曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案

曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案

【篇一：曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版

课后习题详解(1~2章)】

class=txt>课后习题详解

第一篇导言

第1章经济学十大原理

一、概念题

1. 稀缺性

稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供

给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。

2. 经济学

经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以

使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。

其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体

面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国

民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。

3. 效率

效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。它与产出或收益大小成正比，

与投入或成本成反比。

4. 平等

平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为

等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的

不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不

同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。

5. 机会成本

机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃

的最大预期收益。其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源

具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。

6. 理性人

理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济

研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。

7. 边际变动

边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。

8. 激励

激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

9. 市场经济

市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生

产以及为谁生产的过程。

10. 产权

产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其

所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利

益上受益或受损的权力。

11. 市场失灵

市场失灵是指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况，即价格机制在某

些领域不能起作用或不能有效运作的情况。

导致市场失灵的原因有：①外部性；②公共物品；③交易成本非零；

④市场特权；⑤市场机制不能解决的社会目标问题；⑥非对称信息。

12. 外部性

外部性是指当一个人的行为对旁观者福利有影响时的情况，亦可理

解为市场交易对交易双方之外的第三者所造成的影响。可分为正的

外部性（外部经济）和负的外部性（外部不经济）。

13. 市场势力

市场势力是指一个经济活动者显著影响市场价格的能力。

14. 生产率

生产率是指每一单位劳动投入所生产的物品与劳务的数量。

15. 通货膨胀

通货膨胀是指在纸币流通条件下，由于货币供应量过多，使有支付

能力的货币购买力超过商品可供量，从而引起货币不断贬值和一般

物价水平持续上涨的经济现象。

按表现形式不同可分为开放型通货膨胀和抑制型通货膨胀；按物价

上涨速度不同可分为爬行式通货膨胀（温和）、奔腾式通货膨胀和

恶性通货膨胀（极度）；按形成原因不同可分为需求拉上型通货膨

胀和成本推进型通货膨胀。

16. 经济周期

经济周期又称经济波动，是指总体经济活动的扩张和收缩交替反复

出现的过程，一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条、复苏四

个阶段。经济周期的类型按照其频率、幅度、持续时间的不同可划

分为短周期、中周期、长周期三类。

现在经济学中关于经济周期的论述一般是指经济增长率的上升和下

降的交替过程，而不是经济总量的增加和减少。

二、复习题

1. （略）

2. 看一场电影的机会成本使用看电影的时间或金钱做其他事情所能

获得的最大收益。

3. 边际利益是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到

的满足程度（常用效用量来衡量）的增量。边际利益存在递减规律：即在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费量保持不变的条件下，随着消

费者对某种商品消费量的增加，他从该商品连续增加的每一单位消

费中得到的满足程度增量是递减的。

4. 激励能激发人的行为，使个体能更好的实现行为目标。一般情况

下人们会对激励政策作出反应，有利于调动人们潜在的工作积极性

和主动性，创造性地进行劳动，不断提高工作效率创造更多物质财富；但同时激励政策有时也会产生间接的影响，干扰政策的最终效果。如强制开车佩戴安全带能降低司机的伤亡概率，但同时也减少

了人们开车的谨慎性，对行人造成的安全事故却反而增加了。

因此，分析任何政策时，决策者不仅应考虑直接影响，也应该考虑

因激励而发生的间接影响，使制定的政策取得良好的效果。

5. 经济学原理表明：贸易能使每个人状况都变得更好，因为各国之

间的贸易并

非比赛一样必然有赢家和输家。

贸易不是零和博弈。贸易双方都是自愿交易获益，因为它允许各方

从事其最有效的生产然后交换另一方更有效生产的物品，通过国际

分工提高专业化生产的效率，再通过贸易以较低的成本获得各种各

样的物品与劳务，使各方的福利都能获得增加，从而在公平贸易中

得到双赢或多赢的结果。

7. 市场失灵是指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况，造成该现象的

主要原因有：

(1) 外部性。当一个人不完全承担（或享受）他的行为所造成的成本（或收益）时，就会产生外部性，造成市场失灵。如一个人在公共

场合吸烟，污染环境损害他人健康。

(2) 市场势力。一个人（或一小群人）不适当地影响市场价格的能力，造成价格机制不能有效的发生作用。如垄断企业向消费者收取过高

的物品价格。

8. 经济学原理表明：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品和劳务的能力。而生产物品和劳务的能力指标便是该国的生产率。

