工程管理专业英语第三章翻译
Chapter3 Labor, Material and Equipment Utilization
劳动力、材料和设备利用
3.1 Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity
影响工地生产率的因素
Job-site productivity is influenced by many factors which can be characterized either as labor characteristics, project work conditions or as non-productive activities.
影响工地生产率的因素很多，大致分为劳动力特性、工程工作条件（环境）和非生产性活动。
The labor characteristics include:
劳力特性包含：
Age, skill and experience of workforce
Leadership and motivation of workforce
员工的年龄、技能和工作经验
员工的领导力和动力
The project work conditions include among other factors:
工程施工环境因素包括：
Sob size and complexity工作规模和复杂性
Job site accessibility工作场地的易接近性
Labor availability劳力的可用性
Equipment utilization设备的使用
Contractual agreements合同
Local climate当地的气候
Local cultural characteristics, particularly in foreign operations当地的文化特征，特别是海外工作的文化特征
The non-productive activities associated with（与…相关，与…联系）a project may or may not be paid by the owner, but they nevertheless take up potential labor resources （占据可能的劳动力资源）which can otherwise be directed to the project.
与项目有关的非生产型工作业主可以支付，也可以不支付，但他们占据潜在的劳动力资源，这些资源原本可以投入到项目中的.
The non-productive activities include among other factors:
非生产型活动包括：
Indirect labor required to maintain the progress of the project
维护工程进度的间接性劳力
Rework for correcting unsatisfactory（不合格的）work
不合格任务的返工
Temporary work stoppage（停工）due to inclement （严酷的）weather or material shortage严酷的天气或者物料缺乏导致的临时停工
Time off for union activities因工会活动而休假
Absentee（缺勤）time, including late start and early quits缺勤时间，包括迟到和早退
Non-working holidays节假日
Strikes罢工
Each category of factors affects the productive labor available to a project as well as the on-site labor efficiency.
每类因素都影响生产劳动力的可用性和现场劳动力效率。
Labor Characteristics劳动力特征
Performance analysis is a common tool for assessing worker quality and contribution.
绩效分析是评定员工能力和贡献的一种通用方法。
Factors that might be evaluated include:
评估的要素可以包括：
Quality of work----caliber of work produced or accomplished工作质量—所完成工作的水准
Quantity of work----volume of acceptable work工作数量—可承担工作的份量
Job knowledge----demonstrated（证明，说明，表示）knowledge of requirements, methods, techniques and skills involved in doing the job and in applying these to increase productivity
工作知识—工作中应用到的需求知识、方法、技能和技巧，以提高生产率效率
Related Work Knowledge –knowledge of effects of work upon other areas and knowledge of related areas which have influence on assigned work
相关的工作知识—其他相关领域能对当前工作产生影响和效果的知识
Judgment-soundness of conclusion, decisions and actions
稳健的判断力，用于总结、决策和行动
Initiative-ability to take effective action without being told
主动性，积极主动高效的执行工作
Resource Utilization-ability to delineate（叙述、归纳）project needs and locate, plan and effectively use all resources available.
资源的利用能力，归纳项目的需求，确定计划和有效利用所有可用的资源
These different factors could each be assessed on a three point scale:(1)recognized strength,(2)meets expectations,(3)area needing improvement.
这些不同的因素可以评定为三个等级：1）优秀2）达到期望3）需要进步。
Examples of work performance in these areas might also be provided.
也可以0
Job-site labor productivity （现场劳动生产率）can be estimated either for each craft （工艺，行业）(carpenter, bricklayer, etc.) or each type of construction (residential housing, processing plant, etc.) under a specific set of work conditions.
在特定的工作环境下，现场劳动生产率可以按照工种进行进行评估（如木匠，瓦匠等），也可以按照建设类型评估（如住宅，流程型工厂等）。
A base（基准）labor productivity may be defined for a set of work conditions specified
（指定;具体说明,详细说明）by the owner or contractor who wishes to observe and measure the labor performance over a period of time under such conditions.
