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隧道翻译
隧道翻译

NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major and

Construction Technology

W.Broere

I.The NATM Design Principle

1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development process

Since the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each other's problems.

Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems.

A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to.

Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing

rock to their own self-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects.

Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.

2. NATM

NATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles.

NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows :

(1). Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To this end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.

(2). In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity.

(3). In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical

structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration.

(4). Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day.

(5). To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining.

(6). Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security.

NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."

3.Points

(1). Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials.

(2). Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground.

(3). Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.

II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic method

NATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the economy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a new highway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips.

1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection.

2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.

(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.

Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and support capability, Maojingba VI : Class V rock used in the full-face excavation to achieve the desired results.

Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting speed, and the rock blasting vibration frequency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control of blasting operations.

Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car outside 50m back to a safe place and then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of

drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed simultaneously supporting or after the first arch wall lining.

(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation molding. Excavation order is its first half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. The more applicable to the II, III and soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.

Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 50m ahead, Construction can be assigned to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will be all dug later, and then dug under the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.

Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock can be shortened Invert closing time, Supporting improve early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excavation excavation face, in order to ensure the safety of construction.

Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event of the siege soft rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction.

Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortcomings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom of the upper operational stability, level of excavation will increase the number of country rock.

(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method.

Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, height can be lengthened, the two-lane tunnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.

The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The next section will guide small, slow construction and construction processes more, construction and management difficult.

Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages.

Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost.

Ⅲ. Example projects

Built on loose sand gravel stratum of Beijing Subway allowed back of the tunnel is a typical example. The tunnel is located in the main street-256, 358m long, the largest excavation section 9m high, 14.5m wide coverage stratigraphic top of the tunnel only minimum thickness 9.0m. Tunnel boring machine of excavation, strengthen the grid arch shotcrete initial support and advance small catheter care,

Without prejudice to ground transportation, underground pipelines to ensure the safety of construction success.

Chang’an Avenue in the construction of the new Beijing metro line projects, shallow mining method has been selected as the main method of construction. For example, the Tiananmen Square in Beijing Metro West Point, 226m long, for two double-pole structure.

Guangzhou Metro East is shallow mining method used in the construction. Experience shows that from the ground environmental protection, surface subsidence of the dug system and the cost and time period perspective, Shallow Mining Act of open or with the shield are compared with a competitive edge.

It is no exaggeration to say that the new Austrian law implementation has indeed caused a mining method in the construction of the excavation, Construction of the tunnel design, and even the thinking of the major changes. Nevertheless, it should be said that China's implementation of the new Austrian law is not satisfactory. In many works was no lack of examples of failure. In addition to construction management, quality control and technology related to grasp, and other reasons, is the main tunnel engineers sometimes NATM real lack of a proper understanding.

So, what is the new concept of NATM connotation? It was reduced to 22, it was reduced to seven. In fact, only one, which is to protect the rock, and giving p lay to rock the capacity for self. From such a principle, under specific conditions tunnel flexibility to choose the excavation, blasting, Supporting forms, and supporting facilities for the opportunity and support for France. As for the rock deformation control under different circumstances, it should be stressed that the release of a restriction should be emphasized. Its purpose is to "protect the rock, and giving play to rock the capacity for self.

新奥法设计原理在隧道施工中的应用及主要施工工艺

W.Broere

Ⅰ、新奥法的设计原理

一、隧道设计施工的两大理论及其发展过程

二十世纪以来,人类对地下空间的需求越来越多,因而对地下工程的研究有了一个突飞猛进的发展。在大量的地下工程实践中,人们普遍认识到,隧道及地下洞室工程,其核心问题,都归结在开挖和支护两个关键工序上。即如何开挖,才能更有利于洞室的稳定和便于支护:若需支护时,又如何支护才能更有效地保证洞室稳定和便于开挖。这是隧道及地下工程中两个相互促进又相互制约的问题。

在隧道及地下洞室工程中,围绕着以上核心问题的实践和研究,在不同的时期,人们提出了不同的理论并逐步建立了不同的理论体系,每一种理论体系都包含和解决(或正在研究解决)了从工程认识(概念)、力学原理,工程措施到施工方法(工艺)等一系列工程问题。

一种理论是二十世纪20年代提出的传统的“松弛荷载理论”。其核心内容是:稳定的岩体有自稳能力,不产生荷载:不稳定的岩体则可能产生坍塌,需要用支护结构予以支撑。这样,作用在支护结构上的荷载就是围岩在一定范围内由于松弛并可能塌落的岩体重力。这是一种传统的理论,其代表人物有泰沙基和普氏等人。它类似于地面工程考虑问题的思想,至今仍被广泛的应用着。

