On the Cultural Difference in Facial Expressions

On the Cultural Difference in Facial Expressions Abstract:This paper mainly provides a brief introduction to nonverbal communication and its relationship with culture and respectively explores facial expressions (one branch of nonverbal communication) under Chinese and American cultural backgrounds.

Key words: nonverbal communication; facial expressions; cultural difference

1.Introduction

Language is a very important but not the only carrier of communication. Apart from verbal communication, people also use facial expressions, body movements, tones, colors, dressing, time and space etc. to carry their social interaction. These communication which proceeds without using of language are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal behaviors have an irreplaceable role in the realization of communication. According to surveys, only 7% social interaction is carried by direct language and nonverbal behaviors are much more effective in expressing people’s true feelings, attitudes, psychological activities and values(陈艳，2007:91).

As language is the carrier and component of culture, people often regard acquiring a foreign language as an important means in intercultural communication and easily neglect the existence and function of nonverbal behaviors. While in fact, just like language, nonverbal language is heavily culture-colored and has a close relationship with the certain culture in which it is cultivated. (樊军丽2009:199) The formation and function of nonverbal communication is largely shaped by certain cultural environment. Sometimes, a friendly nonverbal behavior in one culture can be

interpreted as offensive in other cultures. Thus people should pay more attention to the cultural differences embodied in nonverbal behaviors to avoid unpleasant misunderstanding in intercultural communication.

As a part of nonverbal communication, facial expression is the most direct and effective way to express one’s feelings and emotions. It is said that facial expression is the most important component of nonverbal communication and the most direct and visional way to interpret other’s attitudes toward the communication. In our daily life, we often hear the words like, all your anger is clearly written on your face, which suggests that human emotions can be reflected through one’s face, even unconsciously. There are six pancultural and universal facial expressions. They are happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and surprise. The production and interpretation of facial expressions are varied according to different cultures. It is quite necessary to study the facial expressions in different cultural backgrounds.

2.On the Cultural Difference in Facial Expressions

2.1 General analysis of facial expressions

Face is the most expressive part of human body. As an important means of communication, facial expressions are also named as emotional expressions. Some facial movements as simple as frown, raise brows and smiles can also convey people’s feelings and inform the participant of the communication how the other participants feel. What’s the most interesting point is that people never realize how they are dependent on facial expressions in daily communication. Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen worked out a set of system called Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST)

which divided human faces into three zones---zone one, brows and forehead; zone two, eyes, eyelids and bridge of the nose; zone three, cheeks, nose, mouth, the upper jaw and the lower jaw. Every part of face can express our feelings or provide clues for us to interpret others’ feelings.

When connecting feelings, emotions with facial expressions we should also take culture into consideration as culture plays a crucial role in deciding the degree and frequency of people’s use of facial expressions. Some facial expressions have universal similar meanings while others have certain meanings in certain cultural context. For instance, Chinese people often use laughter to cover up their awkwardness or other negative feelings and only show true emotions to people closest to them while the Americans are brought up and taught to show their true feelings all the time. Cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings in intercultural communication. The best solution to this problem could be to respect and understand this kind of differences.

2.2. Eyes movements

Eyes movements include eye contact, avoidance of eye contact and other movements. For example, turns one’s eyes to others, raise brows, look into people’s eyes for information and so on. Eye contact can be defined as staring other’s eyes. It functions in many ways in our daily life, such as control conversations and the degree of closeness, showing people’s interest toward a topic or not, receiving feedback information and influencing the attitude of other people who involve in this conversation. (王炎2010:97)In some cultures direct eye contact shows respect to

other people while in other cultures it has a totally opposite effect. In most cases, Chinese tend to get shy and avoid direct eye contact when speak to others or give a public speech. On the contrary, eye contact is expected in western culture and the speaker would look at his audiences from time to time to keep a good interaction. Stare and stare at each other are two subcategories of eye contact. The definition of stare is to gaze at someone’s face from a certain direction. Stare and other eye contact play an important role in telling people’s position of power. Some researches reveal that people with more power and higher position tend to get more stare and eye contact. The linguist Ling once pointed that in some countries people would low down their eyes to show their respect while in other cultures this can be interpreted as offensive.

