如何提高小学生数学计算能力
如何提高小学生数学计算能力
在小学中低年级教学中,计算占相当大的比例,学生最容易出错的也是计算,特别是随着计算机时代的到来，计算能力往往被很多人所忽视。我觉得计算能力是每个人必备的一项基本功，培养学生的计算能力也是小学生数学教学中的一项重要任务，是学生学好数学的重
要基础。学会计算，终身受用，生活中处处离不开计算，计算是小学数学教学的重中之重。
In teach ing in the eleme ntary school lower grade calculati on, acco unts for a con siderable proport ion of stude nts the most error-pr one and comput ing, especially with the adve nt of the era
of
computer, computing capacity is often ignored by many people. I think computing capability is a basic skills esse ntial to every one, to cultivate the stude nts' calculati on ability is an importa nt task in the primary school mathematics teach in g, is the importa nt foun dati on of stude nts to learn mathematics. Society, life, life is in separable from the calculati on, the calculati on is the key of the
eleme ntary school mathematics teach ing.
一、把好口算关
著名数学家裘宗沪指出：如果你想学好数学，首先要会算，而且要算得好，心算是一种思维能力。心算好，脑子里能盘算的问题就多，随时随地都能想问题。
Famous mathematician QiuZong hu pointed out that: if you want to learn math well, first of all to calculate, and to calculate well, mental arithmetic is a kind of thinking ability. Good mental arithmetic, the brain can only problem is, any time, any where can want to questi on.
1培养学生的“数感”。
数感，它同音乐的“乐感”、美术的“美感”一样，学数学就得有“数感”。在教学中，让学生用数学的眼光去观察、认识周围的事物，用数学的概念与语言去反映和描述社会生产
和生活中的问题，结合生活中的具体事例去教学数学知识，让学生感受到数学就在身边，生活中处处有数学，从而以积极的心态投入学习，体验“数感”。
Number sen se, it with the music of the \"music\" and \"beauty\" of art, maths has \" nu mber sen se\". I n the teach in g, lets the stude nt to observe, from the view of mathematics un dersta nding things around, using mathematical concepts and Ianguage to reflect and describe the problem of social product ion and life, comb ined with the con crete facts of life to teach ing mathematics knowledge, let students experience mathematics on the side, everywhere in the life mathematics, with positive attitude in learning, experience the \"number sense\".
2、强化口算。
口算是笔算、估算、简算的基础，无论整数、小数的加减法，还是乘除法，以及四则混合运算，都离不开口算。如：360十18=360十9十2=40十2=20，在这个简算的过程中，运用
了三项口算。又如：计算5764+3821的和，要用到4项加法口算，任何一个环节发生错误，
都可导致全盘出错。因此，要提高小学生的计算能力，就必须从强化口算能力抓起，把口算
训练当作一项常规工作来抓。我的具体做法是：
Oral is the basis of manual computation and estimation, Jane is, in any integer, decimal
additi on and subtract ion, or, method, and the four mixed operati on, canno t leave the oral.
Such as:
360 prese nt 18 = 360 prese nt nine members prese nt 2 = 40 members prese nt 2 = 20, in the
process
of the abridged, using three oral arithmetic. Aga in such as calculati on of 5764 + 3821, and, n eed four additi on oral, any a link error, can lead to errors. Therefore, to improve the eleme ntary stude nt's comput ing power, it must grab from stre ngthe ning oral ability, oral training as a rout ine
work. My particular way is:
(1 )每天利用3-5分钟时间训练口算。在教学中，我每天在课堂上利用3-5分钟时间
进行口算训练，或视算或听算，或在作业中抄一、两道脱式计算题，每天批阅并及时反馈，逐步提高学生的
计算能力。
(1) using 3-5 minu tes daily oral trai nin g. I n the teachi ng, I every day in the classroom use of 3-5 minu tes oral training, or ShiSua n or liste n to calculate, or, i n the case of a homework to copy one or two off type calculati on problem, marking and feedback in time every day, gradually
improve the stude nts' ability of calculati on.
