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A qualitative evaluation of security patterns

A qualitative evaluation of security patterns
A qualitative evaluation of security patterns

A Qualitative Evaluation of Security Patterns
Spyros T. Halkidis, Alexander Chatzigeorgiou, and George Stephanides
Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Egnatia 156, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece {halkidis,achat,steph}@uom.gr Abstract. Software Security has received a lot of attention during the last years. It aims at preventing security problems by building software without the socalled security holes. One of the ways to do this is to apply specific patterns in software architecture. In the same way that the well-known design patterns for building well-structured software have been used, a new kind of patterns, called security patterns have emerged. The way to build secure software is still vague, but guidelines for this have already appeared in the literature. Furthermore, the key problems in building secure software have been mentioned. Finally, threat categories for a software system have been identified. Based on these facts, it would be useful to evaluate known security patterns based on how well they follow each guideline, how they encounter with possible problems in building secure software and for which of the threat categories they do take care of.
1 Introduction
Information systems security has been an active research area since decades [7, 13]. The wide applicability of information systems security techniques has been acknowledged due to the wide spread of computer communication technologies and the Internet. Network architecture techniques for building secure intranets have been developed. Though, only recently it has been recognized that the main source of attacks questioning the security characteristics of information systems is in most cases software poorly designed and developed. Specifically, designed and developed without security being in the minds of people involved [15, 9, 18]. Through practical examples from attacks to businesses and universities it can be shown that the main source of security related attacks are in fact so-called software holes. With this in mind, a new field of research called software security has emerged during the last years. In analogy to design patterns for building well-structured software, architectural patterns for building secure systems have been proposed. These patterns, called security patterns, have been an active research area since the work by Yoder and Barcalow [23]. Though, until now no qualitative evaluation of the security properties of these patterns does exist. In this paper we try to investigate this field by providing an evaluation of the patterns based on three main criteria categories. First of all, guidelines for building security software exist [15]. Secondly, main software hole categories that offer seedbed for possible attacks have been identified [15,9]. Thirdly, categories of possible attacks to a system have been analyzed [9]. In this paper we evaluate known security patterns based on how well they confront to the aforementioned guidelines, how well they guide the software to be designed without any software holes and how well a software
J. López, S. Qing, and E. Okamoto (Eds.): ICICS 2004, LNCS 3269, pp. 132–144, 2004. ? Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004

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system using a specific security pattern might respond to each category of possible attacks. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 makes a short overview of existing security patterns. Section 3 describes the qualitative criteria for the evaluation. Section 4 is the main part of the paper, where the security patterns are evaluated, based on these qualitative criteria. Finally, in Section 4 we make some final conclusions and propose future directions for research.
2 A Short Review of Existing Security Patterns
Since the pioneer work by Yoder and Barcalow [23] several security patterns have been introduced in the literature. Though, there exists no clear definition of a security pattern because different authors refer to security patterns in a different context. For example, Ramachandran [18] refers to security patterns as basic elements of security system architecture in analogy to the work of Buschman et. al. [4] and Kis [12] has introduced security antipatterns. Romanosky [19, 20, 21] deals with security patterns from different viewpoints. Several authors describe security patterns intended for specific use, such as security patterns for Web Applications [22,11], security patterns for agent systems [17], security patterns for cryptographic software [2], security patterns for mobile Java Code [14], metadata, authentication and authorization patterns [6,3] and security patterns examined at a business level [10]. Furthermore, the same security patterns appear in the literature with different names. Based on these facts, the Open Group Security Forum started a coordinated effort to build a comprehensive list of existing security patterns with the intended use of each pattern, all the names with which each security pattern exists in the literature, the motivation behind designing the pattern, the applicability of the pattern, the structure of the pattern, the classes that comprise the pattern, a collaboration diagram describing the sequence of actions for the use of the pattern, guidelines for when to use the pattern, descriptions of possible implementations of the pattern, known uses of the pattern and finally, related patterns [1]. The notion of a security pattern in the related technical guide published by the Open Group in March 2004 is completely in analogy with the notion of Design Patterns as originally stated by Gamma et. al. [8]. Our work is based on this review by Blakley et. al. [1] since this is the most comprehensive guide currently reviewing existing security patterns. For the sake of clarity, we will include in this paper the names of the patterns together with their intended use. We will also include a class diagram of the patterns. Blakley et. al. [1] divide security patterns in two categories. The first category is Available system patterns, which facilitate construction of systems that provide predictable uninterrupted access to the services and resources they offer to users. The second category is Protected system patterns, which facilitate construction of systems that protect valuable resources against unauthorized use, disclosure or modification. 2.1 Available System Patterns The intent of the Checkpointed System pattern is to structure a system so that its state can be recovered and restored to a known valid state in case a component fails. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 1.

