ｘ Ｘ单元UnitＸ Ｘ号楼Building No.Ｘ Ｘ街ＸStreet Ｘ路ＸRoad Ｘ区ＸDistrict Ｘ县ＸCounty Ｘ镇ＸTown Ｘ市ＸCity Ｘ省ＸProvince 请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。 中文地址翻译范例： 宝山区示范新村37号403室 Room 403, No. 37, SiFang Residential Quarter, BaoShan District 虹口区西康南路125弄34号201室 Room 201, No. 34, Lane 125, XiKang Road(South), HongKou District 473004河南省南阳市中州路42号李有财 Li Youcai Room 42 Zhongzhou Road, Nanyang City Henan Prov. China 473004 434000湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店李有财 Li Youcai Hongyuan Hotel Jingzhou city Hubei Prov. China 434000 473000河南南阳市八一路272号特钢公司李有财 Li Youcai Special Steel Corp.
No. 272, Bayi Road, Nanyang City Henan Prov. China 473000 528400广东中山市东区亨达花园7栋702 李有财 Li Youcai Room 702, 7th Building Hengda Garden, East District Zhongshan, China 528400 361012福建省厦门市莲花五村龙昌里34号601室李有财 Li Youcai Room 601, No. 34 Long Chang Li Xiamen, Fujian, China 361012 361004厦门公交总公司承诺办李有财 Mr. Li Youcai Cheng Nuo Ban, Gong Jiao Zong Gong Si Xiamen, Fujian, China 361004 266042山东省青岛市开平路53号国棉四厂二宿舍1号楼2单元204户甲李有财Mr. Li Youcai NO. 204, A, Building NO. 1 The 2nd Dormitory of the NO. 4 State-owned Textile Factory 53 Kaiping Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China 266042
科学翻译
第12页 0903060136 梁潇 0903060137 黄浩 0901014108 黄瑞尧 5.3性能分析 通信开销：在和平时期，验证和密钥协商协议的要求只有三路之间的网状路由器和网络用户和双向沟通网络用户之间。这是最低的通信回合要实现相互认证，因此，和平招致降低认证延迟。此外，通过设计，和平带来最低的额外因为它们可能对网络用户的通信开销如掌上电脑和智能手机进行的移动客户端比其他笔记本电脑访问无线网状网。这些移动客户端要少得多强大相比，网状路由器考虑到他们的沟通能力。在消息（M.1），（M.1），（M.2），网络用户只需要发送一组签名履行认证功能。作为我们立足本集团上签字的变化计划[8]中提出，签名的包括两个G的元素五个元素的Z带够。当使用[19]中描述的曲线，可以首要采取p到170位并使用G组1，其中每个元素是171位。因此，总群签名的长度为1192位或149字节。有了这些参数，安全性是大致相同作为一个标准的1024位RSA签名，这是128个字节[8]。也就是说，群签名的长度几乎是作为一个标准的RSA-1024的签名相同。 计算开销：在和平，最昂贵的计算操作的签名生成和验证。签名生成需要两个同构的应用中。同构计算，需要大约同时，作为一个在G1幂（使用快速计算的轨迹图）[8]。因此，签名生成需要约八幂（或multiexponentiations）和两个双线性映射计算。验证签名需要六个幂和3+2|网址|双线性映射计算。按照设计，和平采用会话认证的不对称对称的混合方法，降低计算成本。网络实体（Mesh 路由器和网络用户）执行昂贵的组签名操作相互验证，只有当建立一个新的会话，所有同一会话的后续数据交换是通过高效的基于MAC的方法进行验证。 更具体地说，和平需要进行相互认证，为建立一个新的会话时，执行一个签名生成和签名验证的网络用户。由此可以看出，签名验证的实际成本计算取决于一致资源定址器的大小，而签名的发电成本是固定的。和平可以主动控制的一致资源定址器的大小。此外，可以采取一种更为有效的吊销检查算法，其运行的时间是一致资源定址器的独立[8]中描述了对用户的隐私有点牺牲。这种技术可以进一步带来的总成本六幂和5个双线性映射计算的签名验证。另一方面，和平需要一个网状路由器进行相互认证其覆盖范围内的每个网络用户每每灯塔消息不同的会议和标志定期播出。 存储开销：在和平中，网络用户可以携带资源约束的普及设备，如掌上电脑和智能手机访问的无线网状网。因此，存储每个网络用户的开销应该是负担得起的现代普及设备。在我们的计划显示说明，在和平中的每个网络用户需要存储两个信息：他的小组的私钥及相关系统参数。该组的私钥为每个用户包含1组元素的G1和2个Z元素。如果我们首要选择p到170位，并使用G组1每个组171位的元素，每个组私钥用户只需消耗511位的内存，这是微不足道的现代普及设备。大多数的内存消耗部分是系统参数，其中可能包括代码来形容双线性组（G
大数据时代英文翻译
Era of Big Data is a woman's age; women in the gene can accumulate and deal with big data/ women are born to accumulate and deal with big data. Many men and children, in fact, have been wondering about this special ability of women. Like, as a child, just as soon as you entered the house your Mother said immediately in a suspicious tone: “Liu zhijun, you didn’t do well in the exam today, did you.” Another example, you just have a glance at the mobile phone, your wife laughs: “Does Er gou the next door ask you to play games?” One more ex ample, when you close the door and make a phone call, your girlfriend will cry: “Who are shot in bed?” They are sometimes right, sometimes wrong. However, On the whole, the accuracy rate is higher than chance level. When they are wrong, men would sneer women always give way to foolish fancies; when they are right, men would say women are sensitive animal maybe with more acute sensory organs. Anyway, that is a guess. It has already scared man that overall accuracy rate is higher than the random level. In order to adapt to this point, the male also developed a very strong skills against reconnaissance. This part is beyond the scope of this article, so no more details about it. Some studies, such as Hanna Holmes’s paper, have indi cated that the white matter of the female’s brain is higher than that of the male. So they have very strong imagination of connecting things together. Some recent studies have shown that women are better than men in the "date" memory. That is the reason why they are able to remember all the birthdays, anniversaries, and even some of the great day of unimportant friends. No matter whether these results are true or not, I am afraid that this is not women's most outstanding ability. Women's most remarkable ability is a long-term tracking of some seemingly unimportant data to form their own baseline and pattern. Once the patterns of these data points are significantly different from the baseline she is familiar with, she knows something unusual. In their daily life, women do not consider the difference between causality and correlation. They believe in the principle: "There must be something wrong out of something unusual." People who talk about big data often take Lin Biao as an example. Lin Biao recorded some detailed and unimportant data after a battle. Such as seized guns, the proportion of rifles and pistols, the age levels of war prisoners, seized grain, whether they are sorghum or millet, etc., all of which were unavoidably recorded in the book. Others laughed at him. But later, he determined where the enemy headquarters were according to these data. What women do is almost the same. A girl A has a secret crush on boy B, but she usually doesn’t contact him directly. Two days later, I asked her if she wanted to ask him to have dinner together. She said he was playing. I wondered “how do you know that?” She said that boy B usually is on the line Gmail at 8:00 am, away status at8:30am, for he goes out to buy coffee and breakfast, on line again at 9:00am, busy status, for he is at work, away again at12:30am for lunch, on line for whole evenings, maybe for reading or playing games. His buddy C is on line at10:00 am, still online till 2:00am next day. He is a boy who gets up late and stays up late. His buddy D is on line for the most of the day. However, the most important pattern is that there are 2-3 days per week, during which they would be offline or away for 3-4 hours together. Conclusion: they are playing together.