一般功能词汇
一般功能词汇
词汇（一般视角）
分类
?逻辑关系
?事物数量
?变化
?事物/事件属性
第一类:逻辑关系
(1)表示由于
重点单词和搭配：
单词：due to / because of/ owning to/thanks to
词汇讲解：
due to“由于，因…造成”，引导的短语在句中除可作状语（此时不用于句首）外，也可作表语或定语。due to后面不能接句子。
用法：
[例句] However, due to the stress from work, they can eat some extracted nutrition pills such as GNC series products to make up for losses of not cooking food.
[对应托福话题] People will spend less time on cooking food.
练习：
( ) the heavy pressure from work, young people hardly have time to go back home and talk with the seniors. Some people just send enough money to them but seldom talk with them.
During several decades, we have seen a obvious change ( ) globalization.
A group of highly intelligent and creative humans from New Mexico' Chaco Canyon, vanished ( ) a severe drought.
(2)表示因此
重点单词和搭配：
单词：therefore/ hence/ thus/ as a consequence/ as a result, consequently/ so that
词汇讲解：
therefore表示因此，可用在句首和句中都可以
用法：
[例句] Therefore, young people should experience a variety of jobs to identify the job that most suits them.
[对应托福话题] Young people should take different kinds of jobs before they take a career in a long term.
练习：
( ), basic aesthetic knowledge is indispensible for every person to be taught since he or she is young.
( ), parents should understand this and let their children learn what they are interested.
Modern life is more and more complex and ( )，it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.
(3)表示导致产生
重点单词和搭配：
单词：lead to/ result in/ be responsible for/ give rise to/ cause/ generate
词汇讲解：
lead to:这个短语有两种解释，一是“通往、通向”：The path led to that village.第二种解释是“导致”：The leadership of my college closes their eyes to waste of water and electricity, leading the resources shortage.
用法：
[例句] Therefore, better environment will lead to a profound effect on the development of our country.
[对应托福话题] Improving schools is the most factor in successful development of country.
练习：
What is worse, Authorizing children money will also ( ) disharmony in a family.
For another, some countries waste much money on preserve the national traditional arts, which can ( ) lay a heavy financial burden on the arts.
Also, the perfect visual effect on screen, to some extent, can ( ) rise on the rate of TV programs.
(4)表示转折
重点单词和搭配：
单词：however/ but/yet/nonetheless/nevertheless
词汇讲解：
however:意为“可是，然而，尽管”，较but 的意味弱，通常用作连接性状语。其位置可以在句首，句末或插入句中。当其被用来对照两个分句时，中间需要有一个逗号；当它被用作句子的插入语时，则前后应各有一个逗号。
用法：
[例句] However, even though parents can help children get through the temporary situations at present, children still have to meet more challenging task in the future study and work.
[对应托福话题] Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their children’s future for them.
练习：
( ), parents and educators are having different opinions about whether television advertising to young children should be allowed or not.
( ), as long as parents filtered the negative advertisements in advance, the problem can be addressed.
( ), other social institutions, large corporations and accomplished alumni can shoulder the duty to reward the society by donating money to universities, where the stirring ideas for civilization and human progress come from.
重点单词和搭配：
单词：although/though/even though/despite/despite the fact that/ in spite of
词汇讲解：
despite：意思是尽管，是介词，不是连词，所以不能用来引导句子，若其后要跟that 从句，需插入the fact
用法：
[例句] However, we should concede that despite the fact that there are many merits for children not to study art or music, overextended highlighting its good aspects will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful.
[对应托福话题] Younger school children (ages five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, science, history and language.
练习：
( ) the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years.
In conclusion, despite enormous indifference existing in the current society, we should enhance the communication among neighborhood because we can obtain many benefits from it.
So much do those people in contemporary society pay attention to their appearance that they even pursuit them ( ) how costly they may be.
第二类:事物数量
(1)表示很多
重点单词和搭配：
单词：a large/significant/vast number of/numerous/ a great/significant deal (amount) of/plenty of
词汇讲解：
a large/significant/vast number of/numerous接可数名词，表示很多个，a great/significant deal (amount) of/plenty of接不可数名词，表示很多，大量
用法：
[例句] Nowadays technology has simplified the procedure of a large number of tasks and operations.