在那些每单位时间内能生产出大量物品与劳务的国家，大多数人都

能享受到较高的生活水平；而生产率低下的国家，大多数人则必须

忍受物资供应不足的贫困生活。所以说生产率很重要，它决定了一

国的社会经济以及该国居民的生活水平。

9. 通货膨胀是指在纸币流通条件下，由于货币供应量过多，使有支

付能力的货币购买力超过商品可供量，从而引起货币不断贬值和一

般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象。在宏观经济学中，则主要是指价

格和工资的普遍持续上涨。因此，引起通货膨胀最主要的因素是货

币量的增长。

10. 经济学原理表明：社会面临通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡取舍。在短期中，低通货膨胀通常是以高失业率为代价的，这是由短期内

价格粘性造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，

人们可用的货币量减少，

但商品价格在短期内具有粘性仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和

劳务量减少，消费量不足又会引起企业开工不足，导致失业。失业

率高，通胀率低，失业率低，通胀率高。通货膨胀和失业之间是此

消彼长、相互交替的关系。

三、应用题

1. （略）

2. 这种心理上的利益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。人们一定有

一个为了实现目标而愿意承担那的成本范围，在这个可承受的范围内，如果度假满足了既定目标，那么就可以说这次度假的利益不低

于其成本。可采取的方式有比较度假时间去做其他事情所获得的满足，比较度假花费的成本需要做付出多久的劳动。

3. 滑雪的真实成本是实际付出的成本和机会成本的总和。即直接的

金钱支出和从其他活动中所能获得的最大预期收益。

如果本计划去做兼职，那么滑雪的成本就是滑雪的直接的金钱支出

及兼职期间所能赚取的工资；如果计划在图书馆学习，那么滑雪的

成本就是直接的金钱支出及学习期间所能获得的知识。

4. 现在花掉100美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105美元的银行支付。

5. 应该继续。已投资的500万美元属于沉没成本，与现在的决策不

相关，现在决策的关键是边际利润。如果投入100万美元，可得到300万，边际利润是200万美元，所以应该继续进行开发。

因为只要边际利益大于边际成本就有利可图，所以为了完成这项开发，最高花费应为300万美元。

6. a.提供社会保障降低了人们在工作时期储蓄的激励。社会保障的

提供使人们退休以后仍可获得收入，以保证生活。因此人们不用为

退休后的生活费发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。

b.收入提高时津贴减少的政策降低了65岁以上的人的工作激励。因

为努力工作获得高收入反而使得到的津贴减少，因此人们可能会选

择不工作或者少工作。

7. a.这些变动使得人们参加工作的激励增强。会激励那些只能领取

两年津贴的福利领取者努力寻找工作，以免自己在两年后找不到工

作没有收入。

b.这些变动反映了法案改革者提高效率和适当降低公平性的意图。

因为只能领取两年津贴，会使找不到工作的人没有收入，公平性降低；同时因为变动激励

【篇二：曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照】

昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是：

十大经济学原理一

：人们面临权衡取舍。人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。决策需要对目标进行比较。

people face trade offs. to get one thing, you have to give up something else. making decisions requires trading off one

goal against another.

例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军

事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就

越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生

用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。

：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。决策者必须要考虑

其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。

the cost of something is what you give up to get it. decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions.

例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。开采者称由于

公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。但可以

发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能

很大。

十大经济学原理三

：理性人考虑边际量。理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过

边际成本时才采取行动。 rational people think at margin. a rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.

例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。例如，人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量（此时又叫边际效用）

比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。

十大经济学原理四

：人们会对激励作出反应。当成本或收益变动时，人们的行为也会

发生变动。

people respond to incentives. behavior changes when costs

or benefits change.

例子：比如一个学生，如果老师在课堂上表扬了他，他会感到很高兴，然后会更加努力，也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。

十大经济学原理五

：交易能使每个人状况更好。交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的

领域。通过和他人的交易，人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。

trade can make everyone better off. trade allows each person

to specialize in the activities

he or she does best. by trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of goods or services.

例子：a国技术较为发达，b国劳动力比较廉价，两国之间可以通过贸易来实现共赢，当然落后国家要注意”比较优势陷阱“，积极实施

赶超战略。

：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。在市场中相互影响的家庭和企业实施行动，好像有一只看不见的手引导他们来达到资源的最优配置。与此相反的是在政府指导下的计划经济。

markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. households and firms that interact in market economies act as if they are guided by an “invisible hand” that leads the market to allocate resources efficiently. the opposite of this is economic activity that is organized by a central planner within the government.

例子：在市场经济中，一个行业的利润比另一个行业高，资源会流向利润高的行业。

十大经济学原理七

：政府有时可以改善市场结果。当一个市场不能有效配置资源，政府可以通过公共政策改变结果。例如反垄断和污染的法规。

governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. when a market fails to allocate resources efficiently, the government can change the outcome through public policy. examples are regulations against monopolies and pollution.