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Fig. 1. Class Diagram of the Checkpointed System Pattern
The intent of the Standby pattern is to structure a system so that the service provided by one component can be resumed from a different component. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. Class diagram of the Standby pattern
The intent of the Comparator-Checked Fault Tolerant System pattern is to structure a system so that an independent failure of one component will be detected quickly and so that an independent single-component failure will not cause a system failure. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 3. The intent of the Replicated System pattern is to structure a system that allows provision from multiple points of presence and recovery in the case of failure of one or more components or links. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 4. The intent of the Error Detection/Correction pattern is to add redundancy to data to facilitate later detection of and recovery of errors. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 5.

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Fig. 3. Class diagram of the Comparator-Checked Fault-Tolerant System Pattern
Fig. 4. Class diagram of the Replicated System pattern
Fig. 5. Class diagram of the Error Detection/Correction pattern

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2.2 Protected System Patterns The intent of the Protected System pattern is to structure a system so that all access by clients is mediated by a guard that enforces a security policy. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 6.
Fig. 6. Class diagram of the Protected System pattern
The intent of the Policy pattern is to isolate policy enforcement to a discrete component of an information system and to ensure that policy enforcement activities are performed in the proper sequence. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 7.
Fig. 7. Class diagram of the Policy pattern
The intent of the Authenticator pattern [3] is to perform authentication of a requesting process, before deciding access to distributed objects. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 8.
Fig. 8. Class diagram of the Authenticator pattern

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The intent of the Subject Descriptor pattern is to provide access to security-relevant attributes of an entity on whose behalf operations are to be performed. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 9.
Fig. 9. Class diagram of the Subject Descriptor Pattern
The intent of the Secure Communication Pattern is to ensure that mutual security policy objectives are met when there is a need for two parties to communicate in the presence of threats. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 10.
Fig. 10. Class diagram of the Secure Communication Pattern
The intent of the Security Context pattern is to provide a container for security attributes and data relating to a particular execution context, process, operation or action. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 11.
Fig. 11. Class diagram of the Security Context pattern

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The intent of the Security Association pattern is to define a structure which provides each participant in a Secure Communication with the information it will use to protect messages to be transmitted to the other party and with the information it will use to understand and verify the protection applied to messages received from the other party. A class diagram of the pattern is shown in Figure 12.
Fig. 12. Class diagram of the Security Association Pattern
Finally, the intent of the Secure Proxy pattern is to define the relationship between the guards of two instances of Protected System, in the case when one instance is entirely contained within the other. Figure 13 shows a class diagram of the pattern.
Fig. 13. Class diagram of the Secure Proxy pattern
3 Description of the Qualitative Criteria for the Evaluation
The criteria we use for the evaluation of the security patterns are based on previous work done in the field of software security. Specifically we examine how well the security patterns follow the guiding principles stated by McGraw [15], something that has been also done for some security patterns by Cheng et. al. [5], how well they deter the developer from building software that might contain security holes and finally how well software built based on a specific security pattern might respond to the STRIDE model of attacks described by Howard and Leblanc [9]. We are going to briefly describe these qualitative criteria.

