英美文学选读要点总结精心整理下载版8
【美国】Chapter 3 The Modern Period现代时期
1. The idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present ” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行，他们不把希望寄托在将来。
2. The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美国20世纪的文学运动，也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴，就是移居国外的运动。
3. These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”. (why)---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”（原因）--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮，贪婪的生活，于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。
4. Ezra Pound’s role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literature.庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。
5. F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.费兹杰拉德，海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。
6. O’Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。
7. J.D.Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students’ classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。
8. In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer’s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。
9. A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.现代文学的典型特征是开端任意，发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。
10. There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在现实，语
气上较前有变化，其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界，从公众生活转到私生活描写，从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索，从客观描述转到主观渲染。
11. Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the “central consciousness” or one character’s point of view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性，而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称，或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。
(I) Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德
12. Before graduating from university, he had mastered nine language.大学毕业前已掌握了九门语言。
13. Pound’s poetic works include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound, and Personae.庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集，后以《埃兹拉.庞德早期诗集》，《人物》的书名出版。
14. Pound’s earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet’s craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art. 庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题：歌颂女性，有关诗人自己的诗，爱情与友谊，死亡，美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。
15. Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well. Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example. Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson.后来，他更关注现代文化问题：当代文化的堕落以及文化更新的可能途径。以《诗章》为例，庞德追溯东西方帝国的兴亡，现代世界道德和社会的混乱，尤其是美国自杰斐逊后的腐败。
16. Pound’s artistic talents are on full display in the history of the Imagist Movement, which flourished from 1909 to 1917.庞德的艺术才华在意象主义运动中得到了充分发挥，这场运动从1909年到1917年发展得如火如荼。
17. This is a movement that advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson’s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.这一运动推动了现代派艺术的发展。在诗歌中，反对精工细琢夸夸其谈的语言，主张改革诗歌的媒体。
18. Pound endorsed the group’s three main principles, which include direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence
of a metronome.庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则：一。直接处理诗歌主题；二。舍去装饰浮华的词藻；三/诗歌应有有机节奏，不要单词重复。
19. “The point of Imagism” , Pound wrote in 1914, “is that it does not use images as ornaments. The image itself is the speech. The image is the word beyond formulated language”.庞德曾于1914年写道：“意象主义的实质是意象不是装饰，意象本身就是语言。意象是超语言形式的词汇”。
20. The poet, he argued, cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person: he must “screen himself” and speak indirectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a “mask”, that is, a persona.他认为，诗人不能直接用第一人称叙述心理感受，必须“把自己笼罩起来”，通过客观的非人格化的故事间接说话，那就是神话或文学典故。
(II) Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特
21. Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man’s life in his long poetic career: the individual’s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人，他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物，但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索，探讨了个人对自己，对别人，对世界以及对上帝的关系。
22. His pomes contains “Mending the Wall”, “The Road Not Taken”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”(speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown)，and “After Apple-Picking”.他的诗包括《补墙》，《未选择的路》，《雪夜林边停》（作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味）和《摘苹果后》。
(III) Eugene O’Neill尤金.奥尼尔
23. He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama”.他被广泛誉为“美国戏剧之父”。
24. O’Neill’s first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.奥尼尔第一部全剧〈天外边〉上演，这部作品轰动一时并为他赢得了普利莱奖。
25. Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg .The Hairy Ape. These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model.1920至1924年期间他的象征表现主义获得了空前的成就:如〈毛猿〉，这些作品中大胆涉猎了种族关系，阶级冲突，性的束缚，社会批评及希腊模式的美国悲剧。
26. Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.如〈伟大的布朗〉，它将象征主义，诗歌和异教徒理想主义的证实融合到一起来表现物质文明是如何否认给予生命的冲动和摧毁天才艺术家的。
27. The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with tremendous skill and logic.〈冰人来了〉以其复杂，讽刺，对人类生存的深刻感人的探讨，以及用深邃的洞察力对人性的探讨，并应用了大量的技巧和逻辑证实了这部作品是部杰作。
28. Of all the plays O’Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society.在奥尼尔所有的作品重，多数是悲剧，处理的是人类生存和困境这些基本论点：生与死，幻觉和幻灭，疏远和交流，梦想和现实，自我和社会，欲望和挫折。
29. “The Hairy Ape”----Yank-brutal, stupid, and profane is the recognized leader of the stokers, who are the ultimate products of a society subservient to machines. This is a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity. In his sympathy, he opens the cage and liberates it, only to be killed by the real big hairy ape.“毛猿”----扬克，残忍，愚蠢并且猥亵，被认为是采矿工人的头,他是社会屈从于机器后的最终产物。这部剧本涉及到现代人的归属问题。
(IV) F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特.菲兹杰拉德
30. Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人。
31. His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。
32. He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated with.他酗酒，并且酒后做出许多出轨的事，但又能沉静的看出包括他自己在内的那个时代社会的本质和虚荣。
33. Fitzgerald’s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。
34. But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual
wasteland and a hint of decadence and moral decay.但在轻松享乐后留下的只是颓废和一无所取。在物质的奢华后是一片精神的荒原和道德沦丧。
35. “The Great Gatsby”----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby’s dream and decides to go back home to the West. Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself. Gatsby’s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream. 《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时，尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物，他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。
(V) Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威
36. In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams. 《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克.亚当斯的形象。
37. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true novel. It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品，通过“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造，表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。（迷惘的一代：一群离开祖国，参加战争的美国青年，战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历）
38. Hemingway’s second big success is A Farewell Arms. Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God’s design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.《永别了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry在战争中受了伤，对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里，作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点，而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善，表明人类被命运投入了火坑。
39. For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。
40. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.他的典型人物就是用诚实，纪律和控制来实现抗争（海明威式英雄）。
41. However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.虽然打败仗，但吃败仗也是有尊严的，人类的肉体可以消亡，但精神永远不可战胜。
42. Hemingway himself once said, “The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”海明威曾说过“冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面”。
43. No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for “his powerful style-forming mastery of the art” of creating modern fiction.诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的：他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。
44. “Indian Camp”----The first and the typical of the seven Nick stories is “Indian Camp.”《印第安营地》----是尼克故事中的第一个，也是很典型的故事。
(VI) William Faulkner威廉.福克纳
45. Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.福克纳成功的表现了整个南方社会的历史意识。
46. Of Faulkner’s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam! And Go Down, Moses.福克纳最有影响的是这四部小说：《喧嚣与骚动》，《八月之光》，《押沙龙，押沙龙！》和《摩西，走下去》。
47. The best story to highlight Faulkner’s concern is “The Bear,” in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.典型反映福克纳对此事关注的小说是《熊》，在这部小说里，对奴隶制的道德观以被超历史地追溯到了它的起源阶段。
48. To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.他认为，作家的主要职责就是探索并重视人类生活所秉承的各种可能性。
49. The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.现代意识流法也为福克纳所娴熟的运用来强调叙述的反映和内心深思。
50. Moreover，Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view.福克纳还善于从多视角来描述。
51. The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.他还运用了象征主义手法，并且大量引用了神话和圣经典故。
52. “A Rose for Emily”----In this story, Faulkner makes best use of the Gothic devices in narration.《给爱米丽的玫瑰》----在这篇小说里，福克纳充分利用了哥特式的叙述方法。
