Unit 3Lecture Notes& Key to the Exs.(for students)

Unit 3 Lecture Notes (for students)

Words & Expressions

on the latch:(of a door) closed but not locked

- Let yourself in; the door is on the latch.

- Don’t forget to leave the front door on the latch if you go to bed before I come back.

rural: adj.of, in or suggesting the countryside

- By the year 2003 urban residents will outnumber rural residents in most developing countries.

- 庄稼种在乡村地区。

(=Crops are grown in rural areas.)

vulnerable: adj.exposed to danger or attack; unprotected

- Compared with Saudi Arabian soccer team, the Chinese team is more vulnerable.

- 你的论点相当容易受到批评。

(=Your arguments are rather vulnerable to criticism.)

- How does the country defend vulnerable groups in society?

urban: adj.of, situated in or living in a city or town

- Motor vehicle emissions, to a large extent, are responsible for urban air pollution.

- Most urban areas in the world are facing the problem of over-population.

Collocation:

urban districts 市区

the urban population 城市人口

urban areas 市区

CF: urban & municipal

这两个形容词都有“都市的、城市的”之意。

urban 指以都市中心为主的行政区。例如：

- Nowadays, as the population and vehicles increase, urban districts seem to be more crowded. (=如今，随着人口增长和交通工具增多，市区似乎变得更拥挤了。)

- Our government has always paid much attention to the life of the urban poor.

(=我们的政府历来都重视城市贫民的生活。)

municipal 主要指与城市、市镇或其政府相关的部门、服务机构，尤指市政府机构管辖下属于公共的、为公众服务的设施、事业等。例如：

- Cities usually use taxes for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.

(=城市通常将税收用于教育、公安和消防部门、公共设施和市政建设。)

statistics: n.collection of information expressed in numbers

- The statistics indicate that roughly every 22 years a major drought occurs in the United States.

- 统计数字显示退休之后女性比男性生活愉快。

(=Statistics show that women live happier lives than men after retirement.)

tranquil: adj.calm, quiet and undisturbed

- Visitors like to stay in this hotel because it is beautiful and located in a tranquil lake area.

- 家中的温馨气氛是非常重要的。尽你所能去创造一个宁静和谐的家。

(=A loving atmosphere in your home is so important. Do all you can to create a tranquil and harmonious home.)

- Another advantage of country life is that it is more tranquil.

CF: tranquil & calm

这两个形容词都有“安静的、平静的”之意。

tranquil 指安宁的、平静的。例如：

- We found a tranquil spot on the bank of a river to have a rest.

(=我们在河岸上找到一块宁静的地方休息了一下。)

- She has a tranquil life in the country, in an out-of-way little village.

(=她在乡间一个偏僻的小村子里过着宁静的生活。)

calm 表示平静的、镇静的，指一种毫无迷惑与兴奋的宁静状态。例如：

- He went straight into his room, his face quite calm.

(=他径直走进自己的房间，脸色十分平静。)

- She remained calm on the face of imminent disaster.

(=灾难临头而她镇静自若。)

era: n. a period of history or a long period of time

- The Christian era starts with the birth of Christ.

- Our era produces a host of heroes and heroines.

- 我们现在正处于一个新的伟大的信息时代。

(=We are now in a great new era of information.)

electronic:n.of or relating to electronics or devices and systems developed through electronics - Use of the Internet is replacing other forms of electronic communication.

- 一般说来，直到现在，这样的机器人还是由大型电子计算机控制的。

(=In general, such robots have been controlled up to the present time by large electronic computers.)

hook up to: connect or attach (sth.) to (sth. else) with or as if with a hook

- I hook up to the internet almost everyday.

- My computer is hooked up to the Internet, so I can communicate with my students at home via email.

- The alarm systems in the banks are hooked up to the local police station.

build in/into:make (sth.) as part of the structure

- The cupboards in the kitchen are all built in.

- We are having those shelves built into the wall over the bed.

pry:

1. vt. force sth. open or away from a surface

- 你能不能帮我不打破这个木箱盖而撬开它?