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McGraw [15] describes ten guiding principles for building secure software. Principle 1 states that we should secure the weakest link since it is the place of a software system where it is most likely that an attack might be successful. Principle 2 states that we should practice defense in depth, which means that we should have a series of defenses so that, if an error isn’t caught by one, it will be caught by another. Principle 3 states that the system should fail securely, which means that the system should continue to operate in secure mode in case of a failure. Principle 4 states that we should follow the principle of least privilege. This means that only the minimum access necessary to perform an operation should be granted, and the access should be granted only for the minimum amount of time necessary. Principle 5 advises us to compartmentalize, which means to minimize the amount of damage that can be done to a system by breaking up the system into as few units as possible while still isolating code that has security privileges. Principle 6 states that we should keep the system simple since complex systems are more likely to include security problems. Principle 7 states that we should promote privacy, which means that we should protect personal information that the user gives to a program. Principle 8 states that we should remember that hiding secrets is hard, which translates into building a system where even insider attacks are difficult. Principle 9 states that we should be reluctant to trust, which means that we should not trust software that has not been extensively tested. Finally, principle 10 states that we should use our community resources, which means that we should use well-tested solutions. From the above descriptions it is obvious that there are some principles that conflict and that there are tradeoffs in designing a software system. For example the principle of keeping the system simple conflicts with the principle of practicing defense in depth. Though, a good solution to this might be to build systems where different parts of them adhere to different sets of principles, so that different parts supplement each other. The second set of criteria describes how well a security pattern deters the software developer from building a system that contains common software security holes, as they are described by McGraw [15]. In this paper we focus on three pure software development problems that might be encountered which are buffer overflows, poor access control mechanisms and race conditions and don’t study problems related to cryptography such as poor random number generation. The last set of criteria can be described as how well a specific security pattern might respond to different categories of attacks as they are described by Howard and Leblanc [9]. To describe the different categories of attacks that are possible in a software system Howard and Leblanc propose the so-called STRIDE model. The first category of attacks consists of the Spoofing identity attacks. The second category of attacks consists of the Tampering with data attacks. The third category of attacks consists of the Repudiation attacks. The fourth category of attacks consists of the Information disclosure attacks. The fifth category of attacks consists of Denial of Service attacks. Finally, the sixth category of attacks consists of the Elevation of privilege attacks.
4 Qualitative Evaluation of the Security Patterns
In many cases we cannot make judgment about specific criteria because in some cases the security properties of the system are not dependent on the security pattern but in

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its specific implementation. In these cases we do not mention the criteria for the pattern we are considering. We first discuss which of the qualitative properties we described previously exist in the so-called Available System Patterns. We first note that the basic aim of these security patterns is to make systems robust in the case of failure. So, the first general observation we can do is that these patterns are designed in order for a system to fail securely. Furthermore, by looking at the class diagrams of these patterns we can conclude that the Checkpointed System pattern, the Standby pattern and the Error Detection Correction pattern are designed in such a way that they are kept simple. All the Available System patterns, due to the purpose they serve have protection from Denial of Service attacks because they can detect such situations as failure cases. The more complex of them, namely the Comparator-Checked Fault Tolerant System pattern and the Error Detection/Correction pattern have improved protection from Denial of Service Attacks, since they consist of Multiple Recoverable Components or Replicas respectively. That implies that in case a part fails not only can it be replaced by another part, but also in case the second part fails it can be replaced too by another part and so on. We describe the qualitative properties of Protected System Patterns in more detail since they differ from each other. The Protected System pattern aims at protecting access to some resources from clients accessing them without control by setting a guard between them. It implements the principle of least privilege, since the access to the resources is controlled. It can follow the principle of using community resources, by choosing appropriate software solutions for the guard. It works against the principle of compartmentalization, since one guard protects all the resources. It works against the principle of practicing defense in depth since there exists only one level of protection. Considering the second set of previously described criteria for avoiding software holes we can note that by using a Stackguard [18] as part of the guard design of the pattern we could prevent clients producing buffer overflows to the system. Furthermore, the guard could perform good access control satisfying the second criterion for deterring the system from having software holes. Race conditions could be prevented by not letting different clients competing for the same resource. Regarding the third set of criteria we can estimate that the guard could protect the system from spoofing, information disclosure, tampering and elevation of privilege attacks through the implementation of a good authentication and authorization mechanism as part of its functionality. The Policy pattern aims at applying a specified security policy to a discrete component of an information system. It uses both an Authenticator and a Guard class. So, it achieves practicing defense in depth. Furthermore, it follows the principle of least privilege and the principle of promoting privacy by proper design of the Authenticator class. It could follow the principle of using community resources by choosing tested solutions for the Guard and the Authenticator. It has simple design, so it follows the principle of keeping the system simple. Regarding the second and third sets of criteria the same things as for the Protected System pattern hold, for the same reasons. Additionally, it protects from repudiation attacks due to the Authenticator class. The Authenticator pattern [3] performs authentication of a requesting process before deciding access to distributed objects. Through the Authenticator class, it applies the principle of least privilege and the principle of promoting privacy. By requesting authentication from the same Authenticator for every object of the server [3], this pattern works against the principle of compartmentalization. Due to its simple design