(2)记忆一些常用数据和巧算方法。像20以内的加减法、表内乘法、1-20的平方数等，都要求学生熟记，达到脱口而出的程度。同时，经常教学生一些巧算的方法，也可使其计算速度大大提高。女口：一个数与“11”相乘，“两边一拉，中间一加，满十向前一位进一”；一个数与5、25、125相乘，都可以运用巧算方法：
(2) memory and some com monly used data coin cide nee coun ti ng method. As additi on and subtract ion, multiplicati on table with in 20, 1-20 square nu mber, etc., require stude nts to memorize and to the point of blurt out. At the same time, ofte n teach stude nts some clever calculate way, also can make its calculati on speed is greatly in creased. Such as: is multiplied by a nu mber from \"11\", \"on both sides of a pull, a middle, ten a into a\" forward; With a nu mber is multiplied by 5, 25,
125, can use opport un ely calculate method:
24X 5=24- 2X 10
24 * 24 prese nt 2 * 5 = 10
324X 25=324 - 4 X 100
25 = 324 prese nt 4 x 324 x 324
409 X 125=408 X 125+125=408 - 8X 1000+125
409 * 125 = 408 * 125 + 125 = 408 prese nt 8 x 1000 + 125
还有一些除法试商法：差数试商法、同头无除商八九法(当被除数和除数最高位上的数
字相同时，俗称“同头”，被除数的前几位比除数小，且除数与被除数次高位上的数的差不超过最高位时，可直接用八与九试商) 、中数试商法、折半试商法等等，这些都是学生快算
所必须掌握的基本方法。
Try some divisi on commercial law: differe ntial try to commercial law, with the head in additi on to bus in ess method (whe n the Numbers on the divide nd and the divisor that high phase at the same time, com monly known as the \"head\", divide nd top is smaller tha n the divisor, and the divisor and divide nd the nu mber of times on the high error is less tha n the highest level, can be directly used eight and nine test quotie nt), media n try commercial law, binary and commercial law, and so on, these are stude nts quick is n ecessary to master the basic method.
二、理解算理，提倡算法多样化
要使学生会算，必须要使其明确算理，这就要求教师对算法和算理的教学必须正确，因为第一印象非常重要，第一次讲错以后就很难改掉。记得一位心理学家说过：首次感知新知
识时，进入大脑的信息可以有受前摄抑制的干扰，能在学生的大脑皮层留下深刻的印象。但如果首次感知不准确，那么造成的不良后果在短期内是难以清除的。因此，教师必须充分备
课，选择最优方案，以期达到良好的教学效果。
To make the stude nt union, must make it clear to calculate, this requires teachers to the algorithm and the prin ciple of teach ing must be correct, because the first impressi on is very importa nt, for the first time speak wron g, it is hard to remove it later. Remember a psychologist said: first percepti on of new kno wledge, proactive in hibiti on of in formati on into the brain can be affected by the in terfere nee, can leave deep impressi on in stude nts' brain cortex. But if the first percepti on is not accurate, the adverse con seque nces in the short term is difficult to remove. Therefore, the teacher must fully preparatio n, select the optimal scheme, in order to achieve good
teach ing effect.
在学生明确算理的基础上，要提倡算法多样化。算法多样化不是要求每个学生都用多种
方法解决同一问题，而是要鼓励学生独立思考，用适合自己的方法解决，有能力的可以运用多种方法，没有这种需求的学生只用一种即可。提倡算法多样化，也要注意方法的优化，对
于学生想出的每一种正确方法都给予肯定，说服学生放弃自己的落后繁琐观点，去遵循优秀、简洁的方法，这样才能使自己的思维能力不断提高。特别要对中、高年级提出的每一种算法，
可让其自己说明算理，以防止其“知其然，不知其所以然”，同时起到培养学生逻辑思维和
口头表达能力的作用。
In stude nts is clear, on the basis of to promote diversity algorithm. Diversity algorithm isn't required that every stude nt (should) use a variety of methods to solve the same problem, but rather to en courage stude nts to thi nk in depe nden tly and solve with suitable methods, ability can use a variety of methods, without the n eed of stude nts in a can. Advocati ng algorithm diversity, also want to pay atte nti on to the optimizati on method, for stude nts to come up with every kind of right way to give affirmati on, persuade stude nts give up their backward trival, to follow the outsta nding, simple method, so as to make their thi nki ng ability con sta ntly improve. Especially for middle and senior each kind of algorithm, can calculate, make its own in struct ions in order to preve nt the
\"lear ning, don't know why\", at the same time cultivate stude nts' logical thinking and the role of
oral expressi on ability.
三、重视估算，教给方法
Third, the value estimate, teach method
在日常生活和生产实际中，某些计算和测量的结果无法得到或没有必要得到精确计算结
果或判断时，就要用到估算的方法。如一个房间的大小、从家到学校的距离、某楼房的高度、
有经验有渔民判断某片水域里鱼的数量等。因此，重视学生估算能力的培养，不仅可以使学
生的思维更加灵活，而且对学生的直觉思维能力的培养有很大的帮助。同时，加强估算，可
以加深学生对数字的认识，促进数感的培养，增强应用数学的意识，提高解决实际问题的能力。在教学中，我经常性地贯穿一些估算的技巧和方法：
In our daily life and product ion practice, some calculatio n and the measureme nt result can't get or there is no n eed to get the precise result or judgme nt, is employed to estimate method. Such as the size of a room, the dista nee from home to school, a build ing height, experie need fisherme n who judge a nu mber of fish in the water, etc. Atte ntio n to the cultivatio n of stude nts' ability to estimate, therefore, not only can make stude nts' th inking more flexible, but also for the cultivati on of the stude nts' ability of in tuiti on thinking has a lot of help. At the same time, stre ngthe n the estimati on, can deepe n stude nts un dersta nding of digital, promote the cultivati on of nu mber sen se, enhance the con scious ness of applied mathematics, improve the ability of solvi ng practical problems. In the teach in g, I regularly throughout some estimati on tech niq ues and methods:
1近似估算法。在实际计算中，根据情况把两个数同时估大或同时估小，或一个估大一个估小，以便口算为宜。估算过程中，由于学生的生活背景、思维方式的不同，估算结果也不一定一样，因此，允许估算结果与准确值之间有一定范围的误差，正负误差均可。如：
1, the approximate estimati on. In the actual calculati on, accord ing to the nu mber two at the same time for large or for small at the same time, or a big one for small forecast, so that verbal arithmetic is advisable. Estimati on process, because the stude nt's life backgro und, the differe nt way of thinking, to estimate the results may not be the same, therefore, allow a certa in range betwee n estimati on results with the accurate value of error of plus or minus error. Such as:
783+945 ?800+900=1700
Material 800 783 + 945 + 900 = 1700
3927-35~ 4000 - 40=1000
3927 prese nt 35 material prese nt 40 4000 = 1000
2、联系实际估算法。如计算人数、租车数量、铺地买砖等，都必须是整数，且得采用
“进一法”；用铁皮做铁盒，铁盒必须是整数，且得使用“去尾法”。
2, con tact the actual estimati on. Such as comput ing, rent a car nu mber, floor nu mber to buy brick, etc., must be an in teger, and must adopt \"i nto a\"; Do with tin tin box, tin box must be an
in teger, and must use the \"method\" to end.
除了课堂上传授方法之外，最有效的方法是让学生在实际生活中锻炼，在处理具体问题
中提高。
In additi on to classroom teachi ng methods, the most effective way is to let stude nts exercise in
real life, in deali ng with specific issues.
四、增强学生的实践能力
数学来源于生活，又服务于生活，而计算则是解决实际生活问题的重要手段。
Mathematics comes from life and serves life, and the calculati on is the importa nt means to
solve the problem of real life.
1、呈现方式生活化。《新课标》中指出：要通过现实生活的情境，使学生体验、感受和
理解数与运算的意义，要呈现给学生大量的现实背景，从中体会数学与生活的密切联系。如
在教学36 X 4时，我以如下方式导入：一件上衣36元钱，买4件这样的上衣需要多少钱？
这种赋计算式题予生活的方法，学生非常乐于接受。
1, the prese nt way of life. \"New sta ndard\" poin ted out: through to real life situati ons, make stude nts experie nee, feel and un dersta nd the meaning of nu mber and operati ons, to be prese nted to stude nts a lot of realistic backgro und, closely related to mathematics and the life. As in teach ing 36 x 4, I import in the followi ng way: a top 36 yua n, how much do you n eed to buy 4 such blouse?
This way of life for the calculati on type questi ons, stude nts are willi ng to accept.
2、日常生活数学化。生活中处处有数学，如上街购买衣物，大约需要带多少钱，需要估算；准备购买多少件物品，也需要统计和计算，所以，要教育学生留意身边数学。在随家
长买菜时，要特别留心售货员是如何快速算出结果的。同时，也要用所学过的估算、巧算等
方法帮着大人算一算，以提高自己的计算能力。
2, daily life mathematically. Everywhere in the life mathematics, such as street to buy clothes, about how much money n eed to take, n eed to estimate; Ready to buy how many pieces of goods, also n eed to statistics and computati on, so pay ing con scious atte nti on to mathematics educati on
to
stude nts. While along with the pare nts to buy food, pay special atte nti on salesma n is how to quickly calculate the results. We lear ned at the same time, also want to use the methods of estimati on, qiao is help to calculate a calculate, in order to improve their computi ng power.
五、养成教育不容忽视
良好的习惯，直接影响着计算的速度和准确率。在教学中，我发现学生计算题出错的原
因并不是不会做，而是不用心，所以我认为要让学生养成如下良好习惯。
Good habits and directly affects the calculati on speed and accuracy .In the teach in g, I found that stude nts' math error reas ons not to do, but not by heart, so I think to make stude nts form good habits as follows.
1、规范书写。由于书写不规范而造成计算错误的现象屡见不鲜，如由于把“5”连笔写,
计算下一步时就误看成了“8”；把“ 7”潦草地写成了“ 1 ”，而造成计算结果错误。教师要
严格要求学生的书写格式，并以身作则，当好榜样。
1, writte n in the specificati on. Calculatio n error caused by writ ing is not sta ndard phe nomenon, such as due to the \"5\" cursive writ ing, whe n calculat ing the next step is mistake nly ide ntified as \"8\"; Write a \"7\" scrawled \"1\", and cause calculati on error. Teacher is strict with stude nts writi ng format, and lead by example, being a good role model.
2、认真审题。这是快速、准确计算的关键。做每一道计算题，千万不要急于下手，首
先要仔细观察，明确应该先计算哪一步，后计算哪一步，找一找哪些地方可以应用巧算的方
法，做到心里有数，然后再认真计算，这就是所谓“磨刀不误砍柴工”，我给学生改成了审
题不误计算功。
2, serious topic. It is the key to the rapid and accurate calculatio n. Do every computati onal problems, don't rush to laid hands on him, first have to look carefully, clear which step should be calculated, which is calculated after step, where to find a find method can be applied to calculati on of, do know, and the n carefully calculated, it is called \"k nife don't miss your job\", I can't give
stude nts cha nged to topic calculati on work by mistake.
3、勤于验算。验算既是一种习惯，也是一种能力。不论题目是否要求验算，都要求学
生必须做到，逐渐养成学生良好的验算习惯。
3, dilige ntly check ing. Calculatio n is a kind of habit, is also a kind of ability. Check whether subject requireme nt, all stude nts are required to have to do, gradually to develop stude nts' good
habits of calculati ng.
4, 有错即改。我每次发下作业本后，便要求学生立即翻看，把错题重新审视一次，看看错在哪里，并及时订正，这样进一步加深了学生对算理、算法的理解，达到提高计算能力
的目的。
4, there is a fault that is cha nge. After every time I send the homework, stude nts are required to immediately turn to put the wrong topic review time, and see what went wrong, and timely correct ion, so that further deepe ning the stude nts un dersta nding of calculate theory, algorithm, achieve the goal of improve the computi ng capability.