基准劳动生产率可以定义为：在给定的工作条件（环境）下，业主或承包商期望观测和衡量（此条件下）的一段时期内的劳动绩效。
A labor productivity index（指数）may then be defined as the ratio（比率）of the
job-site labor productivity under a different set of work conditions to the base labor productivity, and【从此处断开翻译】is a measure of the relative（相对的）labor efficiency of a project under this new set of work conditions.
劳动生产率指数可以定义为不同工作条件下现场的劳动生产率和基准劳动生产率的比率，它是对新工作条件下的项目中劳动力相对效率的计量。
①The effects of various factors related to work conditions on a new project can be
estimated in advance, some more accurately than others（指index）.
劳动生产率指数（可以）比其他指标更准确地预估与新项目工作条件相关的各种影响因素。
Eg1：They should check the day-light conditions and ventilation in different weather conditions in advance, if possible.
如果有条件的话,应提前对房屋在不同天气状况下的采光及通风状况进行考察。
eg：Another was that startups had to decide in advance how much to raise.
另一个问题是创业公司必须提前确定筹资数目。
②For example, for very large construction projects, the labor productivity index tends to
decrease as the project size and/or complexity(工程规模和/或复杂性) increase because of logistic（逻辑的、后勤的）problems（后勤问题）and the “learning” that the work force must undergo before adjusting to the new environment.
logistic
*A Thinking about Logistic Problem of Architectural Formal Language. 对建筑形式语言逻辑问题的思考
* The Problem of Logistic Industry Development in China and Policy Recommendation.
我国物流产业发展中的问题和政策建议
*logistic air support空中后勤支援
*logistic base供应基地
*logistic system科学化后勤制度
课后注释3：对大型的建设项目，因为后勤问题和劳动力在适应新环境前必须经过的学习过程，随着项目规模和/或复杂性的增长，劳动生产力指数趋于下降。
③Job-site accessibility often may reduce the labor productivity index if the workers must perform their jobs in round about ways, such as avoiding traffic in repaving the highway surface or maintaining the operation of a plant during renovation.
round about：绕大圈子的,迂回的(路等);转弯抹角的,委婉的;包围着的,广泛包含的;长胖了的Eg：I have had some experience of the great Cuff‘s round-about ways.
我对这位神通广大的卡夫的门道也摸透了几分。
翻译：如果工人们必须按（迂回、绕弯）规定的工作方式操作，现场辅助功能往往可能会降低劳动生产力指数，例如避免交通shigu路面加铺或在装修过程中维持工厂运营。
Labor availability in the local market is another factor.
在本地市场的劳动力可用性是另一个因素。
Shortage of local labor will force the contractor to bring in non-local labor or schedule overtime work or both.
本地劳动力短缺将迫使承建商引入非本地劳动力或/和安排加班工时。
In either case, the labor efficiency will be reduced in addition to incurring additional expense.
在这两种（引入非本地劳动力或/和安排加班工时）情况下，除了产生额外的费用，劳动效率将减少。
The degree of equipment utilization and mechanization(设备利用率和机械化) of a construction project clearly will have direct bearing on job-site labor productivity.
建筑项目的设备利用率和机械化程度对现场的劳动生产率有直接影响。
The contractual agreements play an important role in （the utilization of union or non-union(公会或非公会) labor, the use of subcontractors and the degree of field supervision）, all of which will impact job-site labor productivity.
合同协议在使用工会或非工会劳动力、使用分包商和现场监督程度中发挥重要的作用，而所有这些都将影响现场劳动生产率。
Since on-site construction essentially involves outdoor activities, the local climate will influence the efficiency of workers directly.
由于现场施工主要涉及户外活动，因此当地的气候会直接影响工作效率。
In foreign operations, the cultural characteristics of the host country should be observed in assessing the labor efficiency.
在海外业务中，在评估劳动效率中要注意东道国的文化特色。
Eg：Which country will be the host country for the next Olympic Games?
哪个国家将是下届奥运会的主办国?
Non-productive Activities非生产型劳动
The non-productive activities associated with a project should also be examined in order to examine the productive labor yield(有效劳动产出), which is defined as the ratio of direct labor hours devoted to the completion of a project to the potential labor hours （可能工时）.
还应该检查与项目有关的非生产性活动，以考察有效劳动产出，即为完成项目的直接工时与可能工时的比率。
The direct labor hours are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a job site by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield.