(=Can you help me pry the cover off this wooden box without breaking it?)

- Her car trunk had been pried open and all her equipment was gone.

2. vi. look or inquire closely and curiously

- Don’t pry into the affairs of others.

Collocation:

pry about 到处窥探

pry into 窥探，打听

paste:vt.stick sth. with glue

- A notice has been pasted to the door.

- 这个年轻人将他最喜欢的歌手的照片贴在墙上。

(=The young man pasted the pictures of his favorite singer on the wall.)

premise: n.

1) (pl.) all the buildings and land that an institution occupies on one site

- I showed him off the premises.

- There is a kitchen on the premises.

- 警察认为小偷仍在屋内。

(=The police think the thief is still on the premises.)

2) sth. that you accept as true and use as a basis for another idea or way of thinking (usu. followed by that-clause)

- It was the lawyer’s premise that his client was innocent.

- I’m rather questioning whether the whole premise is correct.

Collocation:

an assumed premise 假设

an unsound premise 站不住脚的假设

feature:

1. vt. give a prominent part to (sb./sth.)

- 报纸为那个事件做了个专题报道。

(=The newspaper featured the story of the event.)

- The play featured two well-known actors.

2. n. a prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic

- The building contained many new features of construction.

Collocation:

a unique feature 独一无二的特征

a key feature 主要特征

a notable feature 显著特征

make a feature of 以…为特色；注重

chart:n. a diagram, picture, or graph which is intended to make information easier to understand

- The chart showed the decline in the company’s sales during the year.

- The weather chart shows where rain fell over China yesterday.

Collocation:

compile a chart 编制图表

consult a chart 查看图表

a flow chart 流程图

a statistical chart 统计图表

barrier:n.thing that prevents progress or movement

- The football fans broke through the barriers and rushed onto the pitch.

- The English Channel was a barrier against Nazi ground forces.

- 警察设了路障。

(=The police put a barrier across the road.)

Collocation:

trade barrier 贸易壁垒

cultural barrier 文化隔膜

language barrier 语言障碍

geographical barrier 地理阻隔

barricade:

1. n. a barrier of large objects, intended to stop an enemy

- Barbed-wire barricades blocked off all the main streets.

- Protesters have been putting up barricades across a number of major streets. Collocation:

place/erect/set up/put up barricades 设臵路障

remove/demolish/tear down barricades 拆除路障

2. vt. block with a barricade

- Workers in Spain barricaded roads and clashed with police.

Pattern: barricade oneself against; barricade oneself into

- barricade oneself against outside moral decay

(=把自己同外界的道德沦丧隔绝)

- barricade oneself into one’s room

(=把自己关在房间里)

- The families in this remote village have practically barricaded themselves into their homes.

hold/keep (sb.) at bay: prevent (an enemy, pursuers, etc.) from coming near

- Eating oranges keeps colds at bay.

- She left the light on at night to keep her fears at bay.

sideways: adj./adv.to, towards or from the side

- Alfred shot him a sideways glance.

- If you would move sideways to the left, I can get everyone on the picture.

- 我们把桌子斜向一边以便把它搬进房间里。

(=We turned the table sideways to get it into the room.)

stand for: represent; mean

- What does NB stand for?

- The symbol “%” stands for percent.

- 约翰一直支持正确的事情。

(=John always stands for what is right.)

analyze:vt. examine sth. in detail in order to understand it, esp. by considering separately all the elements it consists of

- The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure.

- 科学家分析了一下牛奶，发现里面水分过多。

(=The scientist analyzed the milk and found it contained too much water.)

margin: n. an amount by which a thing is won or falls short

- Governor Bush won the election but by a small margin.

- Demand for college education exceeds capacity by a large margin.

- With the improvement of their living conditions, people’s demand for air-conditioning has increased by a large margin.

Collocation:

with/by a small/large margin 以微弱/较大的多数；幅度较小/大地

error:n.mistake

- Her name was omitted by error.

- 这次事故是由人为过错造成的。

(=The accident was caused by human error.)