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it follows the principle of keeping the system simple. About the third set of criteria we can conclude that it has the same properties with the Policy Pattern for the same reasons. The Subject Descriptor pattern aims at providing access to security-relevant attributes an entity. It promotes the principle of keeping the system simple due to its design. It can promote security properties only in association with other security patterns, like the Protected System Pattern. In its own it offers no protection from STRIDE attacks. The Secure Communication pattern aims to ensure that mutual security policy objectives are met when there is a need for two parties to communicate in the presence of threats. It follows the secure weakest link principle, since the communication link is the weakest link of the system in this case. It follows the principle to compartmentalize since a separate Communication Protection Proxy protects each link. It follows the principle of promoting privacy since the pattern protects from unauthorized use of the communications channel. The presence of software holes is dependent on the quality of the Communication Protection Proxy software. Specifically, the Communication Protection Proxy software can protect from buffer overflows and perform good access control to the communications channel. Regarding the third set of criteria, this pattern could protect from all types of attacks, since it can perform good access control to the communication link, confirm that each communicating party is the one it claims to be and finally the Communication Protection Proxy could cater for the protection from Denial of Service attacks. The Security Context pattern aims at providing a container for security attributes or data. It follows the principle of least privilege and promotes privacy, since the security attributes and data are protected by a Communication Protection Proxy class. Regarding the protection from software security holes we can estimate that a Communication Protection Proxy Software of good quality can protect from all three basic types of software security holes. Regarding possible attacks the Communication Protection Proxy can protect from Tampering, Information disclosure and Elevation of Privilege attacks. The Security Association pattern aims at defining a structure that provides each participant in a Secure Communication with the information it will use to protect messages to be transmitted to the other party and with the information it will use to understand and verify the protection applied to messages received from the other party. As a general note we can observe that this pattern has meaning only in association with the Secure Communication pattern. It follows the principle of securing the weakest link since it aims at protecting the communication channel. It follows the principle of practicing defense in depth, since it provides a second mechanism for protecting the communication channel. It follows the principles of least privilege and of promoting privacy through the use of the Communication Protection Proxy. It has simple design and consequently follows the principle of keeping the system simple. Regarding the second set of criteria the same as with the Security Context pattern holds for the same reasons. It protects from spoofing identity attacks and repudiation attacks through the use of the Communication Protection Proxy. It protects from Tampering, Information Disclosure and Elevation of Privilege attacks through the use of the Communication Protection Proxy. The Secure Proxy pattern aims at defining the relationship between the guards of two instances of the Protected System when one instance is entirely contained within the other. It practices defense in depth since it uses multiple levels of protection for

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the resources. It promotes privacy and follows the principle of least privilege through the use of the guards. Regarding the second set of criteria the same as with the Protected System pattern holds for the same reasons. This pattern can protect from the same type of attacks as the Protected System for the same reasons. The evaluation based on the first set of criteria can be summarized in table 1:
Table 1. Summary of the evaluation of the security patterns based on the ten guiding principles by McGraw. (Explanations, Y: Yes, A: Against, P: Possible)
Pattern Name Checkpointed System Standby Comparator Checked Fault Tolerant System Replicated System Error Detection/Correction Protected System Policy Authenticator Subject Descriptor Secure Communication Security Context Security Association Security Proxy 1 2 3 Y Y Y Y Y Principles 4 5 6 Y Y 7 10
A Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
A A Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
P P
Y Y Y Y
Y Y
A summary of the evaluation of the patterns based on the second set of criteria appears in Table 2. The security patterns, which are not present in the table, do not offer protection from any of the categories listed.
Table 2. Summary of the evaluation of security patterns based on the second set of criteria. (Explanations, P:Possible)
Pattern Name Protected System Policy Secure Communication Security Context Security Association Secure Proxy Protection from Buffer Overflows P P P P P P Good Access Control P P P P P P Protection from Race Conditions P P P P P
Finally, Table 3 summarizes the evaluation of the security patterns based on the third set of criteria.
5 Conclusions and Future Work
As it is well known in the security patterns community no security pattern in its own has all the desired characteristics. So, a good combination of the existing security patterns when designing a software system is required in order for it to be secure enough. The qualitative evaluation presented in this paper can aid in choosing good combinations of security patterns in order to build a secure software system. Secondly, we could note that beyond the qualitative evaluation of security patterns a