例子：环境是公共物品，在没有政府的情况下，企业为追求自身最大利益，往往不顾对

环境的破坏污染，这时便需要政府出面调解。人们如何相互作用how people interact

十大经济学原理八

：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。一个国家的工人单位时间内能生产大量的商品和服务，那么这个国家享受较高的生活水准。类似的，当一个国家的生产力提高，那么它的平均收入也会提高。

a country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. countries whose workers produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time enjoy a high standard of living. similarly, as a nation’s productivity grows, so does its average income.

例子：用什么来解释各国和不同时期中生活水平的巨大差别呢？为什么北美的生活水平高，而热带非洲的生产水平低？答案是几乎所有生活水平的变动都可以归因于各国的技术状况和各项知识差别。十大经济学原理九

：当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。当一个政府发行了大量该

国货币，货币的价值下跌。因此，价格的上涨，使得需要更多货币

来购买商品和服务。

prices rise when the government prints too much money.

when a g overnment creates large quantities of the nation’s money, the value of the money falls. as a result, prices increase,

requiring more of the same money to buy goods and services.

例子：表现为通货膨胀。比如1922年1月到1923年11月，由于

通货膨胀，魏玛共和国的价格指数从1上升到10 000 000 000。就

像某人在1922年初拥有一张价值3亿元的德国债券，那么两年之后，他用这么多钱就会连一小块糖也买不到。

十大经济学原理十：社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。降低通货膨胀往往伴随着失业率的暂时上升。这种此消彼长的现象

是理解税法，政府支出和货币政策的变化短期效应的关键。

society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. reducing inflation often causes a temporary

rise in unemployment. this tradeoff is crucial for

understanding the short-run effects of changes in taxes, government spending and monetary policy.

例子：当经济增长过快时，会出现通货膨胀。为减轻价格压力，政

府可通过增加税收，提减少政府支出，提高利率等方法抑制通货膨胀。但是降低通货膨胀的代价并没有这么简单，它往往伴随失业率

的提高。可以用菲利普斯曲线来解释。如果菲利普斯曲线相对比较

平坦，则降低通货膨胀率就要以较高的失业率和产出损失为代价；

而如果菲利普斯曲线比较陡峭，则失业率的小幅上升就会带来通货

膨胀率的快速下降，代价较小。

如何运用经济学十大原理

人们如何做出决策

1.人们面临权衡取舍

2.某种东西的成本只是为了得到它所放弃的东西

3.理性人考虑边际量

4.人们会对激励做出反应

人们如何相互影响

5.贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好

6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法

7.政府有时可以改善市场结果

整体经济如何运行

8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力

9.当政府发行了过多的货币时，物价上升

10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍

【篇三：曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案31章】basic conceptsthere is a new in the news feature on the changing nature of u.s. exports and an updated presentation of the u.s. trade deficit.

by the end of this chapter, students should understand:

??how net exports measure the international flow of goods

and services.

??how net capital outflow measures the international flow of capital.

??why net exports must always equal net foreign investment.

??how saving, domestic investment, and net capital outflow

are related.

??the meaning of the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate.

??purchasing-power parity as a theory of how exchange rates are determined.

chapter 18 is the first chapter in a two-chapter sequence dealing with open-economy macroeconomics. chapter 18 develops the basic concepts and vocabulary associated with macroeconomics in an international setting: net exports, net capital outflow, real and nominal exchange rates, and purchasing-power parity. the next chapter, chapter 19, builds

an open-economy macroeconomic model that shows how

these variables are determined simultaneously.

the purpose of chapter 18 is to develop the basic concepts macroeconomists use to study open economies. it addresses why a nation’s net exports must equal its net capital outflow. it also addresses the concepts of the real and nominal exchange rate and develops a theory of exchange rate

determination known as purchasing-power parity.

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??net exports are the value of domestic goods and services

sold abroad (exports) minus the value of

foreign goods and services sold domestically (imports). net capital outflow is the acquisition of foreign assets by domestic residents (capital outflow) minus the acquisition of domestic assets by foreigners (capital inflow). because every international transaction involves an exchange of an asset for a good or service, an economy’s net capital outflow always equals its net exports.

an economy’s saving can be used to finance investment at home or buy assets abroad. thus, national saving equals domestic investment plus net capital outflow.

the nominal exchange rate is the relative price of the currency of two countries, and the real exchange rate is the relative price of the goods and services of two countries. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollar buys more foreign currency, the dollar is said to appreciate or strengthen. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollar buys less foreign currency, the dollar is said to depreciate or weaken.

according to the theory of purchasing-power parity, a dollar (or a unit of any other currency) should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries. this theory implies that the nominal exchange rate between the currencies of two countries should reflect the price levels in those countries. as a result, countries with relatively high inflation should have depreciating currencies, and countries with relatively low inflation should have appreciating currencies. ?? ?? ??

i. we will no longer be assuming that the economy is a closed economy.

a. definition of in the world.

b. definition of around the world.

ii. the international flows of goods and capital

a. the flow of goods: exports, imports, and net exports

1. definition of abroad.

