任务3分光镜

任务3 分光镜

宝石的颜色是宝石对不同波长的可见光选择性吸收造成的。未被吸收的光混合形成宝石的体色。宝石中的致色元素常有特定的吸收光谱。通过观察宝石的吸收光谱，可以帮助鉴定宝石品种，推断宝石的致色原因，研究宝石颜色的组成。

分光镜是用来测定宝石吸收光谱的仪器。利用色散元件（棱镜或光栅）便可将白光分解为不同波长的单色光，并且可以构成连续的可见光谱。如果把进入有色宝石的光加以分解，就会发现宝石所吸收的波长在光谱色中表现为间断，出现垂直的黑线或黑带，黑线称为吸收线，黑带称为吸收带。

一、分光镜的结构

1、棱镜式分光镜。采用一系列棱镜,产生较直的光径，而这些棱镜彼此间呈光学接触，

它们的

折射边按照相反方向排列。所采用的色散元件是棱镜，棱镜系列通常用铅和无铅两种玻璃制成。棱镜式分光计的特点是蓝紫区相对扩宽，红光区相对压缩。在光谱上的色散不是均一的，但透光性好，在光谱中可出现一段明亮的光谱，只是在红光区分辨率要比蓝光区差一些。

分光镜的结构图

棱镜式分光镜的原理

2、光栅式分光镜。采用的色散元件是衍射光栅，每粒米要刻划600至800条细线。

该镜特点是各色区大致相等，红光区分辨率比棱镜式要高，但透光性较差，需用强光源照射。

光栅式分光镜的原理

二、宝石中能产生特征吸收光谱的元素

铬：常常使宝石出现红色和绿色。绿色翡翠、红宝石、翠榴石、红色尖晶石、变石、祖母绿、粉红色托帕石均是由于铬元素致色。吸收光谱在以上各宝石中略有差异，但大致在紫光区有吸收带，黄绿区有宽吸收带，红光区窄吸收线。

铁：宝石中的铁常以二价和三价的形式存在，二价铁产生红、绿、蓝色，如铁铝榴石、橄榄石、蓝色尖晶石、透辉石、符山石、堇青石等等，光谱吸收带主要分布在绿光区或蓝光区内。三价铁通常使宝石呈现黄、蓝、或绿色，如黄绿、绿色、蓝色的天然蓝宝石，还蓝宝石、金绿宝石、黄色正长石，翡翠等等。

锰：是引起宝石呈粉红色的原因。如蔷薇辉石、菱锰矿、碧玺等。光谱主要位于紫区和蓝区。

钴：存在于合成变石、合成蓝色尖晶石、蓝色钴玻璃等合成宝石中，呈现鲜艳的蓝色，在橙、黄、绿区有三条明显的吸收强带为特征光谱。

铜：在低价态下呈红色，高价态时呈蓝色或绿色。绿松石的天蓝色是由铜导致的，在460nm处有一条宽而淡的吸收带，在紫区432nm处有一条强吸收带。

铷和镨：这两种稀土元素总是共生在一起，它是引起黄色磷灰石的原因，在磷灰石的光谱中黄光区有数条密集的细线。

铀：是一种放射性元素，锆石中的铀能使其产生1～40条吸收线，并在每个色区均匀分布。某些锆石能出现653.5nm的特征吸收线，红色锆石无此线。

硒：硒常与硫化镉一起使玻璃产生红色，吸收光谱为在绿区中显现为一条宽的吸收带。

钒：在合成刚玉仿变石中常加入适量的钒，往往在475nm处出现一条清晰的吸收线。

主要致色元素及其颜色

三、分光镜在宝石学中的应用

分光镜在宝石鉴定中起着重要的作用，尤其是当折射仪对某些宝石无效时，分光镜最好用。如，折射率大于1.81的锆石、钻石，利用分光镜大多能分辨出来。天然蓝色尖晶石和合成蓝色尖晶石根据不同的吸收光谱可将两者区分开，前者由铁致色，在橙区、绿区中有三条模糊的吸收带，蓝区有两条吸收窄带；后者的蓝色是由钴致色，在橙区、黄绿区有三条强吸收带。分光镜还可以检测翡翠是否经过人工染色处理，用铬盐染色的翡翠在红光区会出现650nm为中心的宽吸收带。宝石中致色元素不同，其显示的光谱也不同，根据宝石吸收光谱中的吸收线或带所出现的位置，可以帮助确定宝石的致色元素离子，从而达到鉴定宝石的目的。

分光镜常与折射仪、宝石显微镜等仪器配合使用，但要求宝石有颜色（钻石和锆石除外），且宝石必须具有典型的光谱。

四、使用方法

分光镜的用途十分广泛，可以用来判断宝石的致色元素，鉴定具特征光谱的宝石种，以及鉴定合成、优化处理宝石和仿制品等。

(一) 照明方式

由于分光镜体积小，便于携带，且特征光谱具有明确的鉴定特征，因此分光镜是一种十分重要的鉴定仪器。在使用时，常配合各种照明方式对宝石进行观察。

1．透射光法

适用于半透明到透明、颗粒较大的宝石，可保证足够的光能透过宝石进入分光镜。注意：

1)保证足够的光量透过宝石。

2)保证进入分光镜的光都来自宝石，从而得到清晰的光谱。为此，常采用挡光黑板或锁光圈挡住来自宝石外部的光线，并尽可能地缩短眼睛、分光镜、宝石、光源间的距离。

2．内反射光法

适用于颜色较浅，宝石颗粒较小的透明宝石。宝石台面向下置于黑色背景上，调节入射光方向与分光镜的夹角，增加光线在宝石中的光程，使尽可能多的白光经过宝石的内部反射后进人分光镜。

3. 表面反射光法

适用于透明度不好的宝石。调节入射光方向与分光镜的夹角，使尽可能多的白光经宝石表面反射后进人分光镜。

(二) 操作步骤

宝石鉴定中常用的是便携式分光镜，而实验室中还使用台式分光镜。台式分光镜是一种带光源、标尺等附件的棱镜式分光镜，其光源强度、锁光圈、镜筒、进光狭缝和波长标尺等都可调节，可以观察到明亮而清晰的光谱。现以透射光法为例说明台式分光镜的使用方法。

台式分光镜

1)将宝石用宝石夹夹住贴近锁光圈口或直接放在锁光圈孔上，根据宝石的尺寸调节锁光圈口。

2)寻找和对准宝石的最亮点，以保证透过宝石的光能最大限度地进人分光镜。

3)调节光源强度，浅色宝石应强度较低，半透明或深色宝石应强度较高。

4)完全关闭进光狭缝，然后缓慢开启，直到全部光谱清晰。对于透明宝石，狭缝开口极窄，几近关闭，通常光谱在狭缝即将完全关闭时最为清晰；对于半透明宝石狭缝开口稍宽。观察红区光谱时，狭缝应调窄；观察紫区光谱时，狭缝应适当调宽。

5)缓慢调节滑管，准焦观察。

（三）注意事项

1)所观察到的光谱受下列因素的影响：

照明光源应为白光源(连续光谱)，光源既不能有发射谱线也不能有吸收谱线。如太阳光和室内照明用日光灯，都有发射光谱，不能用做分光镜的照明光源。因此最好采用白炽灯、手电筒或特制光纤灯做光源。宝石的大小宝石较小，其光谱中的吸收线(带)可能相对较弱。宝石颜色的深浅同种宝石的颜色越深，吸收越强，光谱就越清晰。宝石的透明度对于透明宝石而言，穿过宝石的光程越长，光谱越清晰；而对于半透明宝石而言，穿过宝石的光程要适当。分光镜狭缝应保持清洁，若有灰尘，会在光谱上产生黑色水平线。宝石长久受光源热辐照，光谱会逐渐模糊甚至完全消失。

2)某些宝石的光谱具有方向性这可能是由宝石的异向性引起的。

3)鉴定宝石时应与其他鉴定仪器配合使用如蓝宝石和合成蓝宝石拼合石在分光镜下可

呈现蓝宝石吸收光谱，石榴石为顶的拼合石可能呈现石榴石光谱，分光镜不能准确鉴别其是否为拼合宝石。因此分光镜应与显微镜等其他鉴定仪器配合使用。

4)应在暗环境下使用分光镜在暗环境下使用分光镜可以排除某些发射谱的影响，如有些宝石在黄、绿、蓝和紫区有亮线，这是由于室内日光灯的光反射进入分光镜所致。

5)应该注意的是，不是所有的宝石都产生吸收光谱。另外测试时勿用手持样品，因为血液会产生波长为592nm的吸收线。分光镜的使用很大程度上基于实践经验和宝石学知识，尤其是对宝石特征光谱的识，只有熟记了宝石的特征光谱和过渡元素的特征谱线，才能有效地利用分光镜。

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任务型阅读

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