2.3 Smile and laugher

Smile and laugher are universally used as an expression of friendliness, closeness, happiness and so on. However, under certain circumstance Chinese’ laughter will lead to westerners’misconstruction. For example, an American parked his bicycle and carelessly got it down to the ground. He felt embarrassed for his awkward movement but suddenly the surrounding Chinese people busted into laughter which made him angered and felt humiliated. Another example is that a foreigner broke a plate in a restaurant and felt awkward. But it was the surrounding Chinese’ laughter intensified his humiliation and anger. In fact, the surrounding Chinese didn’t mean to laugh at these foreigners but to laugh and convey a message that it’s a small case, just smile and let it go, these accidents happen to everybody. However, according to the

interpretation of a westerner who came from a different culture, laugh could only intensify their anger and embarrassment. Smiling at a stranger without particular reason could puzzle a Chinese while in western culture it’s the most common way to express friendliness. So when is an appropriate time to laugh and smile depends on whom we communicate with.

2.4. Individualism and collectivism

Hofstede developed five value dimensions among which the first one is individualism and collectivism. (Hofstede, 2008:209) Culture affects how we act and read faces. Differences in facial expression between cultures have been termed as cultural display rules. Different cultures develop subtlety different rules and we learn this type of rules as we grow up in them, even unconsciously. One significant distinction is made between the culture generally considered as collectivism such as Chinese and the culture usually regarded as individualism such as Americans. The so called individualism refers to a value system which emphasizes the importance of country and collective over that of personal interests. Everyone is a member of the collective and a single person could hardly achieve anything without the help and strength of collective. Everyone in a collective culture is required to value the strength of cooperation and cherish friendship, family and so on. On the contrary, individualism holds the idea that although personal development can not be realized without the help of collective but it is the pursuit of personal interests and happiness that finally promote the social progress. (王雪，顾相菊2010:167)Thus priority is given to personal needs among other social affairs. Interpersonal relationship is also

valued in individualistic culture, but in a rather looser way.

In short, collectivistic cultures emphasize community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, tradition, the public good, and maintaining face. Individualism cultures emphasize personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression. (Samovar, 2009:141) Collectivist cultures tend to prize “fitting in”and homogeneity and getting along with others, while individualist cultures tend to emphasize the importance of individual autonomy and power. That could be a good reason to why Americans have much more intense facial expressions than Chinese do. Chinese tend to control their natural facial expressions thus to mask their true feelings. Just as the example suggests, Chinese and other Asian people often use smile to cover up some negative emotions. Chinese culture values reserved low profile, emotions are usually repressed rather than freely expressed. However, according to American individualism, any emotion should be clearly reflected in order to make one’s inner world completely expressed.

3. Conclusion

The difference of display and read facial expressions between Chinese and American are rooted in cultural difference. Hence the key point to intercultural communication is to cultivate an appropriate attitude toward these differences, try our best to avoid the sense of cultural superiority and gradually elevate our cultural awareness. Only in doing so can we carry intercultural communication smoothly and successfully.

Reference

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2. 樊军丽. 浅析非语言交际的差异[J]. 科技情报开发与经济，2009年第34期3．王炎. 面部表情与中西方文化差异[J]. 文教资料，2010年25卷

4. Hofstede, Greet. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors,

Institutions and Organizations.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2008.

5. 王雪，顾相菊. 集体主义和个人主义——中美社会文化差异理解的关键[J].

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6. Samovar, Larry A. , et al. Communication Between Cultures[M]. Beijing: Peking

University Press, 2009.

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句号① 问号符号用法说明。？1．用于陈述句的末尾。 2．用于语气舒缓的祈使句末尾。 1．用于疑问句的末尾。 2．用于反问句的末尾。 1．用于感叹句的末尾。 叹号！ 2．用于语气强烈的祈使句末尾。 3．用于语气强烈的反问句末尾。举例 xx是xx的首都。 请您稍等一下。 他叫什么名字？ 难道你不了解我吗？为祖国的繁荣昌盛而奋斗！停止射击！ 我哪里比得上他呀！ 1．句子内部主语与谓语之间如需停顿，用逗号。我们看得见的星星，绝大多数是恒星。 2．句子内部动词与宾语之间如需停顿，用逗号。应该看到，科学需要一个人贡献出毕生的精力。 3．句子内部状语后边如需停顿，用逗号。对于这个城市，他并不陌生。 4．复句内各分句之间的停顿，除了有时要用分号据说苏州园林有一百多处，我到过的不外，都要用逗号。过十多处。 顿号、用于句子内部并列词语之间的停顿。