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Table 3. Summary of the evaluation of security patterns, based on the third set of criteria. (Explanations, P: Protection Exists, I: Improved Protection)
Pattern Name Checkpointed System Standby Comparator-Checked Fault Tolerant System Replicated System Error Detection/Correction Protected System Policy Authenticator Subject Descriptor Secure Communication Security Context Security Association Secure proxy S T R I D P P I P I E
P P P P P P
P P P P P P P
P P P P
P P P P P P P P
P P P P P P P
quantitative approach to evaluating the security of software systems would be desirable. This is also noted in [16]. In order for this goal to be achieved, one possible approach would be to combine software metrics techniques with the use of security patterns so that software designs could be quantitatively evaluated in terms of security.
References
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13. Krause M. and Tipton H. editors, Information Security Management Handbook, Fourth Edition, CRC Press – Auerbach Publications (1999) 14. Mahmoud, Q., Security Policy: A Design Pattern for Mobile Java Code, in Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programming (PLoP ’00) (2000) 15. McGraw, G., Building Secure Software, How to Avoid Security Problems the Right Way, Addison Wesley (2002) 16. McGraw, G., From the Ground Up: The DIMACS Software Security Workshop, IEEE Security and Privacy, March/April 2003, 2-9 17. Mouratidis, H., Giorgini, P., and Schumacher, M., Security Patterns for Agent Systems, in Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP ’03) (2003) 18. Ramachandran, J., Designing Security Architecture Solutions, John Wiley and Sons (2002) 19. Romanosky, S., Security Design Patterns, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b56547983.html,/papers/securityDesignPatterns.html (2002) 20. Romanosky, S., Enterprise Security Patterns, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b56547983.html,/papers/EnterpriseSecurityPatterns.pdf (2002) 21. Romanosky, S., Operational Security Patterns, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b56547983.html, (2003) 22. Weiss, M., Patterns for Web Applications, in Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programming (PLoP ’03) (2003) 23. Yoder, J., and, Barcalow, J., Architectural Patterns for enabling application security, in Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programming (PLoP ’97) (1997)