在作业现场最好的条件下估计直接人工工时，这要排除可能会降低有效劳动产出的所有因素。
Example3-1；Effects of job size on productivity
作业规模对生产力的影响
A contractor has established that under a set of “standard” work conditions for building
construction, a job requiring 500,000 labor hours is considered standard in determining the base labor productivity.
承建商已建立了一套“标准”建筑施工的工作条件，一项工作需要50万人工工时被认为是确定基本劳动生产率的标准。
All other factors being the same, the labor productivity index will increase to 1.1 or 110% for a job requiring only 400,000 labor-hours.
所有其他因素相同，一项工作只有40万人工工时时，劳动生产率指数将上升至1.1或110％。
Linear relation:线性关系
假如所需300000-700000工时之间存在线性关系，如图4-1所示，在完全相同的工作条件下，确定某项需要650000工时工作的劳动生产率指数。
? 3.3 Construction Equipment 施工设备
1.The selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipment often affects the required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a project.
选择合适的施工设备类型和大小，经常影响一个项目需要时间的多少和付出，以及因此而造成的现场生产率。
2.It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in construction.
所以，现场经理和施工计划者熟悉在施工中最常用的主要设备类型的特征是重要的。Excavation and Loading 开挖和装载
3.One family of construction machines used for excavation is broadly classified as a crane-shovel as indicated by the variety of machines in Figure 3-3.
用于开挖的施工机械家族的主要类型是起重式挖掘机，如图3-3所示的各种机器。
4.The crane-shovel consists of three major components:
起重式挖掘机由三个主要的部分组成：
5.a carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine.
保持机器移动性和稳定性的运载工具或底盘。
6. a revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control units.
包含动力和控制单元的可旋转舱面或转盘。
7. a front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation.
在操作中提供特殊功能服务的前置附加装置。
8.The type of mounting for all machines in Figure 3-3 is referred to as crawler mounting, which is particularly suitable for crawling over relatively rugged surfaces at a job site.
?图3-3中所示机器的底盘形态都是履带式底盘，尤其适用于在地面比较崎岖的施工现场爬行。
9. Other types of mounting include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility between job sites, but require better surfaces for their operation.
?其他底座的类型包括卡车式底盘和轮子式底盘，在施工现场具有更大的移动性，但是它们运行需要比较好的路面情况。
?10. The revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting and/or the revolving deck.
?转盘包括一个容纳人操作底盘和/或转盘的驾驶室。
?11. The types of front end attachments in Figure 3-3 might include a crane with hook, claim shell, dragline, backhoe, shovel and pile driver.
?图3-3中前置的附加装置大致包括：带吊钩的起重机、蛤壳、索斗铲、反铲挖土机、铲子和打桩机。
12. A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab.
?拖拉机包括一个履带式底盘和一个不可转动的驾驶舱组成。
13. When an earth moving blade is attached to the front end of a tractor, the assembly is called a bulldozer.
?当把推土板安装到拖拉机的前段时，这样的装置就叫做推土机。
14. When a bucket is attached to its front end, the assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader.
?把铲斗连接在它的前段，这样的装置就成了装卸机或者叫铲斗式装卸机。
15. There are different types of loaders designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and moisture contents.
?（目前）已经有不同种类的装卸机被设计出来用以有效地处理不同重量和水分含量的材料。
16. Scrapers are multiple-units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork.
?铲运机由拖拉机式卡车和刮板式铲斗多个部分装备结合而成，易于完成土方工作的装卸和拖运。
17. Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three axle scrapers, twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers, elevating scrapers, and push-pull scrapers.
?铲运机的主要型号包括单引擎双轴或三轴铲运机、双引擎全驱动轮的铲运机、升运式铲运机、推拉式铲运机。
18. Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistance, maneuverability stability, and speed in operation.
?每一种型号运行时的滚动阻力、机动稳定性以及速度方面各具特色。Compaction and Grading 压实和平整场地
19. The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically.
压实设备的作用就是通过机械使土产生跟高的密度。
20.The basic forces used in compaction are static weight, kneading, impact and vibration.
