2013大学英语四六级考试阅读训练重点词汇解释

Soon we‘ll be able to follow more than our friends‘ latest escapades on our favorite social networking site. Facebook has announced new

look-at-me-looking-at-you feature (they call it ―frictionless sharing‖) that will allow you to see what others are watch ing, hear what they‘re listening to and check out what they‘re reading, in real time, making consumer behavior more visible than ever before. And if you think that knowing what your friends are consuming will have no impact on you, think again.

We might be hesitant to admit the degree to which others influence us, but we most certainly are all influenced. We need only look at the number of lists and recommendations that are the first thing you encounter on any e-commerce site, which make us think that a team of experts has spent the past

month parsing through every book, movie, song and testing every coffee maker, handbag and diaper pail, when in fact the only function of all these recommendations and lists is to get you to buy more. And even though most of us are aware that some of those online product reviews are fakes written by friends or company employees or marketers, we purposely overlook this. We want to trust these messages, even when we may be deeply skeptical.

To gain further insight into the degree to how suggestible we are, I managed to convince a local restaurant to conduct a small experiment on my behalf. Over the yea rs, I‘ve had many conversations with waiters regarding how people order, and almost invariably, at least one diner withholds their menu selection until they‘ve heard what everyone else at the table will be eating. What‘s more, waiters are quite adept at altering orders to accommodate diners who change their minds after hearing what someone else is having.

This is a restaurant scenario I‘m sure you‘re well familiar with. However, what I really wanted to see was to what extent one table‘s dissatisfaction would influence another‘s. So we set up a table in the middle of the restaurant, and four actors were hired to pretend to be friends sharing the conviviality of a meal. They all ordered the soup, since it was the only starter on the menu, thus allowing an element of control. After breaking some bread and taking his first mouthful, one of the actors called for the waiter and proceeded to deliver a three-minute rant about the scalding temperature of the soup. As the soup continued to be served to the other tables, the complaints began rolling in. By the end of the dinner, 26% of the guests had made similar complaints. Each

bowl had come from the same pot, so either they had extremely sensitive tongues or they had all been influenced by the initial complaint.

In another experiment conducted in 2008 by researchers at Leeds University, 200 people were asked to walk randomly around a large hall. A few moments into the experiment, five volunteers were instructed to move in a clockwise direction. They were told to do so without making any announcements or drawing attention to themselves. Within seven minutes, everyone was walking in the same direction. One of the conclusions drawn by the scientists was, like animals, humans tend to flock. And during times of insecurity, our need to seek refuge in the larger group is that much greater.

Which leads me back to Facebook‘s latest look-at-me-looking-at-you initiative, which might prove to become the most powerful marketing mechanism of the 21st century by enabling Facebook to systematically pick out which

members exert the most influence on others. Imagine movie studios, magazine publishers and fashion outlets having access to this information and creating mass demand by using small, highly influential groups. In the end, who‘s influencing who?

【重点单词及短语】

escapade n. 恶作剧；越轨行为；冒险行为

frictionless sharing 无摩擦共享，Facebook2011年采取的新形式，其运作方式是：只要你在一个社交新闻应用上阅读了新闻或在一个社交音乐应用上听了音乐，Facebook就会把它自动共享它到你的Facebook的个人资料中（很快也会共享到时间轴上）。

be hesitant to 犹豫

diaper pail 尿片桶

parse v. 分列；解析

suggestible adj. 耳根软的；易受影响的

invariably adv. 始终地；一贯

conviviality n. 宴乐；欢乐

proceed to 继续下去

rant n. &v. 咆哮；痛骂；大声责骂

roll in 蜂拥而至；大量到来

exert v. 运用；发挥；施以影响

Question time:

1. What's the meaning of the title "Monkey see, monkey buy"?

2. What kinds of groups can be highly influential according to the author?

When Suzanne Kail, an English teacher at a public high school in Magnolia, Ohio, was told that she would be required to teach her students Latin and Greek word roots, she groaned and rolled her eyes. Kail believes in a progressive approach to education, in which active engagement in meaningful learning is paramount. In an account of her experience in the English Journal, she wrote, ―asking students to do rote memorization was the antithesis of what I believed in most.‖ Still, her department head insisted on it, so Kail went forward with the attitude, ―I‘ll do it, but I won‘t like it.‖ She was sure her students wouldn‘t like it, either.