另一种理论是二十世纪50年代提出的现代支护理论,或称“岩承理论”。其核心内容是:围岩稳定显然是岩体自身有承载自稳能力:不稳定围岩丧失稳定是有一个过程的,如果在这个过程中提供必要的帮助或限制,则围岩仍然能够进入稳定状态。这种理论体系的代表性人物有拉布西维兹、米勒-菲切尔、芬纳-塔罗勃和卡斯特奈等人。这是一种比较现代的理论,它已经脱离了地面工程考虑问题的思路,而更接近于地下工程实际,近半个世纪以来已被广泛接受和推广应用,并且表现出了广阔的发展前景。

由以上可以看出,前一种理论更注意结果和对结果的处理:而后一种理论则更注意过程和对过程的控制,即对围岩自承能力的充分利用。由于有此区别,因而两种理论体系在过程和方法上各自表现出不同的特点。新奥法是岩承理论在隧道工程实践中的代表方法。

二、新奥法

新奥法即新奥地利隧道施工方法的简称,原文是New Austrian Tunnel-

ling Method,简称为NATM。它与法国称收敛约束法或有些国家所称动态观测设

计施工法的基本原则一致。

新奥法的基本要点可归纳如下:

1.岩体是隧道结构体系中的主要承载单元,在施工中必须充分保护岩体,尽量减少对它的扰动,避免过度破坏岩体的强度。为此,施工中断面分块不宜过多,开挖应当采用光面爆破、预裂爆破或机械掘进。

2.为了充分发挥岩体的承载能力,应允许并控制岩体的变形。一方面允许变形,使围岩中能形成承载环;另一方面又必须限制它,使岩体不致过度松弛而丧失或大大降低承载能力。

3.为了改善支护结构的受力性能,施工中应尽快闭合,而成为封闭的筒形结构。另外,隧道断面形状应尽可能圆顺,以避免拐角处的应力集中。

4.通过施工中对围岩和支护的动态观察、量测,合理安排施工程序、进行设计变更及日常的施工管理。

5.为了敷设防水层,或为了承受由于锚杆锈蚀,围岩性质恶化、流变、膨胀所引起的后续荷载,可采用复合式衬砌。

6.二次衬砌原则上是在围岩与初期支护变形基本稳定的条件下修筑的,围岩和支护结构形成一个整体,因而提高了支护体系的安全度。

上述新奥法的基本要点可扼要的概括为:“少扰动、早喷锚,勤量测、紧封闭”。

三、要点

1.围岩是受洞室开挖影响的那一部分岩(土)体,围岩是三位一体的即:产生荷载、承载结构、建筑材料。

2.隧道是修筑在应力岩体中的,具有特殊的建筑环境,不能等同于地面建筑。

3.隧道结构体系=围岩+支护体系。

Ⅱ、新奥法在公路施工中的基本方法

新奥法的特征之一是采用现场监控,量测信息指导施工,即通过对隧道施工中量测收据和对开挖面的地质观察等进行预测、预报和反馈。并根据已建立的量测为基准,对隧道施工方法、断面开挖步骤及顺序、初期支护的参数等进行合理调整,以保证施工安全,坑道围岩稳定、工程质量和支护结构的经济性等。笔者对承(承德)赤(赤峰)东线茅荆坝隧道采用新奥法基本施工方法作了调查总结,综合出公路隧道采用新奥法施工的种类及选用不同基本施工方法的特点及注意

事项。

一、隧道施工方法选择隧道施工方法的选择,主要根据工程地质及水文地质条件、施工条件、围岩类别、隧道埋置深度、隧道断面尺寸大小和长度衬砌类型,应以施工安全为前提及以工程质量为核心,并结合隧道的使用功能,施工技术水平、施工机械装备、工期要求和经济可行性等因素综合考虑研究选用。

二、新奥法隧道施工方法方案隧道新奥法施工常用方法大致分为全断面法、台阶法和分部开挖法三大类及若干变化方案。

(一)全断面法。即全断面开挖法,是指按设计开挖面一次开挖成型。其开挖顺序是全断面开挖,锚喷支护,灌筑砼衬砌。常选用于Ⅳ-Ⅵ类硬岩的石质隧道,该法可以采用深孔爆破。