Collocation:

admit/acknowledge an error 承认错误

amend/correct/rectify an error 纠正错误

commit/make an error 犯错误

CF: error, mistake & fault

这三个词都有“错误、缺点”之意。

error 通常指由于疏误而导致的行动上的错误或偏差，在实际运用中多指由于背离某种标准的偏差。例如：

- This is an error in grammar.

(=这是一个语法错误。)

mistake 多用于指缺乏正确的判断、理解、计算等而造成的错误，这种在行动或看法上的错误有时是无意的。例如：

- The teacher found several spelling mistakes in the pupil’s written answers.

(=老师在学生的书面作业中发现了几处拼写错误。)

fault 可表示人或物的缺点和毛病。用于人的过错时，多用于小且能宽恕的错误，含有当事人对造成的过错应负责任的意味。例如：

- With all his faults, he is still a good student.

(=尽管他有这些缺点，他还是个好学生。)

civilize:vt.cause to improve from a primitive stage of human society to a more developed one - The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center has shocked the civilized world.

- It must be admitted that the Romans helped to civilize many Europeans at that time.

- 非洲国家希望把非洲所有的原始部落都变成文明社会。

(=The African countries hoped to civilize all the primitive tribes on the land.)

reflection:n.

1) a thing bringing discredit or criticism (followed by on)

- The fact that we all failed the test was a reflection on our teacher.

- 这有损你的名誉。

(=This is a reflection on your honor.)

2) reflecting (careful thinking) or being reflected

- On further reflection, she saw her mistake.

- 他沉思片刻后做出了否定的回答。

(=After a minute’s reflect ion, he gave a negative answer.)

Collocation:

cast a reflection on 使人们对…产生鄙视（或怀疑）

cast/throw reflections on 指责（某人）

on/upon reflection 经再三思考

without reflection 轻率，不经思考

look back on:think about (sth.) in one’s past

- I always look back on those days as the happiest time of my life.

- 当你回顾你的一生时，你最珍惜的是什么时候？

(=When you look back on your life, what moments would you cherish the most? ) Useful Expressions

（门）关着但没上锁on the latch

带钥匙carry keys

（暂时）关闭close up

巡逻严密的城区街道well-patrolled urban streets

据称很宁静的地区the allegedly tranquil areas

…的时代结束了the era of … is over

电子报警系统electronic alarm systems

连接到hook up to

内臵，嵌入build in

处于监控下under surveillance

设臵路障put up barricades

保安security guards

不让靠近hold/keep (sb.) at bay

电子搜查器electronic friskers

看都不看一眼without so much as a sideways glance

代表；表示，象征stand for

沉浸于，沐浴于be bathed in

误差率很小/大with/by a small/large margin of error

在人类文明的历史上in the history of civilized man

聪明反被聪明误outsmart oneself

回首（过去），回顾（以往）look back on

看不见的恐惧unseen horrors

Key to the Exs.

P72 Vocabulary

I 1. 1）threatens 2) by a small margin 3) civilize 4) closed up 5) wandered 6) paste 7）without so much as 8) sideways 9) hook up to 10) universal 11) chart 12 ) Bathed in

2. 1)narrowed down 2) looked back on 3) cut off 4) fit into 5) wear (the other) down 6) lies in 7) put up 8) stand for

3. 1) …which is likely to make people vulnerable to asthma has been found by

researchers at the Department of Clinical Medicine in Oxford.

2) …with mirrored doors had to be built in sa as to make their small bedroom look

larger.

3) … feature the space shuttle Challenger blowing up in January 1986 --- killing all seven

crew.

4) … threatened to keep the pupils in after school they were quieted at once.

5) ..are a major barrier to the country’s economic growth due to the fact that imported oil

has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange I because imported oil has absorbed 40% of

its foreign exchange.

4. 1) looked back on; atmosphere; urban life

2) era; hooked up to the; the electronic

3) the suburb; a sophisticated; system; analyze; make errors

P75 II 1. away 2. inside/ in 3. forward/ through 4. back 5. off 6. home 7. back down 8. in; out.