[对应托福话题] Technology has made children less creative than they were in the past.
练习：
Personally speaking, I still stick to the idea that home cooking is becoming a lost art in ( ) households.
The spokes-character, “I’m loving it” with the colored figure left children deep impression while memorizing ( ) basic food names like sandwiches, chicken, breakfast, salads, beverages, desserts and cafe etc.
To conclude, although universities need more budgets to do build campuses, remodel laboratories and refill libraries, ( ) social organizations, companies and individuals can raise fund for them.
重点单词和搭配：
单词：very little/ very few/ so little/ so few/ small quantity of
词汇讲解：
little指的是几乎没有，接不可数名词，而a little表示有一点儿的意思。few有类似用法
用法：
[例句] Once beyond a certain threshold, money has little or no effect on happiness. Many wealthy people have experienced this and are not happier any more In fact, some wealthy people are completely unhappy.
[对应托福话题] Most business people are motivated only by the desire for more money.
练习：
( ) people will use printed books since it is heavy, difficult to look up, easy to be out of date.
In twenty years, there will be ( ) cars in use than there are today?
People would be happier with ( ) possessions.
(3)表示各种各样
重点单词和搭配：
单词：diverse/ various/ unlike/ dissimilar/ distinct
词汇讲解：
diverse: 表示多样性的，各种不同属性的，名词形式diversity
用法：
[例句] Moreover, for some people whose majors are general sciences, such as chemistry, physics and so forth, which means it is hard for them to select a clear-cut career, trying diverse jobs is not a rational option as well.
[对应托福话题] Young people should try several different jobs before they take a long term career.
练习：
The children obtain ( ) messages from the world of rapid development, they are curious about anything and they want to try new things.
We are living in a colorful world which is full of ( ) people.
Although such opinion holds one or two minor advantages, yet, to my point of view, the merits of using ( ) means to improve health care still far outweigh those of focusing on cleaning the environment.
(4)表示相同的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：identical/indistinguishable/same/ similar
词汇讲解：
diverse: 表示多样性的，各种不同属性的，名词形式diversity
用法：
[例句] As people all over a country all have the identical culture atmosphere, they share the
same way of how to look at something and evaluate something.
[对应托福话题] People can benefit more from travelling in their own country than travelling in foreign countries.
(5)表示充足的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：adequate /enough/ sufficient/ample/generous/ extensive
词汇讲解：
adequate: 足够的，指数量多，适合须要的数量
用法：
[例句] We human being all are equal since we were born and no doubt we share all the same rights and treatment with adequate dignity.
[对应托福话题] One should never judge a person by external appearances.
练习：
Comments from newspapers are more comprehensive and insightful, which could be truly understood. Unless the live report on television, commenter and news writer of newspapers are provided ( ) time to write high-quality comments with shrewd observation and calm thinking.
However, as the competition aroused, today one has to struggle to find an ( ) job for himself in order to meet the basic needs of the family, not to mention the efforts to achieve extra success.
(6)表示不足的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：lack/insufficient/inadequate
词汇讲解：
lack：做动词的时候lack是及物动词，后面不能跟介词。lack另外的一个正确用法是它还可以用作名词，这时候名词后面必须跟lack of
用法：
[例句] Due to the problems of the children always follow their parents direction, an increasing number of young adults are suffering a defect lack of capability to make their own choice, in an other words, insufficient creativity and independence will result in students somehow depend their parents in future life and lose the ability to live on their own .
[对应托福话题] Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (say 15-18 year-old) teenage children.
练习：
Her behavior indicated that she had a ( ) of sense of confidence and safety, which resulted from the divorce of their parents.
Additionally, there are countless business profits inside media, which could also cause the ( ) of truth in newspapers or magazines.
第三类: 变化
(1)表示增加
重点单词和搭配：
单词：boost increase/rise/mushroom/skyrocket
词汇讲解：
boost: 表示提高，提升，但是有迅速提高的含义，课用于数量的提高或者抽象意义比如职业生涯的提高
用法：
[例句] Enabling children to make own decisions can boost the enthusiasm to study.
[对应托福话题] Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their children’s future for them.
练习：
Being taught how to manage money at a young age will ( ) their career
Most important, all the factors should be taken into consideration and cooperated with each other; only in this way can we ( ) the quality of the education.