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,
中药化学总结个人
注：除习题集中所列内容或习题集中已列但需归纳的内容 P248. β为分配因子讨论液液萃取 β≥10，仅作一次简单萃取就可实现基本分离；但100>β ≥10，则须萃取10-12次；β≤2时，要想实现基本分离，须作100次以上萃取才能完成。 分配比与pH 酚类pKa值为9.2-10.8，羧酸类pKa值约为5，故pH值在3以下时，大部分酚酸性物质将以非解离形式（HA）存在，易分配于有机溶剂中；而pH值在12以上时，则将以解离形式（A¯）存在，易分配于水中。 P256 聚酰胺色谱对鞣持的吸附特强，近乎不可逆，帮用于植物粗提取物的脱鞣处理特别合适。 P261 液体混合物沸点差在100℃以上，可反复蒸馏法 25℃以下，则需用分馏法 P265 氢核磁共振中化学位移反映化合物中氢的种类 峰面积相同类型氢的数目 偶合常数氢与氢之间的相互关系及影响 P268-271 生物碱分类 吡啶类槟榔碱、烟碱、苦参碱 莨菪烷类阿托品 异喹啉类罂粟碱、去甲乌药碱、小檗碱、延胡索乙素、吗啡、可待因 吲哚类长春碱、利血平、马钱子碱 有机胺类麻黄碱、秋水仙碱、益母草碱 特点：N原子不在环结构内 P279 总生物碱的提取 1.脂溶性生物碱酸水提取氯仿、乙醚萃取 醇提取氯仿、乙醚萃取 2.水溶性生物碱雷氏铵盐是常用于提取季铵型水溶性生物碱的沉淀试剂 含生物碱的中药实例 P285 苦参极性大小：氧化苦参碱＞羟基苦参碱＞苦参碱 苦参碱：既可溶于水，又能溶于氯仿、乙醚、苯 氧化苦参碱：易溶于水、可溶于氯仿、难溶于乙醚 P287 麻黄伪麻黄碱形成分子内氢键稳定性大于麻黄碱，故碱性稍强于麻黄碱，但均具挥发性 草酸麻黄碱草酸伪麻黄碱盐酸麻黄碱盐酸伪麻黄碱 水难易 氯仿不溶溶 麻黄咸、伪麻黄碱特征性反应：（1）二硫化碳-硫酸铜反应；（2）铜络盐反应 P289 黄连小檗碱属苄基异喹啉类衍生物△干燥时≤80℃ 属季铵型生物碱强碱性 游离小檗碱能溶于水、热乙醇、难溶于苯、氯仿、丙酮等 小檗碱盐酸盐在水中溶解度较小，易溶于沸水，难溶于乙醇 特征性反应：丙酮加成反应漂白粉显色反应 P290 汉防已（熟悉） 汉防已甲素、乙素均为双苄基异喹啉衍生物，亲脂性；轮环藤酚碱（丙素）为季铵型生物碱（强碱性）、水溶性。 甲素极性较小，能溶于冷苯；乙素极性较小，难溶于冷苯，溶于热苯。
英语四级_翻译考点总结
英语比较结构具体考点： 特殊结构A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B. 难点结构：as+adj.+n.+as分句和as much/many + 名词+ as 分句 The work is not as difficult as you think. This book is twice as thick as that one. George is as efficient worker as Jack. = George is a worker(who is) as efficient as Jack. I don’t want as expensive a car as this = I don’t want a car as expensive as this I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this=I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this. He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother( has). 特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)；more and more （越来越） This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对
象为彼此独立的人或事物) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含义) The city is becoming more and more beautiful. superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world. The youngest member of the family is most successful. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。 The medicine is more effective than is expected.
剑桥少儿英语一级下知识点汇总
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英美文学名词解释(1)
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not
中药化学重点总结归纳
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大学英语四级翻译常见考点
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她马上就来了。她现在和Anna在一起。（3）Have fun! 玩得高兴！（4）It’s good to see you back.看到你回来真好。 （5）It’s great to see you all again.再次看到你们真高兴。 （6）Is she our new friend？她是我们的新朋友么？ （7）How was your holiday？你的假期过得如何？ It was great!真是太棒了！ 二、单元学习 1．重难点知识讲解 ①Words and expressions: holiday 假日friend 朋友have fun 玩得高兴worry 着急，担心②Oops! 噢！ Don’t worry！别着急。 Let me help you. 让我来帮助你。 ③Nice to see you! 很高兴见到你。 Nice to see you again. 很高兴再次见到你。（熟人见面打招呼的用语。）Where’s Pat？Pat在哪里？ She’s coming. She’s with Anna now. 她来了。她现在和Anna在一起。 ④This way, please. 请走这边。 ⑤It’s great to see you all again! 再见到你们真是太棒了！ Is she our new friend？ 她是我们的新朋友吗？ ⑥It’s good to see you back. 看到你回来真是太好了！ How was your holiday？ 你的假期过得怎么样？
英美文学名词解释(1)
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大学英语四级翻译常考句式及词组
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剑桥英语知识点总结(一级上 一级下)
剑桥少儿英语一级 知 识 点 汇 总
剑桥少儿英语一级知识点汇总 Unit 1 Hello, I’m Sam. 重点词汇： 【默写】一支钢笔 a pen，一支铅笔 a pencil，一个文具盒 a pencil-case，一把尺 a ruler，一本书 a book，一个书包 a bag，一块橡皮 an eraser 【认读】新的 new，展示 show，朋友 friend，我的 my，你的 your，他的 his，她的 her，我们的 our，他们的 their 重点句型：你好，请问你叫什么名字？Hello, your name, please? 我叫山姆。I’m Sam. 他的名字是比尔。比尔是我的朋友。His name is Bill. He is my friend. 她的名字是安。安是 我的朋友。 Her name is Ann.She is my friend. 这是我的新书。This is my new book. 把 你的钢笔给我看Show me your pen! 很高兴见到你。Nice to see you. 我很高兴见到你。Nice to see you, too. 我也很高兴见到你。我叫帕特。I’m Pat. Unit 2 It’s a goat. 重点词汇： 【默写】马 horse，奶牛 cow，猫 cat，狗 dog，绵羊 sheep，鸭子 duck，兔子 rabbit，鸡chicken，青蛙 frog，乌龟 turtle，鱼 fish，山羊 goat 【认读】长的 long，尾巴 tail，微笑 smile，大象 elephant，蜥蜴 lizard 重点句型：这是什么？What’s this? 这是我的猫。This is my cat. 让我来试试。Let me try. 它是一 只山羊。It’s a goat. 我喜爱它。I love it. Unit 3 I like apples. 重点词汇： 【默写】苹果 apple-apples， pear-pears，梨香蕉 banana-bananas，菠萝 pineapple-pineapples，桔子 orange-oranges ，西瓜 watermelon-watermelons ，椰子coconut-coconuts，柚子 grapefruit-grapefruits，葡萄 grape-grapes，芒果 mango-mangoes，柠檬 lemon -lemons，桃子 peach-peaches， 【认读】喜欢 like，想要 would like/want，一些 some，特别喜爱的 favourite，水果 fruit 重点句型：你想要什么？What would you like? 我想要一些苹果。I’d like some apples./I want some apples. 要多少？How many? 你想要一个苹果吗？Would you like an apple? 是的。/不用，谢谢。Yes, please./ No, thanks. 你特别喜爱的水果是什么？What’s your favourite fruit? 我喜欢香蕉。I like bananas. 我不喜欢香蕉。I don’t like bananas. 你呢？How about you? 我也是。Me too.