2时间介词in,on,at的用法

介词in on at 表示时间的用法及区别 Step1 Teaching Aims 教学生掌握时间介词in,on和at的区别及用法。 Step2 Teaching Key and Difficult Points 教学生掌握时间介词in,on和at的区别及用法。 Step3 Teaching Procedures 1.用in的场合后所接的都是较长时间 (1)表示“在某世纪/某年代/特定世纪某年代/年/季节/月”这个含义时，须用介词in Eg: This machine was invented in the eighteenth century. 这台机器是在18世纪发明的。 、 She came to this city in 1980. 他于1980年来到这个城市。 It often rains here in summer. 夏天这里常常下雨。 (2)表示“从现在起一段时间以后”时，须用介词in。(in+段时间表将来) Eg: They will go to see you in a week. 他们将在一周后去看望你。

I will be back in a month. 我将在一个月后回来。 (3)泛指一般意义的上、下午、晚上用in, in the morning / evening / afternoon Eg: They sometimes play games in the afternoon. 他们有时在下午做游戏。 Don't watch TV too much in the evening. 晚上看电视不要太多。（4）A. 当morning, evening, afternoon被of短语修饰，习惯上应用on, 而不用in. Eg: on the afternoon of August 1st & B. 但若前面的修饰词是early, late时，虽有of短语修饰，习惯上应用in, 而不用on. Eg: in the early morning of September 10th 在9月10的清晨； Early in the morning of National Day, I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo. 国庆节一清早，我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车。 2.用on的场合后所接的时间多与日期有关 （1）表示“在具体的某一天”或（在具体的某一天的）早上、中午、晚上”，或“在某一天或某一天的上午，下午，晚上”等，须用介

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

介词in-on-at在表示时间时的用法

介词in, on, at在表示时间时的用法区别 ①in时间范围大（一天以上）如：in Tanuary, in winter, in 1999;泛指在上午，下午，晚上，如：in the morning(afternoon, evening). 习惯用法：in the daytime 在白天。 ②on指在某一天或某一天的上午，下午，晚上，如：on Monday, on Sunday afternoon, on July 1, 1999 ③at时间最短，一般表示点时间，如at six o’clock, at three thirty.习惯用法：at night, at noon, at this time of year. in, on和at在表达时间方面的区别 in 表示在某年、某季节、某月、某周、某天和某段时间 in a year在一年中 in spring 在春季 in September 在九月 in a week 在一周中 in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/傍晚 但在中午，在夜晚则用at noon/night on 表示某一天或某一天的某段时间 on Monday 在周一 on Monday afternoon 在周一下午 on March 7th 在3月7日 on March 7th, 1998. 在1998年3月7日 on the morning of March 7th, 1998. 在1998年3月7日上午

at 表示某个具体时刻。 at eight o’clock 在8点钟 at this time of the year 在一年中的这个时候 at the moment 在那一时刻 at that time 在那时 注意：在英语中，如果时间名词前用this, last, next 等修饰时，像这样的表示，“在某时”的时间短语前，并不需要任何介词。 例如：last month, last week, this year, this week, next year, the next day, the next year 等。 1．What’s the weather like in spring/summer/autumn/winter in your country? 你们国家春天/夏天/秋天/冬天的天气怎么样？ in 在年、月、周较长时间内 in a week 在里面 in the room 用某种语言 in English 穿着 in red on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面 on the desk 靠吃……为生live on rice 关于 a book on Physics 〔误〕We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak. 〔正〕We got to the top of the mountain at day break. 〔析〕at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。〔误〕Don't sleep at daytime 〔正〕Don't sleep in daytime. 〔析〕in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或in the week / month / year. 或in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。 〔误〕We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon. 〔正〕We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon. 〔析〕in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