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五年级上册成语解释及近义词反义词和造句大全 囫囵吞枣;【解释】:囫囵:整个儿。把枣整个咽下去,不加咀嚼,不辨味道。比喻对事物不加分析考虑。【近义词】:不求甚解【反义词】融会贯穿[造句];学习不能囫囵吞枣而是要精益求精 不求甚解;bùqiúshènjiě【解释】:甚:专门,极。只求明白个大概,不求完全了解。常指学习或研究不认真、不深入【近义词】:囫囵吞枣【反义词】:精益求精 造句;1;在学习上,我们要理解透彻,不能不求甚解 2;学习科学文化知识要刻苦钻研,深入领会,不能粗枝大叶,不求甚解。 千篇一律;【解释】:一千篇文章都一个样。指文章公式化。也比喻办事按一个格式,专门机械。 【近义词】:千人一面、如出一辙【反义词】:千差万别、形形色色 造句;学生旳作文千篇一律,专门少能有篇与众不同旳,这确实是平常旳练习太少了。 倾盆大雨;qīngpéndàyǔ【解释】:雨大得象盆里旳水直往下倒。形容雨大势急。 【近义词】:大雨如柱、大雨滂沱【反义词】:细雨霏霏牛毛细雨 造句;3月旳天说变就变,瞬间下了一场倾盆大雨。今天下了一场倾盆大雨。 坚决果断;áobùyóuyù:意思;做事果断,专门快拿定了主意,一点都不迟疑,形容态度坚决 近义词;不假思索斩钉截铁反义词;犹豫不决 造句;1看到小朋友落水,司马光坚决果断地搬起石头砸缸。2我坚决果断旳承诺了她旳要求。 饥肠辘辘jīchánglùlù【近义词】:饥不择食【反义词】:丰衣足食 造句;1我放学回家已是饥肠辘辘。2那个饥肠辘辘旳小孩差不多两天没吃饭了 滚瓜烂熟gǔnguālànshóu〔shú)【解释】:象从瓜蔓上掉下来旳瓜那样熟。形容读书或背书流利纯熟。【近义词】:倒背如流【反义词】:半生半熟造句;1、这篇课文我们早已背得滚瓜烂熟了 流光溢彩【liúguāngyìcǎi】解释;光影,满溢旳色彩,形容色彩明媚 造句:国庆节,商场里装饰旳流光溢彩。 津津有味;jīnjīnyǒuwèi解释:兴趣浓厚旳模样。指吃得专门有味道或谈得专门有兴趣。 【近义词】:兴致勃勃有滋有味【反义词】:索然无味、枯燥无味 造句;1今天旳晚餐真丰富,小明吃得津津有味。 天长日久;tiānchángrìjiǔ【解释】:时刻长,生活久。【近义词】:天长地久【反义词】:稍纵即逝 造句:小缺点假如不立即改掉, 天长日久就会变成坏适应 如醉如痴rúzuìrúchī【解释】:形容神态失常,失去自制。【近义词】:如梦如醉【反义词】:恍然大悟造句;这么美妙旳音乐,我听得如醉如痴。 浮想联翩【fúxiǎngliánpiān解释】:浮想:飘浮不定旳想象;联翩:鸟飞旳模样,比喻连续不断。指许许多多旳想象不断涌现出来。【近义词】:思绪万千 造句;1他旳话让人浮想联翩。2:这幅画饱含诗情,使人浮想联翩,神游画外,得到美旳享受。 悲欢离合bēihuānlíhé解释;欢乐、离散、聚会。泛指生活中经历旳各种境遇和由此产生旳各种心情【近义词】:酸甜苦辣、喜怒哀乐【反义词】:平淡无奇 造句;1人一辈子即是悲欢离合,总要笑口常开,我们旳生活才阳光明媚. 牵肠挂肚qiānchángguàdù【解释】:牵:拉。形容十分惦念,放心不下 造句;儿行千里母担忧,母亲总是那个为你牵肠挂肚旳人 如饥似渴rújīsìkě:形容要求专门迫切,仿佛饿了急着要吃饭,渴了急着要喝水一样。 造句;我如饥似渴地一口气读完这篇文章。他对知识旳如饥似渴旳态度造就了他今天旳成功。 不言而喻bùyánéryù【解释】:喻:了解,明白。不用说话就能明白。形容道理专门明显。 【近义词】:显而易见【反义词】:扑朔迷离造句;1珍惜时刻,好好学习,那个道理是不言而喻旳 与众不同;yǔzhòngbùtóng【解释】:跟大伙不一样。 〖近义词〗别出心裁〖反义词〗平淡无奇。造句; 1从他与众不同旳解题思路中,看出他专门聪慧。2他是个与众不同旳小孩

成语大全及解释造句[1]

安然无恙:很平安,没有受到损失和伤害 - 造句:那次智利大地震,许多城市都毁灭了,但我叔父全家安然无恙,非常幸运。 - 拔苗助长:比喻违反事物的发展规律,急于求成,反而坏事 - 造句:“抢先教育”违背了儿童成长的客观规律,这种拔苗助长的办法结果必将造成对孩子身体和心灵的双重伤害。 - 跋山涉水:形容旅途的艰辛劳苦 - 造句:地质勘探队员不怕艰苦,跋山涉水,为祖国寻找地下的报藏。 - 百看不厌:对喜欢的人,事物等看多少遍都不厌倦。比喻非常喜欢。 -造句:到了节日里,各个景区摆设的花朵真是让人百看不厌。 - 班门弄斧:比喻在行家面前卖弄本领,不自量力 -造句:你在著名华文作家的面前卖弄华文,岂不是班门弄斧。

