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2016年普通高等学校全国统一招生考试(新课标Ⅲ卷)

2016年普通高等学校全国统一招生考试(新课标Ⅲ卷)
2016年普通高等学校全国统一招生考试(新课标Ⅲ卷)

2016普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅲ)

理科综合能力测试化学部分

编辑校对:尚凡朋可能用到的相对原子质量:H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 Al 27 P 31 S 21 Ca 40 Fe 56 Ni 59 Cu 64 Zn 65

7.化学在生活中有着广泛的应用,下列对应关系错误的是

8.下列说法错误的是

A.乙烷室温下能与浓盐酸发生取代反应

B.乙烯可以用作生产食品包装材料的原料

C.乙醇室温下在水中的溶解度大于溴乙烷

D.乙酸在甲酸甲酯互为同分异构体

9.下列有关实验的操作正确的是

先从分液漏斗下口放出有机层,后从上口倒出10.已知异丙苯的结构简式如下,下列说法错误的是

A.异丙苯的分子式为C9H12 B.异丙苯的沸点比苯高

C .异丙苯中碳原子可能都处于同一平面

D .异丙苯和苯为同系物

11.锌–空气燃料电池可用作电动车动力电源,电池的电解质溶液为KOH 溶液,反应为

2Zn+O 2+4OH –+2H 2O =2Zn(OH)2-

4。下列说法正确的是

A .充电时,电解质溶液中K +向阳极移动

B .充电时,电解质溶液中c(OH -

)逐渐减小

C .放电时,负极反应为:Zn+4OH -?2e -

= Zn(OH)2-4

D .放电时,电路中通过2mol 电子,消耗氧气22.4L (标准状况)

12.四种短周期主族元素W 、X 、Y 、Z 的原子序数依次增大,W 、X 的简单离子具有相同电子层结构,X 的原子半径是短周期主族元素原子中最大的,W 与Y 同族,Z 与X 形成的离子化合物的水溶液呈中性。下列说法正确的是 A .简单离子半径:W

B .W 与X 形成的化合物溶于水后溶液呈碱性

C .气态氢化物的热稳定性:W

D .最高价氧化物的水化物的酸性:Y>Z 13.下列有关电解质溶液的说法正确的是

A .向0.1mol ?L ?1

CH 3COOH 溶液中加入少量水,溶液中c(H +)c(CH 3COOH)

减小

B .将CH 3COONa 溶液从20℃升温至30℃,溶液中c(CH 3COO -

)

c(CH 3COOH)?c(OH -)增大

C .向盐酸中加入氨水至中性,溶液中c(NH +

4)

c(Cl )

>1

D .向AgCl 、AgBr 的饱和溶液中加入少量AgNO 3,溶液中c(Cl ?)

c(Br ?)不变

26.(14分)

过氧化钙微溶于水,溶于酸,可作分析试剂、医用防腐剂、消毒剂。以下是一种制备过氧化钙的实验方法。回答下列问题: (一)碳酸钙的制备

石灰石

(含少量铁的氧化物滤液碳酸铵溶液氨水过滤CaCO 3

(1)步骤①加入氨水的目的是_______。小火煮沸的作用是使沉淀颗粒长大,有利于____。

(2)右图是某学生的过滤操作示意图,其操作不规范的是______(填标号)。

a.漏斗末端颈尖未紧靠烧杯壁

b.玻璃棒用作引流

c.将滤纸湿润,使其紧贴漏斗壁

d.滤纸边缘高出漏斗

e.用玻璃棒在漏斗中轻轻搅动以加快过滤速度

(二)过氧化钙的制备

CaCO 稀盐酸、煮沸、过滤

氨水与双氧水

冰浴③

过滤

白色结晶

(3)步骤②的具体操作为逐滴加入稀盐酸,至溶液中尚存有少量固体,此时溶液呈____性(填“酸”、“碱”或“中”)。将溶液煮沸,趁热过滤。将溶液煮沸的作用是___________。(4)步骤③中反应的化学方程式为________,该反应需要在冰浴下进行,原因是_________。(5)将过滤得到的白色结晶依次使用蒸馏水、乙醇洗涤,使用乙醇洗涤的目的是_______。(6)制备过氧化钙的另一种方法是:将石灰石煅烧后,直接加入双氧水反应,过滤后可得到过氧化钙产品。该工艺方法的优点是______,产品的缺点是_______。