在压实过程中使用的基本力是静重力、捏合力、冲击力和震动力。
21. The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the properties of soil, its moisture content, the thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction. 可能达到的压实度取决于土质、土的含水量、所压实土层的厚度以及压实的方法。
22.The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to the desired shape and elevation.
?平整设备的用途就是使土方达到预期的形状和标高。
23. Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers.
?平整场地设备的主要形式包括发动机式平整机和平整修整机。
24. The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing, while the latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed.
?前者是一个多用途的机器可以进行平整和表面处理，后者因其具有较高的运行速度一般用于大型工程。
Drilling and Blasting 钻孔和爆破
25. Rock excavation is an audacious task requiring special equipment and methods.
岩石开挖是一项艰难的工作，需要特殊的设备和方法。
26. The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be excavated, such as grain size, planes of weakness, weathering, brittleness and hardness.
这项工作的难以程度依赖于要开挖的岩石类型的物理性质。例如粒径大小、软弱位面、风化度、脆度和硬度。
27. The task of rock excavation includes loosening, loading, hauling and compacting.
岩石开挖任务包括松散、装载、拉动和压实。
28. The loosening operation is specialized for rock excavation and is performed by drilling, blasting or ripping.
松散操作只是针对岩石开挖的，通过钻孔、爆破或者（人工）劈凿实现。
29.Major types of drilling equipment are percussion drills, rotary drills, and rotary-percussion drills.
?钻孔设备的主要类型包括冲击钻、旋转钻和旋转冲击钻。
30.A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotates without cutting on the upstroke.
?冲击钻的工作原理是在其旋转式依靠冲击力刺入和切削岩石，在它向上挑的时候并不切削岩石。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b34597176.html,mon types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which is hand-held and others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility.
?普通形式的冲击钻包括一个手提钻和为了便于移动而安装在固定框架或货车或爬行器的其他部分。
32.A rotary drill cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface.
?旋转钻的工作原理是使岩石表面旋转位移。
33. A rotary-percussion drill combines the two cutting movements to provide a faster penetration in rock..
?旋转冲击钻是结合了两种切削运动，从而能更快速地穿透岩石。
Lifting and Erecting 提升和安装
34. Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materials in industrial or building construction.
在工业或民用建筑中起重机通常用作材料的提升设备。
35. A derrick consists of a vertical mast and an inclined boom sprouting from the foot of the mast.
起重机包括一个垂直的桅杆和一个从桅杆底部伸出的倾斜吊架。
36. The mast is held in position by guys or stiff legs connected to a base while a topping lift links the top of the mast and the top of the inclined boom.
桅杆是由牵索固定或者是用刚性柱固定在底座上的，然后顶部的提升装置把桅杆的顶端和倾斜吊架的顶端连在一起。
37.A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the inclined boom is used to lift loads.
在行进路线中，悬挂在倾斜吊架顶上的吊钩是用来起吊荷载的。
38. Guy derricks may easily be moved from one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area.
牵索人字起重机可以方便地从正在施工的建筑中一个楼层转移到另一个楼层，而刚性柱起重机可安装在轨道上在作业区内移动。
39. Tower cranes are used to lift loads to great heights and to facilitate the erection of steel building frames.
?塔式起重机用于把货物提升至很高的高度，并且方便钢结构的安装。
40. Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building construction.
?水平起重臂的塔吊在高层建筑中被普遍使用。
41. Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting steel structures.
?倾斜吊杆式塔吊也用于钢结构的安装。
Mixing and Paving 搅拌和铺路
42. Basic types of equipment for paving include machines for dispensing concrete and bituminous materials for pavement surfaces.
铺路设备最基本的类型包括铺设混凝土型和铺设沥青型。
43. Concrete mixers may also be used to mix Portland cement, sand, gravel and water in batches for other types of construction other than paving.
除了铺路，混凝土搅拌机同样可以搅拌普通水泥、砂子、石子和水而用于其他类型的工程。
44. A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to construction sites.
?商品混凝土搅拌运输车是把混凝土搅拌机装到卡车上，该卡车可以把预先搅拌好的混凝土从集中批量生产的工厂运到工地。
45. A paving mixer is a self propelled concrete mixer equipped with a boom and a bucket to place concrete at any desired point within a roadway.