全断面开挖法有较大的作业空间,有利于采用大型配套机械化作业,提高施工速度,且工序少、干扰少,便于施工组织和管理。缺点是由于开挖面积较大,围岩相对稳定性降低,且每循环工作量相对较大,因此就要求施工单位应具有较强的开挖、出渣与运输及支护能力,茅荆坝Ⅵ:V类围岩中采用了全断面开挖,达到了预期效果。

全断面施工开挖工作面大,钻爆施工效率较高,采用深眼爆破可加快掘进速度,且爆破对围岩的振动次数较少,有利于转帐岩稳定。缺点是每次深孔爆破震动较大。因此要求进行精心的钻爆设计和严格控制爆破作业。

全断面开挖法的主要工序是:使用移动式台车(或者台架),首先全断面一次钻孔,并进行装荷连线,然后将钻孔台车后退到50m以外的安全地点,再起爆,使一次爆破成型,出渣后钻孔台车再推移至开挖面就位,开始下一个钻爆作业循环,同时进行锚喷支护或先墙拱后衬砌。

(二)台阶法。台阶法一般是将设计断面分成上半断面和下半断面两次开挖成型。其开挖顺序是上半部开挖拱部锚杆喷射砼支护,拱部衬砌,下半部中央部分开挖,边墙部分开挖,边墙锚杆喷射砼支护及衬砌。该方法多适用于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类较软而节理发育的围岩中,可分别采用添中变化方案。

长台阶法:上下台阶距离较远,一般上台阶超前50m以上,施工中上下部可配属同较大型机械进行平行作业,当机械不足时可以交替使用,当遇短隧道时,可将上部断面全部挖通后,再挖下断面,该法施工时干扰较少,可进行单工序作业。

短台阶法:上台阶长度5-50m,适用于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类围岩,可缩短仰拱封闭时

间,改善初期支护受力条件,但施工干扰较大,当遇到软弱围岩时需慎重考虑,必要时应采用辅助开挖措施稳定开挖面,以保证施工安全。

超短台阶法:上台阶仅超前3-5m,断面闭合较快。此法多用于机械化程度不高的各类围岩地段,当遇到软弱围攻岩时需慎重考虑,必要时应采用辅助施工措施稳定开挖工作面,以确保施工安全。

台阶开挖的特点在于,一是台阶开挖宜采用轻型凿岩机打眼,而不宜采用大型凿岩台车。二是台阶法开挖具有足够的作业空间和较快的施工速度。台阶有利于开挖面的稳定性。尤其是上部开挖支护后,下部作业较为安全。三是台阶法开挖的缺点是上下部作业互相干扰。应注意下部作业时对上部稳定性的影响,台阶开挖会增加对围岩的扰动次数。

(三)分部开挖法。分部开挖法可分为五种变化方案:台阶分部开挖法、上下导坑法、上导坑超前开挖法、单(双)侧壁导坑法。是将开挖断面进行分部开挖逐部成型,并且将某部分超前开挖,故此可称为导坑超前开挖法。

台阶分部法:适用于一般土质或易坍塌的软弱围岩地段,其优点与超台阶法相比,台阶可以加长,一般双车道隧道为1倍洞跨,单车道隧道为2倍洞跨;而较单(双)侧臂导坑法机械化程度高,可加快工程进度。

上下导坑超前开挖法(即上下导坑先拱后墙法):此法适用于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类围岩,在松软地层开挖隧道,一般宜采用上下导坑超前开挖先拱后墙法。其优点是:导坑超前开挖,利用提前探明地质情况,便于改变施工方法。工作面多,便于拉开工序,适用于安排劳动力与使用小型机械施工。该方法缺点:上下导坑断面小,则施工速度慢,施工工序较多,使施工组织和管理难度大。

单侧臂导坑法:围岩稳定性较差,隧道跨度较大,地面沉陷难以控制时采用此方法。其特点是:有正台阶法和双臂导坑法的优点。

双侧臂导坑法:适用于浅埋大跨度隧道,地表下沉量要求严格,围岩特别差时采用。此法优点是:施工安全可靠,但施工速度较慢,造价高。

Ⅲ.工程实例

修建在砂夹砾石松散地层中的北京地铁复兴门折返段隧道就是一个典型的例子。该隧道位于北京最主要的街道—长安街下,长358m,最大开挖断面高9m,宽14.5m隧道顶部复盖地层最小厚度仅9.0m。隧道采用部份断面掘进机开挖,

格栅拱加强的喷混凝土初期支护以及小导管预支护,在不影响地面交通,确保地下管线安全的情况下修建成功。

在修建位于长安街下的北京地铁新线工程时,浅埋矿山法被选择为主要的施工方法。例如,北京地铁天安门西站,长226m,为双层两柱式结构。

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