P76 III 1. Internet is not such as unusual word as it used to be

2. Most men do not look unattractive in them

3. Wealthy as she is, she is not unconcerned b her sudden unemployment

4. This claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city’s violent crimes

5. His poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life

P50 Comprehensive Exs.

I.Cloze

1.Text-related (1) Statistics (2) rural (3) ear (4) stood for (5) on the latch (6)

vulnerable (7) barriers (8) electronic (9) reflection (10) civilized

2. Theme-related 学生独立完成

P20 II Translation

1．（单句翻译）学生独立完成

2．It is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. All you can do is discourage him for a few minutes, thus exposing him to police patrols. Common

sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. A light should be fixed in

the doorway and switched on at night. Make sure/ Assure yourself that you don’t

leave the door on the latch if you happen to be the last to come in. if you decide to

buy a sophisticated electronic alarm system, be sure to ask for its signs and put

them up on both windows and doors. In addition you may have it hooked up to a

police station.

Supplementary Reading

I. Difficult Sentences

1.Today, I am typical of the women whom gun manufacturers have been aiming at as

potential buyers — and one of the millions who have taken the plunge.

Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=时至今日，我成了一个典型的被枪支制造商视为其潜在买主的那种女人——成了成千上万个采取这种行动的人中的一员。)

2.... when another car nearly hit mine head-on.

Paraphrase the sentence.

(=... when another car nearly ran squarely into mine.)

3.The three men spilled out of their car and into our yard.

Paraphrase the sentence.

(=The three men moved rapidly out of their car and into our yard.)

4.... the odds had changed in my favor ...

What does this part of the sentence mean?

(=... by now I was more likely to overwhelm them, but previous to that the three men had been more powerful ...)

5.His alleged crimes were so brutal, his desire to inflict pain so intense, that I began to question

my beliefs about not taking human life under any circumstances.

Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=据称他的犯罪行为非常残忍，他加害于人的欲望非常强烈，这使我开始对自己在任何情况下不杀人的信念产生了怀疑。)

6.I realized that the one-sided pacifism I once so strongly had advocated could backfire on me

and worse, on my son. Reluctantly, I concluded that I had to insure the best option for our survival.

Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=我意识到，自己曾经积极提倡的一厢情愿的和平主义会危害自身，更糟的是，会危害我的儿子。于是我极不情愿地认定：为了我们的生存，我必须确保有一个最佳选择方案。)

7.But knowledge, I believe, is still our greatest defense.

1) Paraphrase the sentence.

(=But I believe that only with knowledge can we best defend ourselves.)

2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=但我相信，知识仍是我们最有力的防范手段。)

8.I’m down to three seconds.

Paraphrase the sentence.

(=I have reduced the time I need to open the safety box to three seconds.)

9.I wrapped my finger around the trigger and finally squeezed it, simultaneously accepting the

intruder’s death at my own hand and the relief of not being a victim.

Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=我手指扣住扳机，最后用力一扣，在亲手结束了侵入者生命的同时也庆幸自己没有成为牺牲品。)

II. Words & Expressions

shun: vt.keep away from; avoid

- 他们也敦促外国债权人避开这个项目。

(=They are also urging foreign creditors to shun the project.)

- Managers shun conflicts and put off decisions until they reach consensus.

protest: v.express opposition through action or words

- 她极力反对别人说她势利眼。

(=She protested strongly at being called a snob.)

- The union organized a demonstration in order to protest unsafe conditions.

take the plunge: take a bold decisive step, esp. after thinking about it for some time

- 登山者在对大山了如指掌之前是不会轻易冒险攀登的。

(=The climber never seems to take the plunge until he gets to know the mountain.)

- For those who really want change, it’s enough for them to take the plunge.

curse:n. profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger

- 你可以将苦痛转化为诅咒，亦可以把它转化为诗篇。

(=You can turn your pain into a curse or into poetry.)

- His talent is both his strength and his curse.

New York cabbies:

They are known for their temper and rudeness, as well as high speed.

trap: vt.catch in or as if in a trap

- The mountains trap rains and fogs generated over the ocean.