?混凝土搅拌铺路机是一个自牵引式搅拌机，并安装了起重臂和铲斗，可以把混凝土上在道路中任意预设点上。
46. It can be used as a stationary mixer or used to supply slip form pavers that are capable of spreading, consolidating and finishing a concrete slab without the use of forms.
?它可以作为一个固定的搅拌机，也可以作为滑模铺路机，后者不使用模板就能够进行布料、振捣和抹平混凝土路面。
Automation of Equipment 设备自动化
47. The introduction of new mechanized equipment in construction has had a profound effect on the cost and productivity of construction as well as the methods used for construction itself.
施工中，新的机械化设备的引进，已经对施工成本和生产率及施工方法本身产生深远的影响。
48. An exciting example of innovation in this regard is the introduction of computer microprocessors on tools and equipment.
在这方面，一个激动人心的革新例子是在工具和设备中引进计算机微型处理器。
49.As a result, the performance and activity of equipment can be continually monitored and adjusted for improvement.
?其带来的结果是，设备的性能和活动可以通过进行连续监控和调整而得到改进。50. In many cases, automation of at least part of the construction process is possible and desirable.
?在许多案例中，至少施工过程的一部分实行自动化是可行的和需要的。
51. For example, wrenches that automatically monitor the elongation of bolts and the applied torque can be programmed to achieve the best bolt tightness.
?例如，可以通过编程让扳手自动监控螺栓的延长度和所施加的扭矩，以达到螺栓的最佳松紧程度。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
各专业的英文翻译
中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence
机械工程专业英语翻译 华中科技大学版 李光布
1.机械设计过程 机械设计的最终目标是生产一种满足客户需求的有用产品，而且这种产品安全，高效，可靠，经济，实用。当回答这个问题时，广泛地思考，我将要设计的产品或系统的客户是谁？ 在产品设计之前，了解所有客户的期望和期望是至关重要的。营销专业人员经常被用来管理客户期望的定义，但是设计师可能会把他们作为产品开发团队的一部分。 许多方法被用来确定客户想要什么。一种被称为质量功能部署或QFD的流行方法寻求（1）识别客户期望的所有特征和性能因素，以及（2）评估这些因素的相对重要性。QFD过程的结果是产品的一组详细功能和设计要求。 考虑设计过程如何配合为客户提供令人满意的产品所必须发生的所有功能以及在产品的整个生命周期中为产品提供服务也很重要。事实上，重要的是考虑产品在使用寿命后如何处置。影响产品的所有这些功能的总和有时被称为产品实现过程或PRP。PRP中包含的一些因素如下： ?营销功能来评估客户的要求 ?研究确定可在产品中合理使用的可用技术 ?可以包含在产品中的材料和组件的可用性 ?产品设计和开发 ?性能测试 ?设计文件 ?供应商关系和采购职能 ?考虑全球材料采购和全球营销 参加工作的技能 ?物理工厂和设施可用
?制造系统的能力 生产计划和生产系统的控制 ?生产支持系统和人员 ?质量体系要求 ?销售操作和时间表 ?成本目标和其他竞争性问题 ?客户服务要求 ?产品在生产，操作和处置过程中的环境问题 ?法律要求 ?金融资本的可用性 你可以添加到这个列表吗？您应该能够看到，产品的设计只是综合过程的一部分。在本文中，我们将更加注意设计过程本身，但必须始终考虑设计的可生产性。产品设计和制造过程设计的同时考虑通常被称为并行工程。 2.机械设计所需的技能 产品工程师和机械设计师在日常工作中使用广泛的技能和知识。这些技能和知识包含在以下内容中： ?素描，技术制图和计算机辅助设计 ?材料的性质？材料加工*和制造过程 ?化学的应用，如腐蚀防护，电镀和喷漆 静力学动力学材料的强度，运动学和机制 流体力学，热力学和传热 ?流体动力，电气现象的基本原理和工业控制
机械专业英文翻译
机械专业英文翻译 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
启动轴 starting axle 启动齿轮starting gear 启动棘轮 starting ratchet wheel 复位弹簧 restoring, pull back spring 弹簧座 spring seating 摩擦簧friction spring 推力垫圈 thrust washer 轴挡圈axle bumper ring 下料 filling 切断 cut 滚齿机 gear-hobbing machine 剪料机 material-shearing machine 车床 lathe 拉床 broaching machine 垂直度 verticality, vertical extent 平行度 parallelism同 心度 homocentricity 位置度 position 拉伤 pulling damage 碰伤 bumping damage 缺陷 deficiency 严重缺陷 severe deficiency 摩擦力 friction 扭距 twist 滑动 glide 滚动 roll 打滑 skid 脱不开 can’t seperate 不复位 can’t restore 直径 diameter M值 = 跨棒距 test rod span 公法线 common normal line 弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error 响应 response 定位 allocation 机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic 静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 机床 machine tool 刀具 cutter 摩擦 friction 联结 link 传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor 几何形状 geometrical 精度 precision 正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit 机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force 变形 deformation 电路 circuit 半导体元件 semiconductor element 拉孔 broaching 装配 assembling 加工 machining 液压 hydraulic pressure 切线 tangent 机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 稳定性 stability 介质 medium 液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve 失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress 安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin 滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring 制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain 皮带 strap 精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust 氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear 耐用度 durability 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking 技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams 反馈 feedback 发生器 generator
专业英语翻译1
专业英语翻译1
Basic Chemistry 1. Atomic Structure Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构 物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。 质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。 它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。 The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素
机械工程专业英语 翻译
2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。