(2)表示减少
重点单词和搭配：
单词：decrease/dwindle/ reduce /cut / trim/slash/ deplete
词汇讲解：
decrease:做不及物动词使用时常用结构为，名词+decrease，常用的名词有temperature, pressure, price, rate, efficiency, volume等。短语decrease to表示“减少到”。decrease做及物动词使用时常用结构为decrease+名词, 后面常用的搭配词有number, amount, rate, speed, pressure, concentration, capacity, power等。
用法：
[例句] This is the best chance for children had parents to decrease the generation gap.
[对应托福话题] Is it important for families to regularly eat their meals together?
第四类:事物/事件属性
(1)表示重要的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：significant, crucial，essential, vital, integral, fundamental, basic, high priority
搭配：be of …significance to, play a… role in…, it is high time to do…,
词汇讲解：
significant，名词形式是significance，表示“重要性”，因此significant是重要的意思。
用法：
[例句] I hold the view that increasing teachers’ salaries are significant because teachers play th e most important part in the process of education.
[对应托福话题] The best way to improve the quality of education in a country is to increase teachers' salaries
练习：
Confidence never fails to play a ( ) role in your entire life.
Another ( ) quality of a leader is vision. Take Henry Ford for example.
(2)表示次要的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：secondary, minor, negligible, slight, , trivial, low priority
词汇讲解：
secondary，由名词形式second，位居二位的，次要的，因此“secondary”就是次要不重要的意思。
用法：
[例句] Admittedly, some commercial advertisements can provide a certain amount of information which consumers might find useful. But compared with the hypes and deceptions of advertisements, these benefits are secondary.
[对应托福话题] Advertising is the most important cause of unhealthy eating habits.
练习：
It has been argued that compared with higher education early education is ( ) the government.
(3)表示昂贵的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：costly/expensive/valuable/ precious
搭配：be … to, make sb./sth.
词汇讲解：
costly, 由动词形式cost（花费）变过来，加ly后是形容词，表示昂贵的
用法：
[例句] Watching movies in the cinema is more costly than watching at home. Nowadays, the ticket fee is about 8-10 USD, which is still exceeding students’ ability to way.
[对应托福话题] It is more fun to see a movie in the cinema with other people than see a movie at home.
练习：
Building art museums and concert hall is a ( ) project compared with constructing recreational facilities like swimming pools and playground for the government.
Choices made today may be ( ) or impossible to reverse in the future.
(4)表示便宜的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：cheap, inexpensive, moderate, reasonable, valueless, worthless, discounted
用法：
[例句]Life being very short, and the quiet hours of it few, we ought to waste none of them in reading valueless books.
重点单词和搭配：
单词：necessary, indispensable, essential, imperative, integral
搭配：be necessary for sth./to do sth. Be essential to/ for sth, it is essential to do sth.
词汇讲解：
indispensable: dispensable是可有可无的的意思，加前缀in后，变为必要的，必须的
用法：
[例句] There are many aspects to improve the quality of education, such as constructing modernized school buildings, adding new advanced teaching facilities and making rational education systems. All of these ways are indispensable and increasing teachers' salaries is only one of the necessary methods of this issue.
[对应托福话题] The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers' salaries.
练习：
Knowledge is only one of the ( ) elements for one’s career achievement.
For another, good characteristics such as diligence, responsibility and perseverance are all ( ) for one's career success.
Parents should point out what mistakes their children have made and try their best to help their children to analyze the causes, learn the lessons and eventually correct the issues. So, there is no denying that such kinds of interferences are ( ).
(6)表示非必要性
重点单词和搭配：
单词：dispensable, inessential, needless, unnecessary
用法：
[例句]Truly, food is indispensable to every human being, but with the modern commodity system, cooking could be virtually dispensable.
[对应托福话题]People will spend less time cooking and preparing food in twenty years.
(7)表示合适的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：appropriate, fitting, proper, suitable
词汇讲解：
appropriate：意为“恰当”、“恰如其分”，强调与某事物、某场合极为适应，如：Write in a style appropriate to your subject；The eighteenth－century gentleman spoke with a refined accent，quoted the classics on appropriate occasions．
用法：
[例句] We must not only engage in thorough discussion, but also put theory into practice in order to acquire a better sense of the most appropriate and effective way to improve the quality of the education in a country.
[对应托福话题] The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers' salaries.
重点单词和搭配：
单词：improper, inappropriate, offensive, unseemly, unsuitable
搭配：be inappropriate to/for sb./sth., be unsuitable for/to sb./sth.
词汇讲解：
inappropriate: appropriate是合适的意思，加前缀in后，变为不合适的。
用法：
[例句] This significant psychological feeling is difficult to obtain by following parents' decisions. It is inappropriate for parents to take their control over children for granted.
[对应托福话题] Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their children's future for them.
练习：
Some people emphasize that it is ( ) for teachers to express their political or social views in the class.
As a result, most of the naked scenes were cut off before the premiere. So, it should come as no surprise to find that there is no opportunity available for children to receive ( ) content from TV.
People would not only achieve information to help them understand the issues around them and how to deal with, but also realize how to give voice to government and how to correct government’s ( ) proceedings such as defalcation, bribery, misconduct and so forth.
(9)表示可疑的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：doubtful, unbelievable, questionable, unconvincing, suspicious
搭配：It is doubtful (that)/ whether/ if, be doubtful about sth. It is incredible that…, be suspicious of sth.
词汇讲解：
doubtful: doubt是名词，意思是怀疑，加ful后，变为形容词，表示令人怀疑的
用法：
[例句] One wishing to be admitted to the university will have to take several tests. It is doubtful that someone will be so lucky that knowing nothing, he could pass the test with a high score. [对应托福话题] When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success."
练习：
News report with a video recording condition of the scene on television is usually more accurate and more convincing than a written record. It is extremely ( ) whether a journalist could recount the invent completely and objectively
As is known to everyone, in a market economy, promising to find jobs for students is impractical and hence rather ( ).
It is ( ) whether they feel satisfied under current companies’ management.
重点单词和搭配：
单词：convinced, certain, positive, sure
用法：
[例句] From where I stand I firmly convinced that not only can sports makes our bodies better, but it can also teaches us something significant that cannot be replaced by other things.
[对应托福话题] Playing sports teaches people more lessons about the life
(11)表示清楚的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：explicit , accurate, clear, definite, specific
词汇讲解：
explicit, 详尽的;清楚的;明确的
The doctor gave me explicit instructions on when and how to take the medicine
用法：
[例句] Many sports require us to cooperate with others ,such as basketball, the missions for forward, guard and center are all very explicit, so the members in the team should have an ingenious cooperation.
[对应托福话题] Playing sports teaches people more lessons about the life
(12)表示模糊的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：unclear, vague, indefinite, obscure, indistinct
搭配：be unclear about sth. be vague about sth.
词汇讲解：
vague: 意思为模糊的,不清楚的,朦胧的，通常指抽象意义的模糊，比如概念等等。
用法：
[例句] Many people just have a vague conception that they want to be rich men and have more money than others. To realize their blind aim, they begin to do the endless work though it is boring or even illogic.
[对应托福话题] Being happy of job is more important than high salary.
练习：
This argument is fraught with unconvincing and ( ) statements.
It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but ( ) expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
Saying that no one can live without friends are too ( )
(13)表示不寻常的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：unconventional, unusual, odd, peculiar
词汇讲解：
unconventional：由conventional变过来，表示非传统的，有独创性的
用法：
[例句] An unconventional energy was introduced to the local government to tackle the severe environmental problems.
[对应托福话题] The government should give priority to improving healthcare than to solving environmental problems.
(14)表示传统的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：conventional, traditional, prescriptive
词汇讲解：
conventional: 形容词1.习惯的，常例的2.普通的，常见的3.符合习俗的，因袭的，陈腐的用法：
[例句] Acting on some conventional notions, parents could offer few planning which is very suitable for modern society. Thus, parents' decisions condemn children to miss out on many great opportunities in career.
[对应托福话题] Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their children's future for them.
练习：
As we all know, our oil, coal, and other ( ) fuels will be exhausted in the near future.
( ) school education provides you good opportunities to make friends and to develop your social skills.
The ( ) wisdom is that the success of an individual tends to be linked with his born talents for the very field in which he is working.
(15)表示临时的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：temporary, transitory, impermanent, momentary, short-term
词汇讲解：
temporary: 1. 临时的, 暂时的, 短时间的2. 无常的,短暂的
用法：
[例句] Now, this temporary traffic regulation has been fixed and an increasing number of citizens, like me, believe that similar policies will be spread out the country over the few years.
[对应托福话题] Cars will disappear in 20 years.
练习：
Most people realize that television is merely a ( ) diversion and do not use it to replace interpersonal communication.
I once read about a theory largely demonstrates that the ( ) education quality must be associated with the GDP of an area when considered the quality.
However, once immersed in the stories and scenes of movies, they will totally forget all the cares and troubles, and thus will find ( ) relief from their agonies.
(16)表示长久的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：permanent, long-term
用法：
[例句] The well-know example is that when we learn some new knowledge, we are forget it fast, however after practice after the class, in other world get the knowledge form different resources, we can get a permanent knowledge in our mind.
[对应托福话题] To be well-informed people should get information from many different sources.
(17)表示可能的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：conceivable ,possible, probable, likely, potential
词汇讲解：
conceivable: 由动词conceive变过来，表示可能的，可想而知的。
搭配：It is conceivable that…
用法：
[例句] It is conceivable for the parents that children are out of control. Meanwhile, most of the movies content something violence, bloody or sexual which seems have no effect for adults.
[对应托福话题] Parents find it hard to control their children for the children are now influenced by many things outside home like television or movie.
练习：
It goes without saying that the students are the future muster of the world, nothing is more essential to the “future muster” than teachers. It’s ( ) that the society should attach great important to teachers.
It is ( ) that sometimes the creative idea would become a castle in the air without deliberated planning.
It is ( ) that friends plays an important role in our life that the time we get along with our friends is much longer than teachers.
(18)表示不可能的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：impossible, impracticable, infeasible, unattainable
用法：
[例句] In a football game, it is impossible not to cooperate with your teammates. If you try to play alone, you will become exhausted and will fail.
[对应托福话题] Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.
(19)表示明显的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：apparent, obvious, visible, , distinct, evident, perceptible
词汇讲解：
apparent: 清晰可见的，显然的
搭配：be conspicuous for sth., be visible to sb./sth., be evident to sth., be perceptible to sb.
用法：
[例句] It is apparent that the fantastic invention of transportation like bikes and cars has made it possible for people to live more convenient and colorful than ever possible before.
[对应托福话题] People should be allowed to use cell phones on public transportation such as buses and trains.
练习：
Although main ideas may be adequately supported, weaknesses in organization and development will be ( ).
No ( ) development or organization. Sentences may be brief and incomplete and unrelated to one another.
Teamwork means several people work together and cooperate efficiently. Many sports need teamwork, like basketball, football, and so forth. It is ( ) that we can get to how to teamwork from sports.
(20)表示模糊的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：ambiguous, indistinct, mysterious, obscure, unapparent, unclear
用法：
[例句] It is ambiguous that the rewards of educational investment will appear soon.
[对应托福话题] Improving schools is the most effective factor in successful development of country.
(21)表示普遍存在
重点单词和搭配：
单词：widespread , everywhere, ubiquitous, pervasive, universal, worldwide
词汇讲解：
widespread: wide是广泛的，spread是扩散的意思，故widespread是分布广泛的，普遍的意思
用法：
[例句] Few issues are as likely to provoke widespread interest as that education of children. Some people think that paying more is not always the best policy when dealing with improving educational quality.
[对应托福话题] The best way to improve the quality of education in a country is to increase teachers' salaries
练习：
When a heated debate that parents feel it hard to control their children did come into us, it was taken serious and aroused ( ) concern.
Further, ( ) foreign brands render local consumers overlook national products but keen on foreign goods.
It has caused ( ) revolutionary effects and has actually changed the way people look at the world.
(22)表示罕见的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：rare, extraordinary, infrequent, seldom, uncommon, unfamiliar, unusual
用法：
[例句] Einstein received rare high grades in senior high school. The low grades even sent him to a second class college.
[对应托福话题] Do you prefer to finish one project completely then to another one or do two or several projects at a time?
(23)表示强制的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：mandatory, required, obligatory, compulsory, demanded
词汇讲解：
compulsory: 必须做的，强制性的，（课程）必修的。compulsory education 义务教育；compulsory service system义务兵役制；compulsory subjects必修课目
用法：
[例句] After taken every aspect into deliberation, I am of the point that history should become a compulsory subjects.
[对应托福话题] University students should be required to take history classes even they are not part of the field of the study.
练习：
Fortunately, in most countries, elementary education is ( ) for all children, and even for free in some countries, for example, in China.
First and foremost, it is generally accepted that the majority of students dislike the ( ) assignments.
Education is ( ) but, despite this, some people do not take it seriously.
(24)表示可选择的
重点单词和搭配：
单词：elective, optional, voluntary
用法：
[例句] As long as we can make art and music courses as elective courses, the problem can be addressed.
[对应托福话题] Young school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.
专业四级：词汇、语法详细解答40套(19)
Test Nineteen 表语从句中的虚拟语气 如果句中主语的中心名词是suggestion, proposal, order, request, recommendation等，那么后面的表语从句一般要使用虚拟语气，其谓语形式为：(should)+动词原形。 His motion is that we should hold another session to discuss the problem. My proposal was that we cancel the examination and assign the students to write term papers instead. 近义词辨析 beam, shine, glitter, flash, glow 这组词均含有“亮光”的意思。 beam 指由灯塔，日月等发出的“光束，光柱”，又可比喻高兴的表情或微笑。 shine 表示通过磨擦等手段达到的“光亮”。 glitter 指辉煌或灿烂的“光辉”，其光源主要为星、剑、黄金等闪光物体。 flash 表示突然而明亮的“闪光”，光源为电、火药、炮火等。 glow 指由余烬或萤火等发出的闪烁的“光辉”，通常指无焰的燃烧。 如：Look, there’s a beam of light coming through the thick fog.瞧，浓雾里射出了一道光线。 Give your shoes a good shine.把你的鞋擦亮点儿。 We were attracted by the glitter of the Christmas tree decorations.我们被圣诞树上闪闪发光的装
词汇学知识要点conversion
Conversion 1.Definition of Conversion Conversion / Functional shift/ Transmutation （转化法/功能转换法/转移法）is the word-formation by converting words of one class into another class (part of speech) without adding any affix. It is also called derivation by zero suffix (零位后缀派生法) zero derivation(零位派生法). 2.Features of Conversion (P29) 3.Types of Conversion 1)Conversion to Verbs De-nominal (nouns →verbs) (7 types) De-adjective (adjectives →verbs) : To make…/to become… 2)Conversion to Nouns De-verbal (verbs → nouns ) (5 types) De-adjective (adjectives →nouns) Full conversion: both as nouns and adjectives Partial conversion: the+adj. Miscellaneous 3)Conversion to Adjectives: Nouns as attributives and predicatives Miscellaneous
词语搭配
美丽的夏夜精彩的球赛可口的松果透明的翅膀 青青的假山绿绿的草坪弯弯的小路凉凉的鸟蛋 长长的小路高高的杨树有趣的问题闷热的天气 慢吞吞的说亮晶晶的眼睛绿油油的荷叶 懒洋洋地晒太阳兴冲冲地走进来 碧绿碧绿的叶子雪白雪白的棉花 美丽的（图画）金黄的（灯笼）红红的（脸颊）金色的（波浪）燃烧的（火把）勤劳的（人们）翻滚的（云海）高高的（山峰）绿色的（枝叶）难忘的（日子）慈祥的（微笑）金黄的（果实）火红的（旗帜）洁白的（鸽子）欢乐的（乐曲）美丽的（城市）宽阔的（广场）优美的（公园）亲切地（问）紧紧地（抓住）激动的（泪水）欢乐的（人群）美丽的（雪景）洁白的（棉花）红红的（苹果）赞许地（点头）高兴地（笑）仔细地（观看）机灵的（小鸟）翠绿的（树苗）蓬松的（羽毛）快乐的（孩子）（细长）的葫芦藤（雪白）的小花（不住地）点头（火红）的太阳（可爱）的小葫芦（健康）的身体（羡慕）的眼光（心爱）的裙子（寒冷）的北风（遥远）的地方（兴奋地）走在路上 （顺利地）完成任务（沉着地）操纵计算机（深深地）吸了一口气 （又宽又长）的柏油马路 害羞的小姑娘春天的眼睛春天的眼睛春天的琴声 解冻的小溪绿色的叶丛沉睡的笋芽美丽的世界 绿色的长辫子美好的春光健壮的竹子嫩绿的叶子 浓密的绿叶红色的玫瑰蓝蓝的天空灿烂的阳光 广阔的田野长长的枝条火红的杜鹃明亮的镜子