- 记者用计诱使那个官员泄露了一个秘密。

(=The reporter trapped the official into giving away a secret.)

aggressive: adj.characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight

- More aggressive animals, such as tigers and bears, use teeth and nails to attack other creatures or

defend their territory.

- 侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。

(=Aggressive nations threaten world peace.)

odds:n.the likelihood of a thing occurring rather than not occurring

- 还是新兴经济体的几率更大，尤其是中国。

(=The odds are better in emerging economies, especially China.)

- What was the biggest factor that turned the odds in your favour?

in one’s favor:to the advantage of sb.

- The conditions are in our favor.

- 欧洲的一个优势是：货物价格偏低。

(=One factor in Europe’s favor is that merchand ise is trading at cheap prices.)

depart:vi.die; go away or leave, esp. on a journey

- 无人知道自己何时会离开世界。

(=No one knows when we will depart this earth through death.)

- If you are a student planning to depart in September, you cannot apply before June. - The train for Edinburgh departs at 7:00 a.m.

confirm:vt.provide evidence for the truth of; establish the truth of

- 他的支持更坚定了我出国的决心。

(=His support confirmed my determination to go abroad.)

- The local government confirmed on Sunday a bird flu outbreak at two chicken farms.

senseless:adj.not marked by the use of reason

- 现在正是我们停止一切无谓争论的时候了。

(=It’s about time we called a halt to all this senseless arguing.)

- The senseless murder of a small child stirred up the whole neighborhood.

intense: adj.very great or severe; extreme

- Do you have an intense desire for truth and honesty?

- 大萧条给南方带来了极大的贫困。

(=The depression brought intense poverty to the South.)

disgust:vt.offend the taste or moral sense of; repel

- The awful food at the inn disgusted us.

- 她在餐桌上的糟糕表现令我讨厌。

(=Her terrible manners at the dinner table disgusted me.)

defend: vt.protect sb./sth. from harm

- When the dog attacked me, I defended myself with a stick.

- 哨兵守卫大门以防突然袭击。

(=The sentry defended the gate against sudden attack.)

stopping power:

Here the phrase refers to the power to prevent sth./sb. from acting, by the strength with which a gunshot is delivered.

Smith & Wesson 38 Special:

a kind of 38 caliber handgun produced by Smith & Wesson

insure: vt.make sure, certain, or secure

- Please insure that the lights are switched off before leaving the building.

- 他的才气和执着将确保他成功。

(=His talent and dedication will insure his success.)

count on: rely on; be confident of

- 我们在期待着您的合作。

(=We are counting on your cooperation.)

- You can always count on Kent to be punctual.

recommend:vt.speak favorably of sb./sth.; advise

- I can recommend him as an extremely good accountant.

- 你给我介绍一本好的小说行吗？

(=Can you recommend me a good novel?)

impact:n.hitting of one object against another

- 炸弹在撞击时立即爆炸。

(=The bomb exploded on impact.)

- Her speech made a tremendous impact on everyone.

draw the line at sth./doing sth.: refuse to do or refuse to tolerate sth.

- I swear quite a lot, but even I draw the line at saying certain words.

- 我帮忙倒无所谓，但可不能什么事都让我做。

(=I don’t mind helping, but I draw the line at doing everything myself.)

relieve:vt.lessen or remove

- This drug will relieve your discomfort.

- 这项政策的实施会解除他们的巨大负担。

(=The implementation of this policy would relieve them of a tremendous burden.)

advocate: vt.speak, plead, or argue in favor of

- 必须大力提倡并实施有效学习。

(=We must vigorously advocate and implement effective learning.)

- People who advocate this new technology are convinced that it will allow quicker and more efficient elections.

simultaneously: adv.at the same instant

- 这使人们几乎得以同时或即刻收到讯息。

(=This makes people almost receive information simultaneously or in time.)

- Only humans have a brain big enough to do all these simultaneously and do them well.

weigh: vt.consider carefully the relative value or importance of sth.

- 我们要仔细权衡做这种手术的好处与风险。

(=We should weigh the advantages of the operation against the risks involved.)

- People should weigh the consequence of their action before making a decision.

不定式、动名词、过去分词 作定语的用法

不定式作定语的用法 不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。 一些名词后常用不定式作定语，如：chance(机会），way(方法），time(时间）等；另外，the first,the second,the last,the only等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词，它们或它们所修饰的代词后，也常用不定式作定语。 不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系；有的是动宾关系；有的是动状关系，还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系。 1、主谓关系的 （1）We must find a person to do the work. (2) There is no one to take care of her. (3) In my family, my mother is always the first one to get up. (4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave. (5) We need someone to go and get a doctor. 2、动宾关系的 如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系，不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。注意：是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是不及物动词的，要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语。 （1） He has a lot of books to read. (2) I would like a magazine to look at. (3) Here is some advice for you to follow. (4) Do you have anything else to say? (5) There is no one to take care of. (6) She has nothing to worry about.

分词作定语解析与练习

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wounded 2. The meeting next Thursday mainly aims to deal with the problems linked to teenagers’mental health. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. having been held 3. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known 4 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing Mining Company_____ as 3M. A. knowing. B. known. C. being known. D. to be known 5 The _____ dishes lay on the floor. A breaking. B. broken. C. broke. D. break 6 the ship______ by a huge piece of iceberg sank 沉没with its passengers. A. hitting. B. hit. C. hitted. D. to hit. 7 Tell Mary that there’s someone ____ for her at the door. A. waiting. B. waits. C. waited. D. to wait.

过去分词作后置定语例句

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1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。 例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式 例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语 作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。 例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse. B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。 例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting.

分词做定语练习

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英语计划总结之现在分词和过去分词作定语的意义和用法

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的水）； a broken cup 一个破杯子（被打破的杯子）； an honored teacher 一个被人尊敬的老师 B. 表示动作已经发生或者完成.如： an injured boy一个受伤的男孩（已经受伤）； a retired worker 一个退休工人（已经退休）； a developed country一个发达国家（已经完成发展的过程）； some fallen leaves 一些落叶（已经落下的叶子） 二、分词短语常作后置定语,放在被修饰的名词后面,相当于一个定语从句. 1. 现在分词常带有“正在……”的含义.例如： The boy standing near the window is my brother. （相当于The boy who is standing near the window is my brother.）正站在窗户旁边的那个男孩是我的兄弟. 2. 过去分词表常表示被动含义.例如： The novel written by Lu Xun is my favourite. （相当于The novel which was written by Lu Xun is my favourite.）这本鲁迅写的小说是我最喜欢的.

过去分词作定语表语练习题(含答案)

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3. The ___________ news made us ___________.(disappoint) 4. The ___________ mother went to visit Einstein. (puzzle) 5. Madame Curie found husband’s death ___________ .(shoc k) 6. I saw the boy very ___________ (excite) 7. _________(encourage), the girl was determined to study harder and make greater progress. 8. Be brave. You look like a___________ bird (frighten)（惊弓之鸟） 9. The fierce lion looks __________(frighten). Keep away from its cage or it will attack you. 10. The look on her face was very ___________ (confuse) . Ⅲ. Fill the form with V-ed 1. The book ___________________ (一本农民写的书) is very popular. 2. The building _____________(去年建的楼

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(完整版)动名词、动词不定式、分词作定语区别

动词的不定式,\分词\.动名词的区别及其用法、搭配。 答：非谓语动词包括动词不定式。动名词和分词三种形式,分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。这三种形式都是由动词变来的,但在句子中都不能作谓语,故这三种形式被称为非谓语动词。下面就这三种形式在用法上的区别浅析如下: 一、动词不定式和动名词在句子中均可作主语和表语 在表示一个具体的。个别的或将来的动作时,要用动词不定式。如: My job is to teach the first-year students grammar. To study English well is very important. 在表示比较抽象的一般的行为和动作时,二者可以互换。如: To climb mountains is a good form of exercise. Climbing mountains is a good form of exercise. 二、动名词、现在分词和动词不定式都可以作定语 1.动名词作定语时,和它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示被修饰名词的一般用途,必须位于名词之前。如: There is a swimming pool in our school. 2.现在分词作定语时,和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,表示所修饰名词的特征。如: Listen to the singing bird. Who is the boy running towards us。 3.动词不定式作定语时,当所修饰的名词指人时,和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如: He is always the first to come to school. 当所修饰的名词指物时,和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。如: I have a meeting to attend. 如果作定语的动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词,需加上相应的介词。如:

【过去分词作定语】过去分词作定语的用法ppt

【过去分词作定语】过去分词作定语的用法ppt 过去分词作定语 什么是定语？ 用来修饰名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或词组。 可以用作定语的有形容词，名词，不定式，分词，介词短语，等。 A. 位置 一般来说 1.单个的过去分词作定语，通常前置，放在被修饰 的名词之前。但是，若修饰不定代词（something, anything, nobody, everything等）或指示代词 （those，these）时，要后置。 2.过去分词短语作定语时，通常后置。

e.g. an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人 everybody invited 每个被邀请的人 meals cooked by experts B. 特点 单个过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前，表示 被动和完成意义。 a类：被动意义： an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人 The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的工人现正在医院受到良好的照料。

b类：完成意义：（不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，而表示 完成） boiled water＝water that has boiled开（过的）水 the fallen leaves 落叶（fall 落下 vi.） a developed country 发达国家 C类：有些过去分词作定语既表被动，又表完成。如： Is there anything planned ＝that has been planned) for the weekend﹖ 周末安排了什么活动没有？ Did you aept the invitation given(＝that had been given) by the tour guide?

过去分词作定语用法

过去分词作定语用法(学生版)（Past Participles Used as Attributes） 过去分词作定语，在语态上，表被动；在时间上，表示动作已经发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾关系。 过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，已经完成并具有被动意义。例如： He is a teacher_________(love) by his students. 他是个很受学生爱戴的老师。 也有用不及物动词的过去分词作定语的情况，一般作前置定语，它不表示被动意义，只表示主动意义，强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。例如： _________（fall）leaves 落叶 _________(retire)workers 退休工人 the _________(rise)sun 升起了的太阳 the _________(rise)sun正在升起的太阳 注意下面过去分词作定语的几种情况： 1. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。例如： We needed much more _________(qualify) workers. 我们需要更多的合格的工人。 My friend is a_________(return) student. 我的朋友是个归国的留学生。 单个分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作。例如： They decided to change the material_________(use). 他们决定更换使用的材料。 2. 过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面，作后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如： The student dressed in white is my daughter. =The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.)穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。 3. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如： Is there anything _________(unsolve)? 还有没解决的问题吗？ There is noting _________(change) here since I left this town.自从我离开这个城镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。 4. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词，常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放在其修饰的名词前，作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体，所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。例如： This is a state-owned factory. 这是一家国营工厂。 This is our school-run factory. 这是我们的校办工厂。 5. 作前置定语的某些动词的过去分词的形式与作谓语或表语的过去分词的形式往往不一样。例如： 原形用作定语的过去分词用作表语或谓语的过去分词 drink drunken drunk light lighted light/ lit melt melted melted sink sunken sunk We lit the candle and the candle lit up the room. 我们点着蜡烛，蜡烛照亮房间。 There is a lighted candle on the table. 桌上有一支点着的蜡烛。

现在分词的七种用法

现在分词的七种用法 （一）作定语 1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。例如： The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. 3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。例如： Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如： This is an English-speaking country. （二）作表语 现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如： The story is moving. （三）现在分词在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。例如： We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) （四）作状语 现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。例如： Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。例如： Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。例如：While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing 形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。例如： Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。例如： He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。例如： He sat by the roadside, begging. （五）现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如： Having finished his homework, he left the classroom. （六）现在分词的被动式 当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用V-ing 形式的被动式。例如： The factory being built now is a big one. （七）现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。例如：