2. definition of domestically.

imports, also called the trade balance.

4. definition of : the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports, also called net exports.

5. definition of .

6. definition of .

7. definition of .

8. there are several factors that influence a countr y’s exports, imports, and net exports:

a. the tastes of consumers for domestic and foreign goods.

b. the prices of goods at home and abroad.

c. the exchange rates at which people can use domestic currency to buy foreign currencies.

d. the incomes of consumers at home and abroad.

e. the cost of transporting goods from country to country.

f. government policies toward international trade.

9. case study: the increasing openness of the u.s. economy a. figure 1 shows the total value of exports and imports (expressed as a percentage of gdp) for the united states since 1950. b. advances in transportation, telecommunications, and technological progress are some of the reasons why international trade has increased over time. c. policymakers around the world have also become more accepting of free trade over time. 10. in the news: the changing nature of u.s. exports a. growing u.s. exports include entertainment royalties, tourism, travel, and services. b. this article from the wall street journal describes the growth in new exports. b. the flow of financial resources: net capital outflow

1. definition of residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners.

2. the flow of capital abroad takes two forms. a. foreign direct investment occurs when a capital investment is owned and operated by a foreign entity.

b. foreign portfolio investment involves an investment that is financed with foreign money but operated by domestic residents.

3. net capital outflow can be positive or negative.

a. when net capital outflow is positive, domestic residents are buying more foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. capital is flowing out of the country.

b. when net capital outflow is negative, domestic residents are buying fewer foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. the country is experiencing a capital inflow. 4. there are several factors that influence a country’s net capital outflow:

a. the real interest rates being paid on foreign assets.

b. the real interest rates being paid on domestic assets.

c. the perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroa

d.

d. the government policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets.

c. the equality of net exports and net capital outflow

1. net exports and net capital outflow each measure a type of imbalance in a world market.

a. net exports measure the imbalance between a country’s exports and imports in world markets for goods and services.

b. net capital outflow measures the imbalance between the amount of foreign assets bought by domestic residents and the amount of domestic assets bought by foreigners in

world financial markets.

2. for an economy, net exports must be equal to net capital outflow.

3. example: you are a computer programmer who sells some software to a japanese consumer for 10,000 yen. a. the sale is an export of the united states so u.s. net exports increase.

b. there are several things you could do with the 10,000 yen

c. you could hold the yen (which is a japanese asset) or use it to purchase another japanese asset. either way, u.s. net capital outflow rises.

d. alternatively, you could use the yen to purchase a japanese good. thus, u.s. imports will rise so the net effect on net exports will be zero.

e. one final possibility is that you could exchange the yen for dollars at a bank. this does

not change the situation though, because the bank then must use the yen for something.

alternative classroom example: assume that u.s. residents do not want to buy any foreign assets, but foreign residents want to purchase some stock in a u.s. firm (such as microsoft). how are the foreigners going to get the dollars to purchase the stock? they would do it the same way u.s. residents would purchase the stock—they would have to earn more than they spend. in other words, foreigners must sell the united states more goods and services than they purchase from the united states. this leads to negative net exports for the united states. the extra dollars spent by u.s. residents on foreign-produced goods and services would be used to purchase the stock in

microsoft. 4. this example can be generalized to the economy as a whole.

a. when a nation is running a trade surplus (nx 0), it must be using the foreign currency

to purchase foreign assets. thus, capital is flowing out of the country (nco 0).

b. when a nation is running a trade deficit (nx 0), it must be financing the net purchase of these goods by selling assets abroad. thus, capital is flowing into the country (nco

0).

5. every international transaction involves exchange. when a seller country transfers a good or

service to a buyer country, the buyer country gives up some asset to pay for the good or service.

6. thus, the net value of the goods and services sold by a country (net exports) must equal the

net value of the assets acquired (net capital outflow).

d. saving, investment, and their relationship to the international flows

1. recall that gdp (y ) is the sum of four components: consumption (c ), investment (i ),

government purchases (g ) and net exports (nx ).

2. recall that national saving is equal to the income of the nation after paying for current consumption and government purchases.