Kail was in for a surprise — as is anyone who takes a look at a raft of recent studies supporting the effectiveness of ―old school‖ methods like memorizing math facts, reading aloud, practicing handwriting and

teaching argumentation (activities that once went by the

names drill, recitation, penmanship and rhetoric). While the education world is all abuzz about so-called 21st century skills like collaboration, problem solving and critical thinking, this research suggests that we might do well to add a strong dose of the 19th century to our chil dren‘s schooling.

Kail‘s experience is instructive. As soon as she began teaching her students the Greek and Latin origins of many English terms —that the root sta means ―put in place or stand,‖ for example, and that cess means ―to move or withdraw‖ —they eagerly began identifying familiar words that incorporated the roots, like statue and recess. Her three classes competed against one another to come up

with the longest list of words der ived from the roots they were learning. Kail‘s students started using these terms in their writing, and many of them told her that their study of word roots helped them answer questions on the SAT and on Ohio‘s state graduation exam. (Research confirms tha t instruction in word roots allows students to learn new vocabulary and figure out the meaning of words in context more easily.) For her part, Kail reports that she no longer sees rote memorization as ―inherently evil.‖ Although committing the word roots t o memory was a necessary first step, she notes, ―the key was taking that

old-school method and encouraging students to use their knowledge to practice higher-level thinking skills.‖

That‘s also true of another old-fashioned method: drilling math facts, like the multiplication table. Although many progressive educators decry what they call ―drill and kill‖ (kill students‘ love of learning, that is), rapid mental retrieval of basic facts is a prerequisite for doing more complex, and more interesting, kinds of math. The only way to achieve this ―automaticity,‖ so far a s anyone has been able to determine, is to practice. And practice. Indeed, many experts who have observed the wide gap between the math scores of American and Chinese students on international tests attribute the Asian students‘ advantage to their schools‘relentless focus on memorizing math facts. Failure to do so can effectively close off the higher realms of mathematics: a study published in the journal Mathematical Cognition found that most errors made by students working on complex math problems were due to a lack of automaticity in basic math facts.

Here are a few other old-school skills that are still worth cultivating:

Handwriting

Research shows that forming letters by hand, as opposed to typing them into a computer, not only helps young children develop their fine motor skills but also improves their ability to recognize letters — a capacity that, in turn, predicts reading ability at age 5. But many schools are now emphasizing typing over writing. Last year, for example, the Indiana Department of Education announced that the state‘s public schools no longer had to teach cursive writing and they should ensure that students we re ―proficient in keyboard use‖ instead.

Argumentation

In a public sphere filled with vehemently expressed opinion, the ability to make a reasoned argument is more important than ever. Educational research on argumentation demonstrates that it helps students learn better too. A study published in the Journal of Research in Science Teaching in 2010, for example, found that 10th-graders who were taught how to construct an argument as part of their lessons on genetics not only had better arguments but also demonstrated a better understanding of the material.

Reading Aloud

Many studies have shown that when students are read to frequently by a teacher, their vocabulary and their grasp of syntax and sentence structure improves. Educator Doug Lemov, author of Teach like a Champion and a

co-author of the new book Practice P erfect, explains why: ―Children who are read to become familiar with the sound and rhythm and complexity of language long before they can produce it themselves. By virtue of being exposed to a wide variety of writing types and styles, they come to understand that the use of language involves intentional choices made by the author and is representative of the author‘s time and place.‖

Stories are especially powerful when narrated by a good reader, says Lemov, ―someone who brings the story to life, models exp ressive reading and shows kids what a book ?sounds like‘ in the voice of someone who reads with passion.‖ But reading aloud, he adds, is a ―dying art.‖ Maybe we adults should brush up on our old-school skills too.

【重点单词及短语】

groan v. 呻吟；抱怨

roll one's eyes 瞪白眼；不以为然

active engagement 积极参与；主动参与

paramount adj. 最重要的；主要的；至高无上的

rote memorization 死记硬背；机械背诵

antithesis n. 对立面；对照

a raft of 大量的

argumentation 辩论；论证

abuzz about 讨论……

instructive adj. 有启发性的；有教育意义的

derive from 源自；出自

multiplication table 乘法表

decry v. 谴责；责难

prerequisite n. 先决条件

relentless adj. 不间断的；无情的；残酷的

close off 封锁；隔绝；使隔离

public sphere 公共领域

brush up 复习；重新学习

Question time:

1. Can you describe some 21st century skills according to the passage?

2. Can you summarize the old-school skills which benefit to children's learning?

Studies have shown that a good breakfast could hold the key to healthiness.

Up to two-thirds of us skip the first meal of the day but nutritionists say we should breakfast like kings and eat less later. There is some research that links eating a good breakfast with a reduction in the risk of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. While it's tempting to miss breakfast when you're on a diet, it's not clear that this helps you to lose weight.

Last week a research team from Imperial College London presented its findings at the Neuroscience 2012 conference. The researchers scanned the brains of 21 healthy people as they showed them a variety of foods including chocolate, pizza and salad. They compared how attractive the foods were to people, as well as how much they ate for lunch after the scan on two days, one on which breakfast was missed and one on which they ate a large breakfast (750 calories). The researchers found that missing breakfast increased the appeal of

high-calorie foods (as measured by increased orbital frontal cortex activity on the brain scan) and that people ate about 250 calories more at lunch. The researchers said this shows breakfast takes the edge off our appetite so we don't crave high-calorie foods. So, how should we be starting our days?

The solution

Studies have come up with a variety of suitable breakfast foods. There is some evidence in favour of the full English version (on the basis that eating

fats primes the metabolism to be more efficient for the rest of the day). However, that study was done on mice and is not convincing – although the mice who ate a good breakfast were less likely to get chubby.

Chocolate cake is recommended by researchers from Tel Aviv University who found that a 600-calorie breakfast with proteins and carbohydrates, including a sweet treat, controlled cravings for sweet things for the rest of the day and kickstarted the body's metabolism. Their study looked at 193 obes e people over 32 weeks and found those who ate sweet things at breakfast lost an average of 40lb more than those who didn't.

A study in the US journal Pediatrics of more than 2,000 teenagers found that a quarter missed breakfast but that those who ate it were on average five pounds lighter (and ironically less likely to have been dieting) than those who didn't.

However, it is always hard to prove cause and effect in dieting studies. People who eat breakfast often turn out to take more exercise and drink less alcohol so there may be other reasons for their weight loss.

A review of the research that added up results of nine studies on the relationship between eating breakfast cereals and weight, found that children and adults who regularly ate breakfast cereals (the study was funded by Kellogg's) were less likely to be overweight than those who did not eat them. The authors say

this doesn't provide proof that cereals help you stay slim and that there was no evidence that their cereal eaters ate less throughout the day.

So, although eating breakfast is linked with being slimmer, this may simply be an association. There is, however, another more robust body of evidence that suggests children benefit from eating breakfast because it helps them

to concentrate.

【重点单词及短语】

hold the key to 掌握

frontal cortex 额叶皮层（大脑的一部分）

take the edge off 减弱（胃口）等；使变弱

crave v. 渴求；渴望

prime v. 使准备好；做准备

metabolism n. 新陈代谢

Question time:

1. What are the findings of researchers from Imperial College London?

2. Can you list the benefits of having breakfast according to the passage?

英语四六级高频词汇辨析

abroad （adv.）国外 aboard （adv.）上（船飞机） access(n.)接近/进入/权力assess(v.)评估 agenda(n.)议事日程 gender(n.)性/性别 agency(n.)机构代理 agent (n.)代理人 advice (n.) 忠告，建议advise (v.) 向……建议， adapt (v.)适应；改编 adopt (v.)采纳；收养 adept （n.）内行 affect (v.) 影响；感动effect (n.) (v.)影响效果；产生 all together (短语)一起，altogether (adv.)全部地总共； altar (v.) 祭坛 alter (v.) 改变 angel (n.) 天使 angle (n.) 角度；方面； announce / denounce / pronounce assent (v.) (n.) 同意 ascent(n.) 上升 ascend (v.) 上升 accent (n.)口音 attack(v.)攻击 attract(v.)吸引 assure (v.)使确信；保证， ensure (v.)确保，保证 insure (v.)给……保险；保证 aural 耳的 oral 口头的 baron (n.)男爵 barren (adj.)不孕/荒芜 barn (n.)谷仓 beam (n.)梁/光束 bean (n.) 豆 beer(n.)啤酒 peer(n.)同龄人 brief grief relief champion (n.) 冠军 champagne (n.)香槟酒 campaign (n.) 战役 chamber (n.)寝室 chore (n.) 家务活 chord (n.) 和弦 cord (n.) 细绳 cite (v.) 引用 site (n.) 场所 sight (n.) 视觉 clash (v.) (n.)幢击声 crash (v.) 碰幢，坠落 crush (v.)压坏 claim/ proclaim / exclaim / reclaim comprise (v.)包括，构成 compose (v.)组成；创作 compliment (v.) (n.)恭维； complement (v.) (n.)补充补语 compress / suppress / depress / impress confirm (v.)确认 conform (v.)使顺从 affirm(v.)断言 contact (n.) (v.) 接触 contract (n.) 合同 contrast (n.) (v.)对照 council (n.)议会 counsel (n.) 忠告 consul (n.) 领事 crow (n.) 乌鸦 crown (n.)王冠 clown (n.) 小丑 consciousness (n.)意识，觉悟 conscience (n.)良心，良知 contest (n.)比赛，竞争 context (n.)上下文，内容 contend (v.)斗争 content (n.) (adj)内容/满足 costume (n.)服装 custom (n.)习惯风俗 customs (n.)海关 customer (n.)顾客 consumer (n.)消费者 credible (adj.) 可信的 creditable (adj.)值得称赞/荣 耀的 descent (n.) 下降；下来 descend (v) 向下 decent (adj) 体面的，恰当

大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总

大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总1. 中国经济发展 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy

英语四六级高频词汇短语

一、名词词组和固定搭配 1.介词+名词 by accident 偶然 on account of 因为，由于，为了……的缘故 in addition to 另外，加之 in addition 除…之外(还) in the air 流传中 on (the／an) average 按平均值，通常 on the basis of 根据，在…的基础上 at best 充其量，至多 for the better 好转，向好的方向发展 on board 在船(车或飞机)上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公，因事 in any case 无论如何，不管怎样 in case of 假如，如果发生；防备 in case 假使，以防(万一) in no case 决不，无论如何不 by chance 偶然，碰巧 in charge (of) 负责，管理 (a)round the lock 日夜不停地 in common 共用的，共有的 in conclusion 最后，总之 on condition (that) 如果 in consequence of 由于…的缘故，因为 on the contrary 正相反 in contrast with／to 与…对比起来，与…形成对比out of control 失去控制 under control 处于控制之下 at all cots 不惜任何代价，无论如何 at the cost of 以…为代价 in the course of 在…过程中，在…期间 of course 当然，自然 in danger 在危险中，垂危 out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过时的，不用的 up to date 现代化的，切合目前情况的 in demand 非常需要的，受欢迎的

(完整word版)四六级阅读理解高频词汇.

经济类高频词 accelerate vt (使加速,增速 例:accelerate the rate of economic growth加速经济增长 派:acceleration n 加速accelerating a 加速的boost vt 提高,推动,使增长n 推动,增长 例:boost the economy推动经济增长 派:booster n 支持者,推动器 mushroom vi 迅速成长n 蘑菇 例:sth Mushroom …快速成长/增加 flourish vi 繁荣,茂盛;vt挥动 例:t he nation’s economy will flourish国家经济将繁荣发展 thrive vi 兴旺,繁荣 例:The company managed to thrive after a recession 经济衰退后该公司设法兴旺起来 impose vt 把…强加于;征税 考:impose on/upon把…强加于 例:to impose local tax征收地方税 派:imposing a 壮观的,令人难忘的 restore vt 恢复,修复;归还,交还

例:restore the economy to full strength完全恢复经济发展 派:restoration n 修复 revive v 使复苏vi 恢复 例:The economy of these areas is beginning to revive 这些地方的经济开始复苏 soar vi 猛增,高飞;(情绪高涨 例:Oil prices have soared in recent weeks石油价格最近几周飚升 squeeze vt 挤,压榨;n 拮据,紧缺;握手 例:financial squeeze财政困难 exceed vt 超过,越出 例:The benefits exceed $10 million利润超过1千万美元 派:exceeding a 超过的;exceedingly ad 非常allocate vt 分配,把…拨给 例:allocate money for the project给项目拨款 派:allocation n 配给,分配 slash vt 砍;大量削减;n 砍,斜线号 考:slashed red tape革除繁文缛节例:slash fares by about 30% 削减票价30% negotiate vt 洽谈;顺利通过vi协商 例:to negotiate the cooperation items谈判公司项目派:negotiation n 谈判negotiable a 可协商的distribute vt分发,分配;散布 例:Milk has been distributed to the local shops牛奶已经分发到当地商店

四六级核心词汇总结

Avoid void inevitable vain vanish vacant vacancy vacation vacuum evacuate 第二关：（10个：分两组） State 阶段状态 Statement 声明 Statesman 政治家 Thesis 论文 Hypothesis Rate 速率 rating estimate underestimate Ratio Attitude 态度altitude latitude Enhance 拥有 第四关（45个分七组）process processor graduate undergraduate ingredient aggress aggressive congress progress progressive proceed proceedings procedure precede preceding precedent unprecedented

precedence priority prior 第二节课： access accessible accessory recession excess excessive exceed exceedingly cease succeed successor succession successive necessity predecessor 第五关（23个分四组）advent prevent intervene intervention interfere interference revenue income invest investment advance ancient antique ancestor advanced advantage invent invention inventory benefits venture capital adventure convene convention

四六级阅读态度词汇总汇

四、六级阅读态度词汇总汇(three pages) favorable adj.赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的 enthusiastic adj.狂热, 热心, 积极性 supportive adj.支持的，支援的 defensive 为……而辩护 objection /opposition 反对 detestation/ hatred n.憎恶, 厌恶的人, 嫌恶 indignation 愤慨 contempt n.轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬 compromising n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷 worried adj. 闷闷不乐的,焦虑的 formal(informal) 正式, 礼仪, 拘谨(非正式, 不拘礼, 通俗) matter of fact 实事求是, 以事实为依据 personal(impersonal) 人性的, 涉及隐私的, 私人的, (客观的, 和个人无关的, 没有人情味的, 非人的) respectful 表示尊敬的, 有礼貌的, 谦恭的 wonder 奇迹, 惊讶, 难以置信的 affection(affectionate) 深情的, 亲切的, 挚爱的 amusement(amusing) 有趣的, 使人发笑的, 消遣的, 愉快的 approval(disapproval) 赞成的, 满意的(不以为然的, 不赞成的, 非难的) reverence(irreverence) 虔诚的, 表示尊敬的, 充满崇敬心的(不敬的, 不逊的, 无礼的) disappointment 使人失望的, 令人沮丧的, sarcasm(sarcastic) 讽刺的, 讥讽的 persuasive(convincing) 令人信服的, 有力的, 使人心悦诚服的 indifferent 漠不关心的, 不重要的, 冷淡的 condemnation(condemnable) 该受责备的, 可非难的, 该罚的 apologetic 道歉的, 急于认错的, 辩护的 frustrated 挫折的, 挫败的, 无益的 contemptuous 轻蔑的, 鄙视的, 瞧不起人的 cynical 愤世嫉俗的, 讽刺的, 冷嘲的 pitying 怜悯的, 遗憾的, 同情的 bitter(bitterness) 痛苦的, 怀恨的(悲痛, 怨恨) factual 事实的, 实际的 humorous 富幽默感的, 滑稽的, 诙谐的 inventive 善于创造的, 发明的 self-righteous 自以为是的 insincere 不诚实的, 无诚意的, 伪善的 matter-of-fact 事实的, 实际的, 事务性的, 平淡的 stick to established facts 坚持已确立的观点 impatient 不耐烦的, 着急的, 急切的 pleasure 心情舒畅的, 愉悦的

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