微课创作说明及作品简介

作品简介 本微课视频的教学内容为牛津小学英语5B Unit8 At the weekends (B)部分的单词教学。本部分的教学内容和教学重点是掌握6个昆虫类单词及insects的发音。教学目标是让学生通过微视频的学习，能够正确、流利地朗读6种昆虫类的单词以及单词insects，并能够熟练运用。教学难点是让学生读准单词发音，掌握发音规律，掌握以字母y结尾的可数名词变为复数时的变化规则。情感态度方面，需要学生具有通过微视频学习知识的兴趣，能够积极、主动的参与到教学活动中来，通过微视频学习的方式，掌握语言技能；能够根据自己对知识的掌握程度和实际需要借助视频学习的优势，反复观看，解决自己的难点问题，积极参与到视频教学中的操练项目，巩固和运用知识。 作品的创作说明： 教学设计 教学内容：牛津小学英语5B Unit8 At the weekends (B) 教学目标：让学生通过微视频学习，能够正确、流利地朗读6种昆虫类的单词以及单词insects，并能够熟练运用。 教学重点：熟练掌握6个昆虫类单词及insects的发音 教学难点：让学生读准6个昆虫类单词及insects的发音，掌握发音规律，知道以y结尾的可数名词变为复数时的变化规律。 教学过程：

Step 1借助情境图，激发兴趣，揭示课题 1.出示情境图，公园的一角 T: Here’s a picture. Is it nice? What can you see in the picture? T: Today, let’s learn some words about insects. 2.揭示课题，读2遍 Step2利用猜谜的游戏，呈现新单词，学习新单词 1.边听边猜，激发兴趣，学习新单词a grasshopper , a bee 教师讲两个昆虫的特点，让学生猜他们是什么？学生猜对后，教师呈现昆虫的图和单词，带领学生跟读，并指导单词grasshopper中a 和o的发音以及字母组合ee的发音。利用已知的单词学习新单词的发音。 2.自主阅读，猜一猜，他们是哪些昆虫 （1）学生自己读文本，猜文本中所指的是哪些昆虫。学生抓住昆虫的特点，思考。 （2）核对答案，并学习他们的发音，同时学习他们的复数形式及发音。 （3）引导学生观察发现，掌握以辅音字母+y 结尾的可数名词复数形式的变化规律。 3．整体呈现单词，齐读 整体呈现新单词，播放录音让学生整体跟读一遍，加以巩固。Step3 巩固操练 1.仔细阅读，根据歌谣内容，选择正确的图，填空。

inonat的时间用法和地点用法版

精心整理in，on，at的时间用法和地点用法 一、in,on,at的时间用法 1、固定短语： inthemorning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/傍晚, 2 （on thenextmonth第二个月（以过去为起点的第二个月，nextmonth以现在为起点的下个月） everyday每天 onemorning一天早晨 yesterdayafternoon昨天下午

tomorrowmorning明天早晨 allday/morning/night整天/整个早晨/整晚（等于thewholeday/morning/night）mostofthetime（在）大多数时间 3、一般规则 除了前两点特殊用法之外，其他≤一天，用on，＞一天用in，在具体时刻或在某时用at（不强调时间范围） 关于 On 1 2) 3) （注意：节日里有表人的词汇先复数再加s’所有格，如 onChildren’sDay,onWomen’sDay,onTeachers’Day有四个节日强调单数之意思，onMother’sDay,onFather’sDay,onAprilFool’sDay,onValentine’sDay） 星期、onSunday在周日，onSundaymorning在周日早晨onthelastFridayofeachmonth在每个月的最后一个星期五

日期、onJune2nd在六月二日 onthesecond(ofJune2nd)在六月的第二天即在六月二日onthemorningofJune2nd在六月二日的早晨，onarainymorning在一个多雨的早晨 onacertainday在某天 onthesecondday在第二天（以过去某天为参照） 关于 In 1 2) InJune在六月 inJune,2010在2010年六月 in2010在2010年 inamonth/year在一个月/年里（在将来时里翻译成一个月/年之后） inspring在春天

微课的类型介绍

创作编号：BG7531400019813488897SX 创作者：别如克* 微课的类型介绍 按照不同的划分方法，微课可以被分为许多种类型，其中按照教学方法来分类，微课大致可以划分为分别为五类，分别为：讲授类、讨论类、启发类、演示类、练习类等。那么今天我们就为大家介绍几种常见的微课类型，以便于大家在今后的微课制作中有更好设计思路和创意。 一、讲授类 讲授类微课适用于教师运用口头语言向学生传授知识,如描绘情境、叙述事实、解释概念、论证原理和阐明规律。这是中小学最常见、最主要的一种微课类型。 1.课堂实录微缩版 这种类型的微课中有教师、有学生、有活动、有交互……然而学生不是教研员，也不是评课专家。他不需要观看师生活动过程，学生需要的仅仅是学习内容本身。 2.画中画版 这种方式的优点在于，老师的头像出现在视频局部，仿佛老师就在自己身边一对一讲解，亲切而自然，更易于被学生接受从而愿意去学习。 二、讨论类 讨论类微课适用于在教师指导下，由全班或小组围绕某一种中心问题通过发表各自意见和看法，共同研讨，相互启发，集思广益地进行学习。 三、演示类 1.幻灯片动画式 演示类微课适用于教师在课堂教学时，把实物或直观教具展示给学生看，或者作示范性的实验，或通过现代教学手段，通过实际观察获得感性知识以说明和印证所传授知识。 PPT类微课是指教师借助PPT的视频录制功能将嵌入有课程讲解配音的PPT直接录制成流媒体视频。这类微课视频的制作门槛低，要求老师必须具备一定的动画设计制作能力。 2.手机+白纸 工具随手可得，技术难度低，操作快捷方便，画面真实亲切，并且易于分享

结语： 但在实际微课的设计与拍摄时，老师还得根据课程的性质、教学的要求、学校的实际硬件条件及自身的技术能力来选择微课的类型，只有这样，微课才能真正与课堂教学相结合，并能通过翻转课堂教学来提升课程教学的质量。 创作编号：BG7531400019813488897SX 创作者：别如克*

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

常用标点符号主要用法

常用标点符号主要用法 问号 1、用在特指问句后。如：(7)你今年多大了？ 2、用在反问句后。如：(8)为什么我们不能刻苦一点呢？ ?提示：反问句若语气缓和，末尾可用句号；若语气重可用感叹号。如：(9)国家 主席可以活活被整死；堂堂大元帅受辱骂；……这哪里还有什么尊重可言！ 3、用在设问句后。如：(10)我们能让你计划实现吗？不会的。 4、用在选择问句中。如：(11)我们是革命呢，还是要现大洋？ ( 12)你到底是去，还是不去？ 5、用在表疑问的独词句后。如：(13)我？不可能吧。 ?提示：若疑问句为倒装句，问号应放在句末。如：(14)到底出了什么问题，你的 车？(若说成：“到底出了什么问题？你的车。”则错误。) ?特别提示： 句号、问号均表示句末停顿。句号用于陈述句末尾，问号用于疑问句末尾。有些句 中虽有疑问词，但全句并不是疑问句，句末只能用句号，不能用问号。 例如：(17)……最后应求出铜块的体积是多少？ (18)面对千姿百态、纷繁芜杂的期刊世界，有哪位期刊编辑不想通过期刊版面设 计为刊物分朱布白、添花增色呢？ (19)关于什么是智力？国内外争论多年也没有定论。 (17) (18) ( 19)三句都是非疑问句，(17) (18)句中问号均应改为句号，(19)句中的问号应改为逗号。 感叹号 ?特别提示： 1、在表感叹或祈使语气的主谓倒装句中，感叹号要放在句末。 如：(20)多么雄伟壮观啊，万里长城！ 2、句前有叹词，后是感叹句，叹号放在句末。 如：(21)啊，这儿多么美丽！ 下面介绍句中点号的用法。句中点号包括逗号、分号、顿号、和冒号四种。 逗号 提示：复句内各分句之间的停顿，除了有时用分号外，都要用逗号。 顿号 用于句中并列的词、词组之间较小的停顿。 如：(22)邓颖超的品德、人格、风范为中华民族树立了一座精神丰碑。 (23)从1918年起，鲁迅陆续发表了《狂人日记》、《药》、《祝福》等短篇小说。 ?特别提示：以下九种情况不用顿号。 1、不定数的两个数字间不用顿号。 如：(24)你的年龄大概是十六七岁。(不能写成“十六、七岁”) ?【注意】相邻的两个数字而非约数之间要用顿号。