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
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构成强心苷的糖根据C2位上羟基的有无可分为： （1）α–羟基糖：2–羟基糖，主要为D–葡萄糖、L–鼠李糖。 （2）α–去氧糖：常见于强心苷，是区别于其它苷类的一个重要特征。主要包括2，6–去氧糖（如：D–洋地黄毒糖）和2，6–去氧糖甲醚（如：L–夹竹桃糖）。 3.苷元和糖的连接方式（依直接与苷元相连的糖的种类） I型苷元-（2、6-二去氧糖）Χ-（D-葡萄糖）У II型苷元-（6-去氧糖）Χ- （D-葡萄糖）У III型苷元- （D-葡萄糖）У 植物界存在的强心苷，以I、II型较多。 【理化性质】 1．性状 大多为无色结晶或无定形粉末。具有旋光性。味苦，对粘膜有刺激性。 2．溶解性 强心苷用混合强酸（3~5%盐酸）水解时，苷元上羟基（C14-OH，C5-OH更容易）与邻位上的氢脱去水分子的反应。属于水解反应的副反应，应注意避免。 ★4．水解反应 （1）酸水解 优点:条件温和（水、36℃左右、24 hr），专属性强。
剑桥预备级下册知识点汇总
剑桥预备级下册知识点汇总 目录 剑桥少儿英语预备级下知识点汇总 (22) Unit 1 School is fun. (22) Unit 2 Classroom Olympics (22) Unit 3 You and I (33) Unit 4 They are my friends. (33) Unit 5 I like dogs. (44) Unit 6 Do you like oranges? (44) Unit 7 What’s Bobby doing? (44) Unit 8 What’s in the pizza? (55) Unit 9 Dress for Children’s Day (55) Unit 10 What are they doing? (66) Unit 11 Where are you going? (66) Unit 12 A song of opposites (77) Unit 13 The big man and the little people (77) Unit 14 Hello! This is my friend, Linda. (88) Unit 15 He’s got three sticks. (88) Unit 16 Game time (99) 剑桥少儿英语预备级上册知识点总结 (99) 一、问候用语： (99) 二、告别用语： (99) 三、感谢： Thank you ! Thanks 谢谢！ (99) 四、书中句型： (99)
五、单词分类总结： (1111) 1. 颜色： (1111) 2. 水果： (1212) 3. 地点： (1212) 4. 衣物： (1212) 5. 动物： (1212) 6. 交通工具： (1212) 7. 文具： (1212) 8. 食物： (1212) 9. 物品： (1212) 10.表示方向和位置的词： (1313) 11. 数词： (1313) 剑桥少儿英语预备级下知识点汇总 Unit 1 School is fun. 重点词汇： 【默写】包bag,，书book，钢笔pen 【认读】铅笔pencil，文具盒pencil- case，橡皮eraser，尺ruler，黑板blackboard 【复习】操场playground，游泳池swimming pool，教室classroom，花园garden 重点句型： 你能看见什么？What can you see? 我能看见一本大书.I can see a big book. 这是我们的游泳池.This is our swimming pool. School is fun,school is fun,Drawing,singing and we are Number One. School is fun,school is fun,Reading,writing and we are Number One. Dancing,running,jumping and swimming.Dancing,running,jumping and swimming. We are Number One,We are Number One. Unit 2 Classroom Olympics 重点词汇：
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature