名词性从句解析

宾语从句

定义：即在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。

宾语从句内容不同引导词也不同：

陈述句：that

一般疑问句：whether或if

特殊疑问句what, who, whom, which, whose ，when, where, how, why

一、连词（引导词）

1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定

句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作

任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语

或非正式文体中常省略，例如：

Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.

She says (that) she won’t take part in the sports meeting next Sunday.

2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为

if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略，例如：

Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .

Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city.

3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接

副词（when, where, how, why）引导，因为连接代词

或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具

有一定的意义，所以不可以省略，例如：

Do you know what he said just now ?

I don’t remember when we arrived .

I asked him where I could get so much money .

Please tell me who (whom) we have to see .

二、时态

1. 如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时，

现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根

据实际情况而定

2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要

用相对应的过去的某种时态，例如：

I knew who lived here.

I saw she was talking with her mother.

He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow.

He said that he had seen it .

3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理

时用一般现在时。例如：

The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun.

三、语序

宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：

连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分

注意事项：

1．could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。

2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；例如：

He asks if I like playing the piano .

Y ou may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station .

3. 如果从句中含有or或or not时，只能用whether而不用if，例如：

Could you tell me whether that’s a fast train or not ?

Do you know whether he is right or not ?

I don’t care whether he’ll stay here or not .

4. 连词+宾语从句变成连词+to do

I don’t know what I shall do next .

I don’t know what to do next .

She didn’t decide which one she would choose .

She didn’t decide which one to choose .

主语从句

做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有连词that ，whether，连接代词who ，what ，which，连接副词when，where，how，why 等。

（1）从属连词：that，whether等.

that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。

That he will win is certain.他肯定会赢。

Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。

注意: 由that 引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免“头重脚轻”, 常用it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。

例如：That he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible.

变换后：It is impossible That he will refuse this piece of advice.

这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:

1) It is + n. +从句

It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……

It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…

It is a fact that… …是事实

It is common knowledge that… …是常识

2) It is + adj. +从句

It’s certain that… 肯定…

It is possible that... 很可能……

It is unlikely that... 不可能……

It is obvious that… 很明显…

It is necessary \important \natural\... that…

3) It +不及物动词+从句

It happened that... 碰巧……

It occurred to me th at…我突然想起…

4) It + be +过去分词+从句

It is said that... 据说……

It is known to all that... 众所周知……

It is reported that... 据报道……

It is believed that...据信……;人们相信……

It is suggested that + (should）do... 建议……

It must be admitted that…必须承认……

It cannot be d enied that… 不可否认……

It must be pointed out that…需指出的是……

（2）连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever (Who, whom, which, what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起到强调作用。此类主语从

句不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序),例如：What many scientists believe i s that the earth is round …

Who will take part in the meeting has not been decided.

Whoever breaks the law will be punished.

Which student will win is uncertain.

Whatever was said here must be kept secret.

这里说的话都应当保密。

Whoever makes mistakes must correct them.

凡犯了错误的人都必须改正。

（3)连接副词when，where，how，why等。

Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.

When they will leave is not decided.

Where she is from is unknown.

How we will paint the house has not been decided.

注意：

1）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。

误：They should like each other is natural.

正：That they should like each other is natural.

正：It is natural (that) they should like each other.

2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从

句放在句末时，也可以用if引导. 或把if 改为whether

误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.

正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.

正: Whether Mary really heard him is really

doubtful.

主语从句的规律：

规律一、主语从句一律用陈述语序，即主语在前，谓语在后。

规律二、连词that 在从句中无实际意义，但不能省略。

规律三、whether 可以引导主语从句，放在句首，但if不能

规律四、主语从句中的连词不能重叠使用。

规律五、含主语从句的主句谓语动词多用第三人称单数形式。

规律六、what 引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定主句动词的单复数形式。

规律七、主语从句为了避免头重脚轻现象，用it 做形式主语，而把从句放在后面。

同位语从句

1. 概念:

在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性

从句。

2. 功能:

同位语从句对名词进一步解释、说明

名词的具体内容。

3. 用法:

常跟的抽象名词有: fact/ idea/reason/thought/order/ doubt/news/hope/truth/

belief/theory/decision/discovery/problem/evidence/opinion…

4. 连词

that/whether/who/ which/ what /when/where/why/how

同位语从句与定语从句区别

1. 从词类上区别

同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。

He told me the news that he would come home from aboard soon.（同位语从句）

Word came that he had been abroad. 据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）

Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.

我们的队赢了, 这让我们很高兴。（定语从句）

2.从性质上区别

定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如:

The news that our team has won the game is true.

我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。

(同位语从句, 补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)

The news that he told me yesterday was true.

昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句, news在从句中作told的宾语)

3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别有些引导词如how, whether, what 可以引导同位语从句, 但不能引导定语从句。

如: That question whether we need it has not been considered.

我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)

引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替)，并且作宾语时常常省略，that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。如:

The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.

我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。

(同位语从句, 是对order的具体解释that虽不作成分, 但不能省略)

The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other

groups.

我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。

(定语从句, 是名词order的修饰语, that在从句中作received的宾语, 可以省略)

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