27.(15分)

煤燃烧排放的烟气含有SO2和NO x,形成酸雨、污染大气,采用NaClO2溶液作为吸收剂可同时对烟气进行脱硫、脱硝。回答下列问题:

(1)NaClO2的化学名称为_______。

(2)在鼓泡反应器中通入含有SO2和NO的烟气,反应温度为323 K,NaClO2溶液浓度为5×10?3mol·L?1。反应一段时间后溶液中离子浓度的分析结果如下表。

①写出NaClO2溶液脱硝过程中主要反应的离子方程式__________。增加压强,NO的转化率______(填―提高‖、―不变‖或―降低‖)。

②随着吸收反应的进行,吸收剂溶液的pH逐渐______(填―增大‖―不变‖或―减小‖)。

③由实验结果可知,脱硫反应速率______脱硝反应速率(填―大于‖或―小于‖)。原因是除了SO2和NO在烟气中的初始浓度不同,还可能是___________。

(3)在不同温度下,NaClO2溶液脱硫、脱硝的反应中,SO2和NO的平衡分压p c如图所示。

T /K

?l g (p c /P a )

①由图分析可知,反应温度升高,脱硫、脱硝反应的平衡常数均______________(填“增大”、“不变”或“减小”)。

②反应ClO -2+2SO 2-3===2SO 2-4+Cl -的平衡常数K 表达式为___________。

(4)如果采用NaClO 、Ca(ClO)2替代NaClO 2,也能得到较好的烟气脱硫效果。 ①从化学平衡原理分析,Ca(ClO)2相比NaClO 具有的优点是_______。 ②已知下列反应:

SO 2(g)+2OH ? (aq) =SO 2-3 (aq)+H 2O(l) ΔH 1

ClO ? (aq)+SO 2-3 (aq) =SO 2-4 (aq)+Cl ? (aq) ΔH 2

CaSO 4(s) =Ca 2+(aq)+SO 2-4(aq) ΔH 3

则反应SO 2(g)+ Ca 2+(aq)+ ClO ? (aq) +2OH ? (aq) = CaSO 4(s) +H 2O(l) +Cl ? (aq)的ΔH = 。 28.(14分)

以硅藻土为载体的五氧化二钒(V 2O 5)是接触法生成硫酸的催化剂。从废钒催化剂中回收V 2O 5既避免污染环境又有利于资源综合利用。废钒催化剂的主要成分为:

以下是一种废钒催化剂回收工艺路线:

废钒

2O 5

回答下列问题:

(1)“酸浸”时V 2O 5转化为VO + 2,反应的离子方程式为___________,同时V 2O 4转成VO 2+。“废渣1”的主要成分是__________________。

(2)“氧化”中欲使3 mol 的VO 2+变为VO + 2,则需要氧化剂KClO 3至少为______mol 。

(3)“中和”作用之一是使钒以V 4O 4-

12形式存在于溶液中。“废渣2”中含有_______。

(4)“离子交换”和“洗脱”可简单表示为:4ROH+ V 4O 412

离子交换R 4V 4O 12+4OH -

(ROH 为强碱性阴离子交换树脂)。为了提高洗脱效率,淋洗液应该呈_____性(填―酸‖、―碱‖或―中‖)。

(5)“流出液”中阳离子最多的是________。

(6)“沉钒”得到偏钒酸铵(NH 4VO 3)沉淀,写出―煅烧‖中发生反应的化学方程式____________。

36.[化学——选修2:化学与技术](15分)

聚合硫酸铁(PFS )是水处理中重要的絮凝剂。下图是以回收废铁屑为原料制备PFS 的一种工艺流程。

PFS 固体产品2(OH)x (SO 4) ]y

x 2

3?