- 搬弄是非:把别人的话传来传去,有意挑拔,或在背后乱加议论,引起纠纷 - 造句:他们到处搬弄是非,传播流言、破坏组织内部的和谐。 - 变本加厉:指比原来更加发展。现指情况变得比本来更加严重 -造句;的坏习惯不但没有改正,反而变本加厉了. -变幻莫测:变化不可测度。变化很多,不能预料 -造句:草地的气候变幻莫测,一会儿烈日当空,一会儿大雨倾盆,忽而雨雪交加,忽而狂风怒吼。 - 别具匠心:指在技巧和艺术方面具有与众不同的巧妙构思- 造句:这篇小说让人看了回味无穷,作者确实是别巨匠心。 -不耻下问:指向地位比自己低、学识比自己少的人请教,也不感到羞耻(耻辱) -造句:学习,不仅要做到虚怀若谷,还要做到不耻下问。 -不可救药:比喻人或事物坏到无法挽救的地步 - 造句:他的问题很严重,已经不可救药。

- 不可思议:原有神秘奥妙的意思。现多指无法想象,难以理解 - 造句:我看这那座小山觉得不可思议。 -不期而遇:没有约定而遇见 -造句:高兴与悲伤总是不期而遇,或许这就是上帝再捉弄世俗吧! -不屈不挠:形容顽强斗争,在敌人或困难面前不屈服,不低头那种不屈不挠的、要征服一切的心情 -造句:战士们不屈不挠的坚守在抗震第一线。 - 不速之客:指没有邀请而自己来的客人 - 造句:也不必说有时趁你不防钻进防盗铁门登堂入室的不速之客。 - 不屑置辩:认为不值得辩论 - 造句:孔乙己对那些嘲笑他的人显出不屑置辩的神情。 -不言而喻:形容道理很明显 -造句:你想他们这朋友之乐,尽可不言而喻了。

悲惨的近义词反义词和造句

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争,往往是悲惨的、没有光华的、没有幸福的,在孤独与静寂中展开的斗争。……他们只能依靠自己,可是有时连最强的人都不免于在苦难中蹉跎。罗曼·罗兰 8.伟大的心胸,应该表现出这样的气概用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运,用百倍的勇气来应付开始的不幸。鲁迅人在逆境里比在在顺境里更能坚强不屈。遇厄运时比交好运时容易保全身心。 9.要抓紧时间赶快生活,因为一场莫名其妙的疾病,或者一个意外的悲惨事件,都会使生命中断。奥斯特洛夫斯基。 10.在我一生中最悲惨的一个时期,我曾经有过那类的想法:去年夏天在我回到这儿附近的地方时,这想法还缠着我;可是只有她自己的亲自说明才能使我再接受这可怕的想法。 11.他们说一个悲惨的故事是悲剧,但一千个这样的故事就只是一个统计了。 12.不要向诱惑屈服,而浪费时间去阅读别人悲惨的详细新闻。 13.那起悲惨的事件深深地铭刻在我的记忆中。 14.伟大的心胸,应该用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运,用百倍的勇气来应付一切的不幸。 15.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理,需要千百万个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。门捷列夫 16.生活需要爱,没有爱,那些受灾的人们生活将永远悲惨;生活需要爱,爱就像调味料,使生活这道菜充满滋味;生活需要爱,爱让生活永远充满光明。

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(12) 他这种放弃原则、瓦鸡陶犬的行径已经被揭露出来了。 (13) 适当放弃,做出斩钉截铁的决定,才能成为人生的赢家。 (14) 他委曲求全地放弃自己的主张,采纳了对方的意见。 (17) 我们要有愚公移山一样的斗志,坚持不懈,永远不放弃,去登上梦想的彼岸!(18) 只要有希望,就不能放弃。 (19) 为了大局着想,你应该委曲求全地放弃自己的看法。 (20) 既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。 (21) 即使没有人相信你,也不要放弃希望。 (22) 无论通往成功的路途有多艰辛,我都不会放弃。 (23) 在困难面前,你是选择坚持,还是选择放弃?(24) 无论前路多么的漫长,过程多么的艰辛,我都不会放弃并坚定地走下去。 (25) 你不要因为这点小事就英雄气短,放弃出国深造的机会。 (26) 像他这样野心勃勃的政客,怎么可能放弃追求权力呢?(27) 鲁迅有感于中国人民愚昧和麻木,很需要做发聋振聩的启蒙工作,于是他放弃学医,改用笔来战斗。 (28) 我们对真理的追求应该坚持不懈,锲而不舍,绝不能随便放弃自己的理想。 (29) 感情之事不比其他,像你这样期盼东食西宿,几个男友都捨不得放弃,最后必定落得一场空。 (30) 爷爷临终前的话刻骨铭心,一直激励着我努力学习,无论是遇到多大的困难险阻,我都不曾放弃。

