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Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of fly ash high-strength concrete

Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of fly ash high-strength concrete
Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of fly ash high-strength concrete

Magazine of Concrete Research,2013,65(15),906–913https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b56072097.html,/10.1680/macr.13.00004Paper 1300004

Received 20/12/2012;revised 01/03/2013;accepted 22/03/2013Published online ahead of print 07/06/2013ICE Publishing:All rights reserved

Magazine of Concrete Research Volume 65Issue 15

Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete Gao,Zhang,Tang and Liu

Study on early autogenous

shrinkage and crack resistance of ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete

Yingli Gao

School of Traf?c and Transportation Engineering,Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha,People’s Republic of China

Hailun Zhang

School of Traf?c and Transportation Engineering,Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha,People’s Republic of China

Shuai Tang

School of Traf?c and Transportation Engineering,Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha,People’s Republic of China

He Liu

School of Traf?c and Transportation Engineering,Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha,People’s Republic of China

A self-designed test and the elliptical ring test were applied to test the early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete in which 10–30%of cement was replaced by equivalent amounts of ?y ash of different ?neness.Test data of reference lightweight aggregate concrete were provided.The results showed that (a)the early autogenous shrinkage of concrete was restrained in ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete,and further analysis indicated higher ?y ash content and higher ?y ash ?neness resulted in less autogenous shrinkage;(b)in a lower water–binder ratio,early autogenous shrinkage increased signi?cantly as the water–binder ratio decreased,and,moreover,pre-wetting of lightweight aggregate had a great effect on controlling early autogenous shrinkage;(c)the elliptical ring test results indicated that the addition of ?y ash signi?cantly improved crack resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete and that this improve-ment becomes obvious with increasing ?neness of ?y ash.Therefore,in practice,the addition of ?y ash could be a technical alternative to reduce early autogenous shrinkage and to enhance the crack resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete.

Introduction

High-strength lightweight aggregate concrete (HSLWAC)has been increasingly applied in tunnels,large-span bridges and high-rise buildings owing to its high compressive strength,light weight,high durability and shock absorption (Bentz,2009;Hu and Wang,2006;Kayali and Zhu,2005;Kockal and Ozturan,2011).Adopting a low water–cement ratio and adding an ultra-?ne mineral admixture to concrete are two major methods of preparing high-strength concrete.It is recognised that autogenous shrinkage results in early cracking of high-strength concrete,which seriously impairs structural durability.Previous research (Feng and Xing,2009;Mehta and Monteiro,2008)shows that when the water–cement ratio of concrete is 0.4and 0.3,the autogenous shrinkage,respectively,takes 40%and 50%of the total shrinkage;as the water–binder ratio drops to 0.17(admixing 10%silica fume),all shrinkage is autogenous shrinkage.Thus,reducing early autogenous shrinkage is a topic that calls for attention in high-performance concrete research.

Fly ash has been widely used in the preparation of cement concrete owing to the shape effect,pozzolanic activity and the microaggregate effect,which can effectively improve the durabil-ity and workability of concrete,and has become one of the main active mineral admixtures (Byard et al.,2010;Gao et al.,2006,2008;Zhou et al.,2003)in the preparation of high-strength and high-performance concrete.Moreover,high-quality ?y ash sig-ni?cantly restrains early self-desiccation and autogenous shrink-age (Termkhajornkit et al.,2005;Zhou et al.,2003)of concrete.The water-absorbing properties and pore structure of lightweight aggregate also affect early autogenous shrinkage of concrete to some extent.However,only a few studies have addressed the effect of high-volume ?y ash on HSLWAC autogenous shrinkage and cracking.This paper presents a study of the properties of HSLWAC with ?y ash based on a previous study.Different qualities of ?y ash were used to replace cement equivalently and grade LC50HSLWAC was prepared.A self-designed test and an elliptic ring crack resistance test were utilised to investigate the effects of the content and ?neness of ?y ash,water–binder ratio and the condition of pre-wetted aggregate on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of HSLWAC.Test results were compared with those of the reference lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC).Finally,the developmental characteristic of autogenous shrinkage of HSLWAC containing ?y ash was evaluated.

906

Experiment

Raw materials

Cement was offered by the Xiangxiang cement plant in Xiangtan City,Hunan Province.Its speci?c surface area was 325m 2/kg and 28-d compressive strength was not less than 42.5MPa.The main chemical components (by weight)are shown in Table 1.

Grade II ?y ash (FA (II))and ultra-?ne ?y ash (UFA)were produced in the Hunan Xiangtan power plant in Xiangtan City,Hunan Province.Their speci?c surface areas were 305m 2/kg and 550m 2/kg respectively.Grade I ?y ash (FA (I))was produced in the Hunan Shimen power plant (Changde City,Hunan Province)with a speci?c surface area of 425m 2/kg.Table 1shows the chemical composition analysis of the ?y ash.

The coarse aggregate selected was shale haydite with a contin-uous grain size of 5–20mm,bulk density of 750kg/m 3,apparent density of 1380kg/m 3,1-h water absorption of 6.2%and a cylinder compressive strength of 8.5MPa.The ?ne aggregate chosen was river sand with a ?neness modulus of 2.75,the apparent density of which was 2650kg/m 3:

Polycarboxylic water-reducing agent was used in reducing the water demand of cement-based materials,with a water-reducing rate of 30%.

Experimental methods

The autogenous shrinkage test method

A batch of 100mm 3100mm 3515mm prismoid concrete specimens was prepared.The measuring heads were embedded at both ends of the specimen.Then,the surface of the concrete was sealed.After being formed for 24h,the surface of demoulded specimens was evenly smeared with paraf?n wax to suf?cient thickness.In order to further prevent concrete from exchanging gas and water with the outside environment,the moisturising plastic ?lm was used to wrap the surface of the concrete,insulating the specimen and external environment,as shown in Figure 1.At the same time the initial length of the specimens was measured after they had been demoulded.The autogenous shrink-age rate was tested at 12h,1d,3d,7d,14d,21d and 28d.

The early crack resistance test method

The elliptic ring test method (He et al.,2005;Sant et al.,2010,2011)was improved to measure the early cracking of concrete resulting from restricted shrinkage,as shown in Figure 2.Crack generation time and width near both ends of the major axis of the ellipse can be used to determine the quality of early crack resistance of concrete as the shrinkage stress is larger and the concrete cracks more easily.The shaped specimen was put into the standard curing room and cured for 18h;then,the external elliptic ring mould was removed and the specimens were smeared with glass cement on the upper surface,so that drying occurred

Material SO 3:%SiO 2:%Fe 2O 3:%Al 2O 3:%CaO:%MgO:%K 2O:%Na 2O:%C 2.4123.302.775.4161.162.650.680.07FA(II)0.4048.205.6030.505.301.101.300.50FA(I)0.4250.255.3534.204.501.501.200.80UFA

0.45

51.80

5.00

26.40

4.10

1.00

1.30

1.00

SO 3:sulfur trioxide;SiO 2:silicon dioxide;Fe 2O 3:iron (III)oxide;Al 2O 3:aluminium oxide;CaO:calcium oxide;MgO:magnesium oxide;K 2O:potassium oxide;Na 2O:sodium oxide;C:cement;FA(II):grade II ?y ash;FA(I):grade I ?y ash;UFA:ultra-?ne ?y ash.

Table 1.Chemical component of raw materials (%by

weight)

(a)

(b)

Figure 1.Autogenous shrinkage test:(a)wax-sealed specimen;(b)autogenous shrinkage test with plastic ?lm wrapping

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Magazine of Concrete Research Volume 65Issue 15

Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete Gao,Zhang,Tang and Liu

on the side of the sample.The specimens were put into the constant temperature and humidity curing room at a temperature of 20?38C and a relative humidity of 50?4%.Meanwhile,the occurrence and propagation of cracks were observed using a 403special magnifying glass,and the cracking time and width of the crack were recorded.

Mechanical properties testing

The testing of mechanical properties followed the Chinese standard GBJ 81(Mohurd,1986).Preparation of HSLWAC containing ?y ash

In samples 1à9,cement was replaced with 10%,20%and 30%,respectively,of FA (II),FA (I)and UFA;the LC50lightweight aggregate concrete sample and reference sample 0were prepared.Then,LWAC with 20%UFA (samples 10à13)was chosen to change the water–binder ratio and the pre-wetting state of aggre-gate,cast the shrinkage specimen and test the autogenous shrink-age rate (Akcay and Tasdemir,2009;Darquennes et al.,2009)at different ages.The concrete mix proportions and test results of compressive strength at 28d and are shown in Table 2.

Results and discussion

Effect of the content of ?y ash on the early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC

The test results of the early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC with different ?neness of ?y ash in comparison with that of the reference LWAC sample are illustrated in Figure 3,Figure 4and Figure 5.

As shown in Figures 3–5,with the addition of ?y ash,early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC is signi?cantly restrained (Bentz,2006;Henkensiefken et al.,2009).At 7d,in samples containing FA(II)where cement was replaced with 10%,20%and 30%of ?y ash,autogenous shrinkage was decreased by 4.12%,13.58%and 19.96%,respectively,compared with that of the reference sample.In samples containing FA(I),the reductions were,respec-tively,7.41%,17.70%and 29.60%.In the UFA samples

auto-Figure 2.Elliptical ring test

Sample number

C

FA(II)

FA(I)

UFA

Lightweight aggregate:kg/m 3

Aggregate state Sand ratio w/b a

w/b b

Admixture:c %Unit

weight:

kg/m 3

Strength at 28d:MPa 0500557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178563.5145050557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178560.62400100557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178557.93350150

557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178553.5445050557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178564.25400100557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178560.96350150

557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178555.7745050557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178569.38400100557Prewet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178565.69350150557Pre-wet 1h 0.40.290.361.00178560.110400100577Pre-wet 1h 0.40.260.351.00178570.811400100577Pre-wet 1h 0.40.320.411.00178560.212400100577Not pre-wet 0.40.290.291.00178567.213

400

100

577

Pre-wet 24h

0.4

0.290.41

1.00

1785

64.0

a The water absorbed by aggregate during pre-wetting was not calculated in terms of w/

b ratio.

b

The water absorbed by aggregate during pre-wetting was taken into consideration in terms of w/b ratio.c

Admixture is liquid and the content of solid is 40%.

C:cement;FA(II):grade II ?y ash;FA(I):grade I ?y ash;UFA:ultra-?ne ?y ash;w/b:water–binder ratio.

Table 2.Mix proportions and strength of concrete

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Magazine of Concrete Research Volume 65Issue 15

Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete Gao,Zhang,Tang and Liu

genous shrinkage was reduced by 12.55%,22.84%and 26.95%respectively.A cross study of groups containing ?y ash of different ?neness revealed that a higher content of ?y ash leads to less autogenous shrinkage.Therefore,the test results indicate that ?y ash has a positive effect on controlling early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC.

It was concluded,therefore,that ?y ash,as a ?lling powder material,does not take part in hydration at an early age,which means that the content of cement decreases and the effective water àcement ratio increases because ?y ash has replaced ce-ment equivalently.This leads to the relative augmentation of free water,which effectively decreases the autogenous shrinkage

caused by the self-desiccation of the internal capillary micro-structure.

Effect of the ?neness of ?y ash on early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC

The in?uence of the ?neness of ?y ash on early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC was further analysed,as shown in Figure 6.Three samples containing 20%?y ash (samples 2,5and 8)were analysed and compared with the reference sample;in Figure 6it can be seen that the autogenous shrinkage of selected samples decreased with increasing ?neness of ?y ash,and the size relationship of the autogenous shrinkage rate of samples contain-ing ?y ash of different ?neness can be concluded as FA(II).FA(I)https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b56072097.html,pared with the reference sample,

the

550500

450400350300250200

Age: d

S h r i n k a g e r a t e :m /m

μFigure 3.Autogenous shrinkage of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC)containing grade II ?y ash (FA(II))

Age: d

S h r i n k a g e r a t e :m /m

μFigure 4.Autogenous shrinkage of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC)containing grade I ?y ash

(FA(I))

Age: d

S h r i n k a g e r a t e :m /m

μFigure 5.Autogenous shrinkage of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC)containing UFA

550500

450400350300250200

Age: d

S h r i n k a g e r a t e :m /m

μFigure 6.Effect of the ?neness of ?y ash on autogenous shrinkage

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Magazine of Concrete Research Volume 65Issue 15

Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete Gao,Zhang,Tang and Liu

autogenous shrinkage of three groups of samples,respectively,was decreased by 9.86%,12.98%and 28.37%at 3d.It was found that ?ner ?y ash particles resulted in a larger particle quantity (Bentz,2009;Castro,2011;Peled et al.,2010),which better ?lls the microstructure porosity of concrete.As an inert ?ller at an early age,the addition of ?y ash is equivalent to increasing the volume of the aggregate,forming a strong micro-aggregate skeleton and strengthening the cement matrix (Kinomura and Baroghel-Bouny,2009;Loser et al.,2010;Sant et al.,2011).Moreover,?y ash particles can further restrain the autogenous shrinkage development for higher particle strength.

Effect of water–binder ratio on early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC with ?y ash

Normally,high-strength concrete has a lower water–binder ratio and less internal free water.Its autogenous shrinkage is much higher than that of normal concrete.Therefore,a comparative study was conducted,which involved the effect of different water–binder ratios on the autogenous shrinkage LWAC with ?y ash.The water–binder ratios were 0.26,0.29and 0.32,and the test results are shown in Figure 7.From Figure 7it can be concluded that early autogenous shrinkage obviously increased with a decrease in water–binder.In particular,when the water–binder ratio reduces to 0.26,the autogenous shrinkage rate reaches 401310à6and 490310à6at 3d and 7d,respec-tively,which increased by 25.7%and 23.5%,respectively,compared with that of sample 8(water–binder ?0.29).When the water–binder ratio increased to 0.32(sample 11),auto-genous shrinkage reduced slightly compared with an increase of autogenous shrinkage in sample 10(water–binder ?0.26),and reduced by 7.7%and 9.9%at the age of 3d and 7d,respectively,compared with sample 8.This indicates that with a decrease in water–binder ratio the increase of autogenous shrinkage of HSLWAC is non-linear,and the smaller the

water–binder ratio the more obvious the early autogenous shrinkage increasing rate is.

Effect of the state of aggregate pre-wetting on early autogenous shrinkage of LWAC

Because lightweight aggregate has a higher porosity,the differ-ence of its water content directly affects the internal moisture migration in the early hydration process of concrete (Castro et al.,2010;Henkensiefken et al.,2010;Suzuki et al.,2010).This results in autogenous shrinkage caused by water loss in the hydration.Based on previous tests,the pre-wetting aggregate effect on autogenous shrinkage of LWAC was studied.Parameters such as the water–binder ratio,?y ash content and ?neness invariant were categorised as not pre-wetted,pre-wetted for 1h and pre-wetted for 24h.The results are shown in Figure 8.From Figure 8it can be seen that the autogenous shrinkage rate,at every age,of sample 12(no pre-wetting aggregate)is obviously higher than that of sample 8(aggregate pre-wetting for 1h)and that of sample 13(aggregate pre-wetting for 24h).However,test results of the other two samples were very similar:autogenous shrinkage of sample 13was slightly less than that of sample 8(Schlitter et al.,2010).From the test results it can be shown that the water content of aggregate had an obvious effect on the autogenous shrinkage of LWAC containing ?y ash:the more internal water in the lightweight aggregate,the more obvious the effect of shrinkage reduction is.It can be postulated that lightweight aggregate contains a certain amount of water after being pre-wetted;this water can compensate for the internal relative humidity,which is reduced by the hydration of the cementing material in the hardened cement paste.The humidity compensation achieves the goal of internal curing and reduces self-desiccation;thus,the autogenous shrinkage of concrete was controlled effectively.In this test,lightweight aggregate basically reached saturation after a 1-h soak

550500

450400350300250200

Age: d

S h r i n k a g e r a t e :m /m

μFigure 7.Effect of water–binder ratio on autogenous shrinkage (w/b:water–binder

ratio)0510

15202530

550500

450400350300250200Age: d

S h r i n k a g e r a t e :m /m

μ150

Figure 8.Effect of pre-wetting degree of lightweight aggregate on autogenous shrinkage

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Magazine of Concrete Research Volume 65Issue 15

Study on early autogenous shrinkage and crack resistance of ?y ash high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete Gao,Zhang,Tang and Liu

and was closed to the water content of aggregate soaked for 24h;thus,the shrinkage-reducing effect between them was very similar (Henkensiefken,2009).However,the aggregate,which was not pre-wetted,could absorb water in hydration,decreasing the effec-tive water in the hydration,thus exacerbating self-desiccation and increasing autogenous shrinkage.

Early crack resistance of LWAC containing ?y ash

The early crack resistance of LWAC containing ?y ash of different ?neness was studied using the elliptic ring test method (Golias,2010;Lura et al.,2009).The experimental subjects were samples 0,2(containing 20%FA (II)),5(containing 20%FA (I))and 8(containing 20%UFA);other parameters of the mix proportion remained consistent.Table 3shows the test results.

From Table 3,patterns of key data are observed at 3d,for example:the initial cracking time àsample 0(8.5h),sample 2(12.5h),sample 5(20.5h),sample 8(26h);the total cracking area àsample 0(24.5mm 2).sample 2(14.75mm 2).sample 5(6mm 2).sample 8(3mm 2).Thus,it can be seen that the reference LWAC sample showed the greatest cracking sensitivity (Lopez et al.,2009)and the early crack resistance of LWAC was enhanced with the addition of ?y ash.The higher the ?neness of ?y ash,the more obvious was the improvement of crack resistance.Furthermore,the test results of crack resistance remained consistent with that of autogenous shrinkage,which further indicated that a higher ?neness of ?y ash could control early volume deformation,especially self-desiccation,of LWAC.The addition of ?y ash increased the effective water–cement ratio of the early hydration system so that increased free water compensated for the autogenous shrinkage and surface plastic shrinkage.Therefore,compared with the sample without ?y ash,the early volume deformation of LWAC containing ?y ash was restrained,which further enhanced the crack resistance of the whole concrete structure.In actual projects,a high quality of ?y ash could be used to restrain high early autogenous shrinkage and to control cracking of HSLWAC.

Conclusion

The test results showed that the addition of ?y ash effectively reduced the early autogenous shrinkage of lightweight aggregate concrete.It was discovered that greater ?y ash content results in less autogenous shrinkage,and the higher the ?neness of the ?y ash is,the more obvious is the shrinkage reduction effect.At a lower water–binder ratio,autogenous shrinkage increased with a decrease in water–binder ratio.The pre-wetting state of aggregate had a signi?cant effect on restraining autogenous shrinkage of LWAC,and the early autogenous shrinkage increased signi?cantly in LWAC with un-pre-wetted https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b56072097.html,pared with LWAC without ?y ash,the early crack resistance of the sample contain-ing ?y ash was considerably enhanced;therefore,a higher ?neness of ?y ash leads to more obvious improvement of crack resistance.In real projects this could be used to reduce the early autogenous shrinkage cracking risk of HSLWAC.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Specialised Research Fund for the Doctoral Programme of Higher Education of China (No.20104316120001),the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province,China (No.11A005)and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Special Funded Project (No.2010003507).

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Gao,Zhang,Tang and Liu

如何有效地进行跨文化沟通

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高二作文:忠言逆耳利于行议论文800字

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