回答下列问题

(1)废铁屑主要为表面附有大量铁锈的铁,铁锈的主要成分为_________。粉碎过筛的目的是_______。

(2)酸浸时最合适的酸是_____,写出铁锈与酸反应的离子方程式___________________。 (3)反应釜中加入氧化剂的作用是_________,下列氧化剂中最合适的是____________(填标号)。

a. KMnO 4

b. Cl 2

c. H 2O 2

d. HNO 3

(4)聚合釜中溶液的pH 必须控制在一定的范围内。pH 偏小时Fe 3+水解程度弱,pH 偏大时则_______。

(5)相对于常压蒸发,减压蒸发的优点是______。

(6)盐基度B 是衡量絮凝剂絮凝效果的重要指标,定义式为B =

3n (OH)

n (Fe)

(n 为物质的量)。为测量样品的B 值,取样品m g ,准确加入过量盐酸,充分反应,再加入煮沸后冷却的蒸馏水,以酚酞为指示剂,用c mol ?L ?1的标准NaOH 溶液进行中和滴定(部分操作略去,已排除铁离子干扰)。到终点时消耗NaOH 溶液V mL 。按照上述步骤做空白对照试验,消耗NaOH 溶液V 0mL ,已知该样品中Fe 的质量分数w ,则B 的表达式____

37.[化学——选修3:物质结构与性质](15分)

砷化镓(GaAs)是优良的半导体材料,可用于制作微型激光器或太阳能电池的材料等。回答下列问题:

(1)写出基态As原子的核外电子排布式________________________。

(2)根据元素周期律,原子半径Ga_____As,第一电离能Ga_____As。(填“大于”或“小于”)

(3)AsCl3分子的立体构型为____________________,其中As的杂化轨道类型为

_________。

(4)GaF3的熔点高于1000℃,GaCl3的熔点为77.9℃,其原因是_____________________。(5)GaAs的熔点为1238℃,密度为ρg·cm?3,其晶胞结构如图所示。该晶体的类型为

___________,Ga与As以________键键合。Ga和As的摩尔质量分别为M Ga g?mol?1和M As g ?mol?1,原子半径分别为r Ga pm和r As pm,阿伏加德罗常数值为N A,则GaAs晶胞中原子的体积占晶胞体积的百分率为____________________。

38.[化学——选修5:有机化学基础](15分)

端炔烃在催化剂存在下可发生偶联反应,称为Glaser反应。

2R—C≡C—催化剂—C≡C—C≡C—R+H2

该反应在研究新型发光材料、超分子化学等方面具有重要价值。下面是利用Glaser反应制备化合物E的一种合成路线:

①②CCl2CH3

1)NaNH2

2)H O

C≡CH

B C D E

回答下列问题:

(1)B的结构简式为______,D 的化学名称为______。

(2)①和③的反应类型分别为______、______。

(3)E的结构简式为______。用1 mol E合成1,4?二苯基丁烷,理论上需要消耗氢气_______mol。

(4)化合物(-C≡CH

HC≡C-)也可发生Glaser偶联反应生成聚合物,该聚合反应的化学方程式为_____________________________________。

(5)芳香化合物F是C的同分异构体,其分子中只有两种不同化学环境的氢,数目比为3:1,写出其中3种的结构简式_______________________________。

(6)写出用2?苯基乙醇为原料(其他无机试剂任选)制备化合物D的合成路线___________。

2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅲ)

(化学部分)参考答案

7.B 8.A 9.A 10.C 11.C 12.B 13.D

26.(14分)

(1)调节溶液pH使Fe(OH)3沉淀过滤分离(每空1分,共2分)

(2)ade (3分)

(3)酸除去溶液中的CO2

(4)CaCl 2+2NH3?H2O+H2O2+6H2O CaO2?8H2O↓ +2NH4Cl

或CaCl 2+2NH3?H2O+H2O2CaO2↓+2NH4Cl+2H2O

减少CaO2的损失,温度高时CaO2易分解

(2分,1分,共3分)

(5)去除结晶表面水分(2分)

(6)工艺简单、操作方便纯度较低(每空1分,共2分)

27.(15分)

(1)亚氯酸钠(2分)

(2)①4NO+3ClO-

2+4OH-=4NO-

3

+2H2O+3Cl-提高(2分,1分,共3分)

②减小(1分)③大于NO溶解度较低或脱硝反应活化能较高(每空1分,共2分)

(3)①减小(1分)②c2(SO2?4)?c(Cl-)

c2(SO2?3)?c(ClO?2)

(2分)

(4)①形成CaSO4沉淀,反应平衡向产物方向移动,SO2转化率提高(2分)

②ΔH1+ΔH2-ΔH3 (2分)

28.

(1)V2O5+2H+=2VO2++H2O SiO2(每空2分,共4分)

(2)0.5(2分)

(3)Fe(OH)3和Al(OH)3(2分)

(4)碱(2分)

(5)K+(2分)

(6)2NH4VO3△V2O5+2NH3↑+H2O↑(2分)

36.

(1)Fe 2O 3·x H 2O (1分)选取细小颗粒,增大反应物接触面积,提高―酸浸‖反应速率(2分) (2)H 2SO 4 Fe 2O 3·x H 2O+6H +=2Fe 3++(x +3))H 2O (3)使Fe 从+2价变成+3价 c (每空1分,共2分) (4)形成氢氧化铁沉淀(2分) (5)降低蒸发温度防止产物分解(2分) (6)0.168c (V 0?V )mw

(3分)

37.[化学——选修3:物质结构与性质](15分) (1)[Ar]3d 104s 24p 3(1分)

(2)大于 小于(每空2分,共4分) (3)三角锥形 sp 3(每空1分,共2分) (4)GaF 3为离子晶体,GaCl 3为分子晶体(2分)

(5)原子晶体 共价 4π×10?30N A ρ(r 3

Ga + r 3

As )

3(M Ga +M As )×100%(每空2分,6分)

38.[化学——选修5:有机化学基础](15分) (1)

-C 2H 5

苯乙炔(每空1分,共2分)

(2)取代反应消去反应(每空1分,共2分) (3)

-C ≡C -C ≡C -

4(2分,1分,共3分)

(4)-C ≡n HC ≡C -

催化剂

-C ≡C -H -C ≡C -

n

+(n -1)H 2(2分)

(5)

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

(任意三种)(3分)

(6)

CH 2

CH

(3分)

2016年全国2卷高考语文试题及答案

2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 语文 注意事项: 1.本试卷分第I卷(阅读题)和第Ⅱ卷(表达题)两部分。答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2.作答时,将答案写在答题卡上.写在本试卷上无效。 3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第I卷阅读题 甲必考题 ―、现代文阅读(9分,每小题3分) 阅读下面的文宇,完成1?3題. 人们常说“小说是讲故事的艺术”,丹故事不等于小说,故事讲述人与小说家也不能混为一谈。就传统而言,讲故事的讲述亲身经历或道题听途说的故事,口耳相传,吧它们转化为听众的经验;小说家则通常记录见闻传说,虚构故事,经过艺术处理,把它们变成小说交给读者。 除流传形式上的简单差异外,早起小说和故事的本质区别并不明显,经历和见闻是它们的共同要素,在传统较为落后的过去,作为远行者的商人和税收最适合充当故事讲述人的角色,故事的丰富程度与远行者的游历成比。受此影响,国外古典小说也常以人物的经历为主线组织故事,《荷马史诗》《一千零一夜》都是描述某种特殊的经历和遭遇,《唐吉可德》中的故事是唐吉可德的行侠其余和所见所闻,17世纪欧洲的流浪汉小说也体现游历见闻的连缀。在中国民间传说和历史故事为志怪录类的小说提供了用之不竭的素材,话本等古典小说形式也显示出小说和传统故事的亲密关系。 虚构的加强使小说和传统质检的区别清晰起来。小说中的故事可以来自想象。不一定是作者的亲历亲闻。小说家常闭门构思,作品大多诞生于他们的离群索居的时候,小说家可以闲坐在布宜诺斯艾利斯的图书馆中,或者在巴黎一间终年不见阳光的阁楼里,杜撰他们想象中的历险故事,但是,一名水手也许礼金千辛万苦才能把在东印度群岛听到的故事带回伦敦;一个匠人瓢泼一生,积攒下无数的见闻、掌故或趣事,当他晚年作在火炉旁给孩子们讲述这

(完整版)2016年全国高考英语试卷之完形填空总汇及解析

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