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成语解释及造句

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7、如果奥巴马能够成就此功,并且帮助一个体面的伊拉克落稳脚跟,奥巴马和民主党不仅是结束了伊拉克战争,而是积极从战争中挽救。 8、而且,等到年纪大了退休时,他们希望能得到尊重和体面的对待。 9、爸爸,您倒对这件事处理得很体面,而我想那可能是我一生中最糟糕的一个夜晚吧。 10、有一些积极的东西,低于预期的就业损失索赔和零售销售是体面的。 11、如果你努力工作,你就能有获得一份终生工作的机会,有着体面的薪水,良好的福利,偶尔还能得到晋升。 12、体面的和生产性的工作是消除贫困和建立自给自足最有效的方法之一。 13、同时,他是一个仁慈、温和、体面的人,一个充满爱的丈夫和父亲,一个忠实的朋友。 14、几周前我们刚讨论过平板电脑是如何作为一个体面且多产的电子设备,即使它没有完整的键盘,在进行输入时会稍慢些。 15、什么才是生活体面的标准? 16、我们还必须迅速采取行动,为实现社会包容和人人体面工作营造有利的环境。 17、她告诉我人们都担心是不是必须把孩子送到国外去学习,才能保证孩子们长大后至少能过上体面正派的生活。

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1.孜孜不倦→勤勉不知疲倦。 他孜孜不倦的钻研学问。 2.坚持不懈→坚持到底不松懈。 他努力工作,坚持不懈,深受老板器重 3.变本加厉→变得比原来更加严重, 事隔二年,他的坏习惯不但没有改,反而变本加厉。 4.饱读诗书→读了很多诗书。 王老师饱读诗书,知识渊博,同学们都很尊重他。 5.反败为胜→从失败转为胜利。 下午的篮球赛,有了亮亮的上场,才反败为胜。 6.响彻云霄→声响透过云层,形容声音非常响亮。 我们的歌声响彻云霄。 7.汗流浃背→形容出汗多,背上的衣服都湿透了。 哥哥打完篮球,回家时总是汗流浃背的。 8.锦上添花→比喻美上加美,好上加好。 家里已经有了电视机,现在又买了电脑,真是锦上添花。 9.气喘如牛→比喻气喘得很厉害。 他刚跑完400米,就气喘如牛的问:「我是第一名吧?」 10.能跑善钻→形容动作灵活。 小强的动作很敏捷,能跑善钻,这次比赛应该是稳操胜券。 11.狂吠不已→狗不停地叫。 狗见到陌生人时,往往会狂吠不已。 12.提高警觉→要有敏锐的感觉。 在陌生的地方,夜间外出要提高警觉,尽量结伴而行。以策安全,13.呼朋引伴→招呼朋友,吸引伙伴。 鸟儿们在和煦的春风中呼朋引伴,唱出宛转的曲子。 14.大打出手→比喻逞凶打人或殴斗。 他们原本是好朋友,想不到竟为了一件小事而大打出手。 15.千变万化→形容变化极多。 天上的云,会随着气候的改变而千变万化,人们看云往往可以识天气。 16.五花八门:比喻变化多端或花样繁多。 这次趣味运动会的项目五花八门,妙趣横生,太棒了。 17.风吹草动→比喻轻微的动荡或变动。 敌人吃了败仗后,成了惊弓之鸟,一有风吹草动就惊惶逃窜。 18.生生不息→不停地繁衍生息。 我们伟大的中华民族就在中国这片神奇的土地上生生不息、代代相传。 19.欣欣向荣→草木生机旺盛的样子,比喻事业蓬勃发展,兴旺昌盛。我们的祖国到处是一派欣欣向荣、生机勃勃的新气象。 20.寸草不生→连小草也不能生长的地方,比喻荒凉贫瘠之地。 我们要把寸草不生的大沙漠改造成造福人民的绿洲 首尾乖互:相互违背,前后自相矛盾。

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