机械制造专业英语文章
机械制造专业英语文章 篇一：机械专业英语文章中英文对照 Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors. 某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。 例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold
机械工程专业英语翻译合集
1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not
机械类专业英语翻译
机械类专业英语翻译 Flexible and Smart Online Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System for Rotating Machinery 柔性的和智能的在线监测与故障诊断的旋转机械系统 Abstract Monitoring the vibration signals of rotating machinery, ulteriorly, assessing the safety of equipment plays a significant role in ensuring the security of equipment and in saving maintenance fee. This paper integrated the idea of “configuration” in the industry control software, developed the “flexible” network-based online monitoring and fault diagnosis system. The network topology, configuration module, database, data acquisition workstation and monitoring components were presented. With the smart data acquisition strategy and strong adaptive monitoring tools, the system can be applied on kinds of rotating machinery, and the practical application of the system was introduced. Keywords – online monitor, flexible system, smart system, configuration, rotating machinery 旋转机械振动信号的监测，进一步地说，在确保设备的安全性和节省 维修费用上设备安全性的评估起到非常重要的角色。本文整合了工业 控制软件中的“配置”理念，开发出“柔性的”基于网络的在线监测 和故障诊断的系统。该网络的拓扑结构、配置模块、数据库、数据采 集工作站和监视组件已得到介绍。随着智能数据采集策略和强大的适
专业英语翻译
1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality. 电可以用数量和质量来度量。 2) Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment. 互感器安装在高压设备上。 3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants. 电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的。 4) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit. 这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。 5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in Farads. 电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。 1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified. The signal should be filtered before being amplified. 放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波。 2)An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun. Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot. 物体放置在太阳下会变热。 3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed. Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments. 在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验。 4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current. 改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法。 5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object. 传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动。 1)The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter. The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter. 图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。 2)A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits. A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits. 正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。 3) The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier. The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier. 工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。 1）The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied. The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power. 单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。 2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit. The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit. 保险的作用就是保护电路。
机械工程专业英语施平没翻译课文补充.docx
. 4、工程机械概述 As we look around us we see a world full of“things”: machines, devices, tools; things that we have designed, built,and used; things made of wood, metals,ceramics, and plastics.We know from experience that some things are better than others;they last longer, cost less, are quieter, look better, or are easier to use. ; ; 情况 . Ideally, however, every such item has been designed according to some set of “functional requirements”as perceived by the designers—that is, it has been designed so as to answer the question,“Exactly what function should it perform?” In the world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of loading due to weight, inertia, pressure, etc. 的 From the beams in our homes to the wings of an airplane, there must be an appropriate melding of materials,dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will perform their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable
机械专业术语英文翻译
机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker