曼昆宏观经济学 23章英文答案

405

WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:

There is a new In the News box on ―Beyond Gross Domestic Product.‖

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this chapter, students should understand:

why an economy’s total income equ als its total expenditure.

how gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and calculated.

the breakdown of GDP into its four major components.

the distinction between real GDP and nominal GDP.

whether GDP is a good measure of economic well-being.

CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:

Chapter 10 is the first chapter in the macroeconomic section of the text. It is the first of a two-chapter sequence that introduces students to two vital statistics that economists use to monitor the

macroeconomy —GDP and the consumer price index. Chapter 10 develops how economists measure production and income in the macroeconomy. The following chapter, Chapter 11, develops how

economists measure the level of prices in the macroeconomy. Taken together, Chapter 10 concentrates on the quantity of output in the macroeconomy while Chapter 11 concentrates on the price of output in the macroeconomy.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide students with an understanding of the measurement and the use of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the single most important measure of the health of the macroeconomy. Indeed, it is the most widely reported statistic in every developed economy.

MEASURING A NATION’S

INCOME

406 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income

KEY POINTS:

? Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.

? Gross domestic product (GDP) measures an economy’s total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services. More precisely, GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

? GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. Consumption includes spending on goods and services by households, with the exception of purchases of new housing. Investment includes spending on new equipment and structures, including households’ pur chases of new housing. Government purchases include spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. Net exports equal the value of goods and services produced domestically and sold abroad (exports) minus the value of goods and services produced abroad and sold domestically (imports).

? Nominal GDP uses current prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. The GDP defla tor―calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP―measures the level of prices in the

economy.

? GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher incomes to lower incomes. But it is not a perfect measure of well-being. For example, GDP excludes the value of

leisure and the value of a clean environment.

CHAPTER OUTLINE:

I. Review of the Definitions of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

A. Definition of microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions

and how they interact in markets.

B. Definition of macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena including

inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

II. The Economy’s Income and Expenditure

A. To judge whether or not an economy is doing well, it is useful to look at Gross Domestic Product

(GDP).

Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ? 407

1. GDP measures the total income of everyone in the economy.

2. GDP measures total expenditure on an economy’s output of goods and services.

B. For an economy as a whole, total income must equal total expenditure.

1. If someone pays someone else $100 to mow a lawn, the expenditure on the lawn service

($100) is exactly equal to the income earned from the production of the lawn service ($100).

2. We can also use the circular-flow diagram from Chapter 2 to show why total income and total

expenditure must be equal.

a. Households buy goods and services from firms; firms use this money to pay for resources

purchased from households.

b. In the simple economy described by this circular-flow diagram, calculating GDP could be

done by adding up the total purchases of households or summing total income earned by households.

408 ? Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income

c. Note that this simple diagram is somewhat unrealistic as it omits saving, taxes,

government purchases, and investment purchases by firms. However, because a

transaction always has a buyer and a seller, total expenditure in the economy must be equal to total income.

III. The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product

A. Definition of gross domestic product (GDP): the market value of all final goods and

services produced within a country in a given period of time .

B. ―GDP Is the Market Value . . .‖ 1. To add together different items, market values are used. 2. Market values are calculated by using market prices.

C. ―. . . Of All . . .‖

1. GDP includes all items produced and sold legally in the economy.

2. The value of housing services is somewhat difficult to measure.

a. If housing is rented, the value of the rent is used to measure the value of the housing

services. b. For housing that is owned (or mortgaged), the government estimates the rental value

and uses this figure to value the housing services. 3. GDP does not include illegal goods or services or items that are not sold in markets. a. When you hire someone to mow your lawn, that production is included in GDP.

b. If you mow your own lawn, that production is not included in GDP.

D. ―. . . Final . . .‖ 2. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the value of the final good.

Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income?409

3. Goods that are placed into inventory are considered to be ―final‖ and included in GDP as a

firm’s inventory investment.

a. Goods that are sold out of inventory are counted as a decrease in inventory investment.

b. The goal is to count the production when the good is finished, which is not necessarily

the same time that the product is sold.

E. ―. . . Goods and Services . . .‖

1. GDP includes both tangible goods and intangible services.

F. ―. . . Produced . . .‖

1. Only current production is counted.

2. Used goods that are sold do not count as part of GDP.

G. ―. . . Within a Country . . .‖

1. GDP measures the production that takes place within the geographical boundaries of a

particular country.

2. If a Canadian citizen works temporarily in the United States, the value of his output is

included in GDP for the United States. If an American owns a factory in Haiti, the value of the production of that factory is not included in U.S. GDP.

H. ―. . . in a Given Period of Time.‖

1. The usual interval of time used to measure GDP is a quarter (three months).

2. When the government reports GDP, the data are generally reported on an annual basis.

3. In addition, data are generally adjusted for regular seasonal changes (such as Christmas).

I. In addition to summing expenditure, the government also calculates GDP by adding up total

income in the economy.

1. The two ways of calculating GDP almost exactly give the same answer.

2. The difference between the two calculations of GDP is called the statistical discrepancy.

410 ? Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income

J. FYI: Other Measures of Income

A. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nation’s permanent residents.

1. GNP includes income that American citizens earn abroad.

2. GNP excludes income that foreigners earn in the United States.

B. Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of a nation’s residents (GNP) minus losses from

depreciation (wear and tear on an economy’s stock of equipment and structures).

C. Nati onal income is the total income earned by a nation’s residents in the production of goods and

services.

1. National income differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes and including business

subsidies.

2. NNP and national income also differ due to ―statistical discrepancy.‖ D. Personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.

E. Disposable personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses have left

after taxes and other obligations to the government.

IV. The Components of GDP

A. GDP (Y ) can be divided into four components: consumption (C ), investment (I ), government

purchases (G ), and net exports (NX ).

B. Definition of consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with the

exception of purchases of new housing . C. Definition of investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures,

including household purchases of new housing .

1. GDP accounting uses the word ―investment‖ differently from how w e use the term in

everyday conversation.

2. When a student hears the word ―investment,‖ he or she thinks of financial instruments such

as stocks and bonds.

Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ? 411

3. In GDP accounting, investment means purchases of investment goods such as capital

equipment, inventories, or structures.

D. Definition of government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state,

and federal governments .

1. Salaries of government workers are counted as part of the government purchases component

of GDP. 2. Transfer payments are not included as part of the government purchases component of GDP.

E. Definition of net exports: spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners

(exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports).

F. Case Study: The Components of U.S. GDP

1. Table 1 shows these four components of GDP for 2009.

2. The data for GDP come from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is part of the

Department of Commerce. V. Real Versus Nominal GDP

A. There are two possible reasons for total spending to rise from one year to the next.

1. The economy may be producing a larger output of goods and services.

2. Goods and services could be selling at higher prices.

B. When studying GDP over time, economists would like to know if output has changed (not prices).

C. Thus, economists measure real GDP by valuing output using a fixed set of prices.

D. A Numerical Example

412 ? Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income

1. Two goods are being produced: hot dogs and hamburgers.

2. Definition of nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at current

prices .

Nominal GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Nominal GDP for 2011 = ($2 × 150) + ($3 × 100) = $600. Nominal GDP for 2012 = ($3 × 200) + ($4 × 150) = $1,200.

3. Definition of real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constant

prices .

Let’s assume that the base year is 2008.

Real GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Real GDP for 2011 = ($1 × 150) + ($2 × 100) = $350. Real GDP for 2012 = ($1 × 200) + ($2 × 150) = $500. E. Because real GDP is unaffected by changes in prices over time, changes in real GDP reflect

changes in the amount of goods and services produced.

Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ? 413

F. The GDP Deflator

1. Definition of GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of

nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.

2. Example Calculations

GDP Deflator for 2010 = ($200 / $200) × 100 = 100. GDP Deflator for 2011 = ($600 / $350) × 100 = 171. GDP Deflator for 2012 = ($1200 / $500) × 100 = 240.

G. Case Study: Real GDP over Recent History

1. Figure 2 shows quarterly data on real GDP for the United States since 1965.

2. We can see that real GDP has increased over time.

414 ? Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income

3. We can also see that there are times when real GDP declines. These periods are called

recessions. VI. Is GDP a Good Measure of Economic Well-Being?

A. GDP measures both an economy’s total income and its total expenditure on goods and services.

B. GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure level of the average person in the economy.

C. GDP, however, may not be a very good measure of the economic well-being of an individual.

1. GDP omits important factors in the quality of life including leisure, the quality of the

environment, and the value of goods produced but not sold in formal markets.

2. GDP also says nothing about the distribution of income.

3. However, a higher GDP does help us achieve a good life. Nations with larger GDP generally

have better education and better health care.

D. In the News: The Underground Economy

1. The measurement of GDP misses many transactions that take place in the underground

economy.

2. This article compares the underground economies of the United States and several other

countries.

E. Case Study: International Differences in GDP and the Quality of Life

1. Table 3 shows real GDP per person, life expectancy, adult literacy rates, and Internet usage

for 12 countries.

2. In rich countries, life expectancy is higher and adult literacy and Internet usage rates are

also high. 3. In poor countries, people typically live only into their 50s, only about half of the adult

population is literate, and Internet usage is very rare.

Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income?415

F. In the News: Beyond Gross Domestic Product

1. Some economists wonder if we need a better measure of economic well-being.

2. This is an article from The New York Times describing some criticisms of using GDP solely to

measure economic well-being.

416 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:

Quick Quizzes:

1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone in

the economy and (2) the total exp enditure on the economy’s output of final goods and

services. It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in the

economy ends up as someone’s income.

2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a pound

of hamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price of

a pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.

3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) government

purchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts for

more than 70 percent of total expenditure.

4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP is

the production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measure

of economic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of output

being produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods and

services, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production or

because of higher prices.

5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about it

because a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educational

systems, and more of the material necessities of life.

Questions for Review:

1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer and

a seller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.

2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy

car because the luxury car has a higher market value.

3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that is

sold.

4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.

5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,

such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order

for military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Many

other examples are possible.)

6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being because

real GDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts

being produced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused by

increased production or higher prices.

Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income?417

7.

The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentage

change in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.

8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods and

services. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws that

restrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP would

be higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake would

raise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake is

an undesirable event that lowers our welfare.

Problems and Applications

1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.

b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.

c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but

investment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as an

investment good until it was sold.

d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.

e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a good

to the public.

f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but net

exports decrease because the bottle was imported.

g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.

2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.

3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year,

plus sales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were sold

more than once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced in

one year and resold in another.

4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:

2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 50 qts. honey) = $200

2011: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts. honey) =

$400

2012: ($2 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts. honey) =

$800

Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):

2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 50 qts. honey) = $200

2011: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts. honey) =

$400

2012: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts. honey) =

$400

418 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income

Calculating the GDP deflator:

2010: ($200/$200) ? 100 = 100

2011: ($400/$400) ? 100 = 100

2012: ($800/$400) ? 100 = 200

b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:

Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ? 100% = 100%.

Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ? 100% = 100%.

Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:

Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ? 100% = 100%.

Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ? 100% = 0%.

Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:

Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ? 100% = 0%.

Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ? 100% = 100%.

Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDP

deflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This means

that the percentage change in real GDP is zero.

c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but not

in 2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise but

prices did.

5. a. Calculating Nominal GDP:

Year 1: (3 bars ? $4) = $12

Year 2: (4 bars ? $5) = $20

Year 3: (5 bars ? $6) = $30

b. Calculating Real GDP:

Year 1: (3 bars ? $4) = $12

Year 2: (4 bars ? $4) = $16

Year 3: (5 bars ? $4) = $20

c. Calculating the GDP delator:

Year 1: $12/$12 ? 100 = 100

Year 2: $20/$16 ? 100 = 125

Year 3: $30/$20 ? 100 = 150

d. The growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ? 100% = 4/12 ? 100% = 33.3%

e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ? 100% = 25/125 ? 100% =

20%.

f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentage

change in the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure the

percentage change in the price of bars.

Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income?419 6.

a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ? [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%

b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ? [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%

c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.

d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.

e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ? [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%

f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because of

inflation.

7. Many answers are possible.

8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.

b. Value added for the farmer: $100.

Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.

Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.

c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This is

the value of GDP.

9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that is

not included in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.

10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,

because it means more people are working and production has increased.

b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure,

it would not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participation

has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.

c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increased labor-

force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in the

workforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficult

to measure.

11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.

b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.

c. National income = NNP = $350.

d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350

– $100 – $30 = $220.

e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =

$150.

经济学原理第7版(曼昆)宏观经济学复习重点

第23章 1.对于一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出 2.国内生产总值（GDP ） 在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。 GDP通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）；衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产；只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品；生产并合法出售的所有东西；只包括最终物品的价值；包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务；使用市场价格。 3.GDP的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（NX ）。 （1）逍费是家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与服务的支出 （2）投资是用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出 （3）政府购买包括地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出 （4）净出口等于外国对国内生产的物品的购买（出口）减国内对外国物品的购买（进口） 国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和 4.真实GDP和名义GDP 真实GDP :按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产（是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值） 不受价格变动的影响，反映产的产量的变动 名义GDP :按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产（是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值） GDP平减指数 GDP平减指数是用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标 即GDP平减指数=（名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 通货膨胀率=［（第2年的GDP平减指数-第一年的GDP平减指数）/第一年的GDP平减指数］*100 第24章

1 .消费物价指数CPI 答：指普通消费者购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。 即：CPI =（当年一篮子物品与服务的价格/基年一篮子的价格）*100 计算消费物价指数：固定篮子、找出价格、计算这一篮子东西的费用、选择基年并计算指数、计算通货膨胀率 通货膨胀率:从前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比 通货膨胀率=[（第二年CPI-第一年CPI）/第一年CPI ]*100% 生产物价指数：企业所购买的一篮子物品与服务的费用的衡量指标 衡量生活费用中的三个问题。（CPI高估了生活费用的增加） （1）替代倾向。CPI使用了一篮子固定不变的物品。 （2）新产品的引进。CPI基于固定不变的一篮子物品和服务，没反映出因引进新物品而引起的货币价值的增加。 （3 ）无法衡量质量的变动。 GDP平减指数与CPI的差别： （1）GDP平减指数反映国内生产的所有物品与服务的价格, CPI反映消费者购买的所有物品与服务的价格 （2）CPI比较的是固定的二篮子物品与服务的价格和基年这一篮子物品与服务的价格，GDP平减指数比较的是现期生产的物品与服务的价格和基年同样物品与服务的价格 2.根据通货膨胀的影响矫正经济变量 今天美元的数量=T年美元的数量* （今天的物价水平/T年的物价水平） 指数化:根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响对货币数量的自动调整 真实利率和名义利率 名义利率指通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率（货币数量） 真实利率指根据通货膨胀校正的利率（货币购买力） 真实利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率

曼昆版经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)第七版课后题与答案

二十三章 1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。 答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP 中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支 出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。 答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP 中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人 居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在 投资中。 C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。 答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP 中的投资，因为销 售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的GDP。 C．你买了一个比萨饼。 答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP 中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消 费的非耐用品类中。 D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路。 答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高 速公路是政府的行为。 E．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。 答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食 品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。 F．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。 答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX 增加 2．GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内? 答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP 是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把 转移支付包括在政府购买内。 6．考虑以下美国GDP的数据： A．1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百 分比的变动。 答：1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是5．86%。 B．1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是多少? 答：1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是1．8%。 C．按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际收入是69654．5 亿元。 D．按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际收入是72419．7 亿元。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第35章 通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍)

第35章通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、菲利普斯曲线 1．菲利普斯曲线的由来 菲利普斯曲线（Phillips curve）是指一条表示通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍关系的曲线。 菲利普斯根据英国1861～1957年的数据得出了失业率与通货膨胀率之间存在负相关关系的结论。菲利普斯考察通货膨胀是根据名义工资而不是物价，但其实这两种通货膨胀的衡量指标通常是同时变动的。之后萨缪尔森（Paul Samuelson）和罗伯特·索洛（Robert Solow）用美国的数据表明了通货膨胀和失业之间类似的负相关关系。他们的推理是，这种相关性的产生是因为低失业与高总需求相关，而很高的总需求会给整个经济带来工资与物价上升的压力。 图35-1 菲利普斯曲线 菲利普斯曲线给决策者提供了一个有各种可能的经济结果的菜单。通过改变货币政策与财政政策来影响总需求，决策者可以选择这条曲线上的任意一点。如图35-1所示，A点提供了高失业和低通货膨胀，B点提供了低失业和高通货膨胀。决策者可能会偏好低通货膨胀和低失业，这种组合是不可能的。决策者面临着通货膨胀和失业之间的权衡取舍，并且菲利普斯曲线说明了这种权衡取舍。 2．总需求、总供给和菲利普斯曲线 （1）菲利普斯曲线与总需求、总供给的关系 菲利普斯曲线说明了，短期中出现的通货膨胀与失业的组合是由于总需求曲线的移动使经济沿着短期总供给曲线变动。在短期中物品与劳务总需求的增加引起产量增加、物价总水平上升。产量越多，意味着就业越多，从而失业率越低。此外，高物价水平转变为高通货膨胀率。因此，总需求变动在短期中使通货膨胀和失业反方向变动，这正是菲利普斯曲线所说

曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案-中文版

第一章宏观经济学的课后答案 复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释GDP、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。 持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。 第二章宏观经济学数据 复习题 1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 GDP能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。 2、CPI衡量经济中物价总水平。它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。 3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一 失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一 -I、奥肯定理是指失业与实际GDP之间的这种负相关关系。就业工人有助于生产物品与劳务，而失业工人并非如此。失业率提高必定与实际GDP的减少相关。舆肯定理可以概括为等式：实际GDP变动百分比-3%-2×失业率的变动，印如果失业率保持不变，实际GDP增长3% 左右。这种正常的增长率是由于人口增长、资本积累和技术进步引起的。失业率每上升一个百分比，实际GDP一般减少2个百分比。一 问题和应用一 1、大量经济统计数字定期公布，包括GDP、失业率、公司收益、消费者物价指数及贸易结余。GDP是一年内所有最终产品与劳务的市场价值。失业率是要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例。公司利润是所有制造企业税后会计利润，它暗示公司一般的财务健康情况。消费者物价指数是衡量消费者购买的物品的平均价格，它是通货膨胀的衡量指标。贸易结余是出口物品与进口物品之间的价差。一 2、每个人的增值是生产的物品的价值减去生产该物品所需的原材料的价值。因此，农夫增值是1美元，面粉厂的增值是2美元，面包店的增值是3美元。GDP就是总的增值，即为6 美元，它正好等于最终物品的价值。一 3、妇女与她的男管家结婚，GDP减少量等于男管家的工资。这是由于GDP是衡量经济中所有人

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第28章 失 业)

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曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第15章 稳定化政策)

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假设劳动力L为定值，劳动力中个体在就业和失业状态之间转换。 令s代表离职率，即每个月失去或离开自己的工作的就业者比例；令f代表入职率，即每个月找到工作的失业者比例，两者共同决定了失业率。 （2）劳动市场均衡状态下的失业率公式 当找到工作的人数等于失去工作的人数时，劳动力市场处于稳定状态，即： ?U＝sE ?U＝s（L－U） 等式两边同除以L，化简得自然失业率的公式： U/L＝s/（s＋f） 3．劳动力动态模型对公共政策的意义 自然失业率取决于离职率和入职率，高离职率对应高失业率，高入职率对应低失业率。因此任何一种旨在降低自然失业率的政策都应该选择降低离职率或提高入职率。同样，任何一种影响离职率和入职率的政策也会改变自然失业率。 考点二：自然失业★★★ 自然失业是指由经济中某些难以避免的原因所引起的失业，在任何动态经济中这种失业都是必然存在的。失业主要有两方面原因，一是工人与工作岗位相匹配需要花时间，二是工资刚性。 1．摩擦性失业 （1）定义

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第20章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量有什么关系 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货币的有用性呢并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美国的货币制度呢并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b. 如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出BSB的T账户。 b)现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000万美元现金。如果BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T账户。 c)解释BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响 d)为什么BSB要采取(b)中所描述的行为是困难的讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的另 一种方法。 参考答案： a. BSB的T账户如下：: b. 当BSB的大储户提取了1000万美金现金，而BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，它的T账户如下：

曼昆经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)(第6版)笔记和课后复习题详细讲解(第28章 失业)

第28章 失 业 28.1 复习笔记 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 1．失业的衡量指标 （1）失业 失业指在一定年龄围，有工作能力，愿意工作并积极寻找工作而未能按当时通行的实际工资水平找到工作的人。 要注意：①年龄规定以外的无工作者不计入失业者。②丧失工作能力者不计入失业者。③在校学习的不计入失业者。④由于某种原因不愿工作或不积极寻找工作的人不计入失业者。⑤有些未领取失业救济的未登记注册的无工作者，不计入失业者。 衡量经济中失业状况的最基本指标是失业率。失业率是指失业人数占劳动力总数的百分比，公式表示为： 100%=?失业人数失业率劳动力人数 公式中的劳动力总数是指失业人数和就业人数之和。 （2）充分就业 充分就业并非人人都有工作，消灭了周期性失业的就业状态就是充分就业。 由于社会总需求不足而造成的失业叫周期性失业。由于经济中某些难以克服的原因而造成的失业叫自然失业。充分就业与自然失业的存在并不矛盾。实现了充分就业时的失业率就是自然失业率。 劳动力参工率指劳动力在成年人口中所占的百分比，这个统计数字表示人口中选择参与劳动市场的人口的比率。即： 100%劳动力劳动力参工率成年人口 =? 经济中总存在某种失业，而且各年的失业量都在变动。失业率围绕正常失业率而波动。正常失业率称为自然失业率，失业率与自然失业率的背离称为周期性失业。 （3）失业率不能准确地衡量失业的原因 ①一些人只是为了能得到政府的福利或由于得到“暗中”支付而装着找工作，他们仍被算在劳动力之中，作为失业者。这种行为使失业统计数字偏高。 ②一些人寻找工作不成功，并放弃了寻找工作，因此他们未被算在失业者之。这种行为使失业统计数字偏低。 2．失业的分类 宏观经济学通常将失业分为三种类型，即摩擦性失业、结构性失业以及周期性失业。 （1）摩擦性失业指劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业。摩擦性失业量的大小取决于劳动力流动性的大小和寻找工作所需要的时间。由于在动态经济中，劳动力的流动是正常

曼昆《经济学原理》第五版宏观经济学习题答案(中文)

第 20 章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量 有什么关系？ 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利 可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货 币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100 美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美 国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个 石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制 造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假 钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5 亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出 BSB的 T 账户。 b) 现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000 万美元现金。如果 BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T 账户。 c) 解释 BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d) 为什么 BSB要采取 (b) 中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的 另一种方法。 参考答案： a. BSB的 T 账户如下： : 伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB) 资产负债 准备金$25 million存款$250 million 贷款$225 million b.当 BSB的大储户提取了 1000 万美金现金，而 BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其 准备率，它的 T 账户如下：

曼昆版宏观经济学期末考试重点

曼昆版宏观经济学期末 考试重点 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b6784752.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR

单选20 判断|名词解释（提过的名词解释）10 计算（两大题 30分）细致分步给分公式 论述 40分（2大题）有把握画图 课后习题 ppt习题 第23章 1.国内生产总值（GDP） 答：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。GDP包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务。 GDP 只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品。 GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产。 通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）。 用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和。 列出 GDP 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子。 答：GDP 的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（ I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（ NX ）。 （1）消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。（2）投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车 厂。 （3）政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买 了一艘潜艇。 （4）净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品与劳务（出口）减国内购买的外国物品与

劳务（进口）。国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加 了净出口。 2.名义 GDP和真实GDP怎样区分 答：名义 GDP：用当年的价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。 它没有考虑通货膨胀因素。由于通货膨胀等原因，价格可能会发生强烈变化，名义 GDP 并不能反映实际产量的变动。它没有经过通货膨胀校正。 真实GDP：用不变的基年价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。它经过通货膨胀校正。 3.GDP 平减指数（定义、计算） 答：GDP 平减指数是名义的 GDP 和真实的 GDP 的比率，它是经济学家用来考察经济平均物价水平的一个衡量指标。用公式表示为： GDP平减指数= （名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 第24章 1．消费物价指数CPI（计算、步骤、存在问题、（数据问题）怎样利用CPI 进行货币的转换） 答：指普通消费者购买的物品与劳务总费用的衡量指标。用公式来表示即为：CPI =（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价格）*100 如何计算消费物价指数 1）固定“篮子” 劳工统计局通过调查消费者找出普通消费者“购物篮”中的物品

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第7版)课后习题详解 第7章~第9章【圣才出品】

第7章消费者、生产者与市场效率 7.1知识结构导图 7.2考点难点归纳 考点1：消费者剩余与生产者剩余 （1）消费者剩余 消费者剩余等于买者对一种物品的支付意愿减去其实际为此所支付的量。支付意愿是买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高价格，衡量买者对物品的评价。消费者剩余可用几何图形表示，通过求出需求曲线以下、市场价格以上的面积，可计算消费者剩余。

价格下降可增加消费者剩余，这种消费者剩余的增加由两部分构成：①原有消费者可以为要购买的量少支付而得到了更多的剩余；②新的买者由于现在价格低于他们的支付意愿而进入市场，新的消费者剩余出现。消费者剩余衡量买者参与市场中得到的利益，反映了买者的经济福利。 （2）生产者剩余 生产者剩余等于卖者出售其物品得到的量减去它们的生产成本。生产成本是卖者为了生产一种物品而必须放弃的所有东西的价值，生产者剩余即生产者在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额，可用几何图形表示，通过求出市场价格以下、供给曲线以上的面积，可计算生产者剩余。 价格上升可以增加生产者剩余，这种生产者剩余的增加由两部分构成：①原有卖者可以为要出卖的量而得到了更多的利益；②一些新卖者进入市场，新的生产者剩余出现。生产者剩余衡量卖者从参与市场中得到的利益，反映了卖者的经济福利。 【名师点读】 消费者剩余、生产者剩余都是考试中的频繁考点，经常以概念题或计算题的形式出现，考生在复习过程中不仅要对该考点理解透彻，还应准确作图与分析计算。相关考研真题如下：1．【概念题】消费者剩余[中央民族大学2015研；华东理工大学2015研] 2．【计算题】考虑以下古诺竞争模型。市场中有N个企业，生产相同的产品，均没有生产成本。市场需求函数为p＝a－bQ，其中a，b＞0，Q为行业总产量。如果企业同时展开产量竞争，那么： （1）均衡时价格是多少？ （2）此时消费者剩余是多少？[中央财经大学2014研]

曼昆宏观经济学原理第五版chap33to35课后习题答案(中文)

答：这种“为了安全的资本外逃”对美国经济是件好事。当外国人增加了对美国政府债券的需求时，这种行动减少了美国的资本净流出。国外净投资减少时，美国可贷资金市场上的可贷资金需求减少，可贷资金的需求减少使利率下降，利率下降增加了国内投资，减少了国民储蓄。资本净流出减少使得美国外汇市场上的美元供给减少，外汇市场上美元供给的减少引起实际汇率上升，实际汇率上升使贸易余额倾向于赤字。 13．假设美国共同基金突然决定更多地在加拿大投资。 A．加拿大的资本净流出、储蓄和国内投资会发生什么变动? 答：加拿大的资本净流出会下降，加拿大的国内投资会增加，储蓄会下降。 B．这对加拿大资本存量的长期影响是什么? 答：这会增加加拿大的长期资本存量。 C．资本存量的这种变化将如何影响加拿大劳动市场？这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好还是变坏? 答：资本存量的这种变化会增加加拿大劳动市场的劳动需求。这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好。 D．你认为这将使美国工人状况变好还是变坏？你能想到有什么原因一般会使这对美国公民的影响与对美国工人的影响不同? 答：这将使美国工人状况变坏。因为美国共同基金增加在加拿大的投资增加了美国公民的投资利润，但由于国内投资下降，美国工人的情况变坏。 第十二篇短期经济波动 第三十三章总需求与总供给 复习题 1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量。写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量。 答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。 2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期总供给的曲线的图。仔细并正确地标出坐标轴。 答： 图33—1经济的长期均衡 3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的三个原因。 答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下 方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。 (1)庇古的财富效应：物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。 (2)凯恩斯的利率效应：较低的物价水平降低了利率，鼓励了家庭和企业更多地支出于投资物品，从而增加了物品与劳务的需求量。 (3)蒙代尔——弗莱明汇率效应：当美国物价水平下降引起美国利率下降时，实际汇率贬值，而且这种贬值刺激了美国的净出口，从而增加了国外对美国物品与劳务的需求量。