静静的山谷清脆的歌声欢快的泉水长长的小溪 迷路的孩子蒙蒙的细雨弯弯的小路年迈的大娘 晶莹的露珠温暖的春风美丽的铃兰花勇敢的孩子 舒适的家圆圆的太阳弯弯的月亮薄薄的雾 茂密的枝叶绿色的凉棚热情的老乡难忘的泼水节 火红的凤凰花鲜红的地毯欢乐的鼓点清清的水 奇怪的问题弯弯的小树斜斜的雨丝优美的乐曲 满天的乌云清新的空气沉甸甸的水桶兴奋的光芒 懂事的孩子漂亮的小汽车美丽的生命白白的小脚丫 伤残的脚暖烘烘的太阳漂亮的影子雪白的羽毛 长长的脖子漂亮的天鹅大大的嘴巴瘦瘦的身子 无数的珍珠著名的文学家伟大的发明家满意的笑容 明晃晃的镜子沉睡的溪流明丽的太阳嫩绿的小草 盛开的白兰花圆溜溜的眼睛顽皮的样子笨重的黑熊 明亮的橱窗繁华的大街茂密的枝叶满天的乌云 清新的空气绚丽多彩的广告川流不息的汽车 风光秀丽的山河五光十色的霓虹灯 1、“的”字的搭配。 高高飘扬的国旗笔陡的石级淡淡的清香长长的钩刀 快乐的歌声阳光明媚的早晨尖尖的嘴巴红红的眼睛 金色的海洋辽阔的音乐厅细微的东西巨大的变化 隆隆的雷声辽阔的大地奔流不息的江河茂盛的花草树木美丽的宇宙精美的图案宝贵的历史遗产甜蜜的微笑
一般功能性词汇
一般功能性词汇1. 因果关系 导致，产生give rise to,lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt 解析：give rise to, lead to, result in 表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成”；be responsible for 不仅表示“为…负责”，也可以表示“产生”（being a source or cause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局面”；prompt 表示“激发”（To move to act; spur; incite），有“快速产生”之意。 Fast-paced modern life is responsible for the consumption of junk food. The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. Sharon Stone’s remarks about China’s Sichuan earthquake prompted angry responses from the Chinese public. 产生于result from, originate in (from) 解析：result from 表示“产生于”；originate in (from)表示“发源自” 例句：Youtiao originated in China. 归因于attribute ...to, blame..on, be the culprit of 解析：attribute A to B 表示“将A 归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“将A（负 面的）归咎于B”；culprit 本意表示“罪犯”(one charged with a crime or an offense)，比喻义表示“造成某种负面后果的原因”（the reason for a particular problem or difficulty） 例句：Children today are getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe that excessive consumption is the main culprit. 使某人做某事prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth 解析：prompt 指“令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发”；motivate 一般功能性词汇 2 指“成为某人的做某事的动机” Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money. 原因cause, reason 解析：cause 指“造成某事客观原因”，reason 指“用来解释的理由”。Reason 并不一定就是cause.跟cause 有关的几种常用搭配： 真实原因real cause, 根本原因root cause, underlying cause 主要原因major cause, primary cause 可能的原因likely cause, possible cause contributory cause
词汇语法
A . heard B . be heard C . hearing D . hear
提交的答案: In 1938. 正确答案:In 1966. 提交的答案:heard 正确答案:heard 题目详解: A . have evaluated B . evaluating C . be evaluated D . evaluated 提交的答案:evaluating 正确答案:evaluating 题目详解: A . Although B . In spite of C . Despite D . As 提交的答案: In spite of 正确答案:Although 题目详解:
A . would B . might C . must D . should 提交的答案: would 正确答案:should 题目详解: A . It was from Stephen that B . That was from Stephen C . It was Stephen whom D . It was Stephen that 提交的答案: It was Stephen that 正确答案:It was from Stephen that 题目详解: A . least B . lowest C . fewest D . last 提交的答案: last 正确答案:least 题目详解:
A . As B . It C . That D . Which 提交的答案:As 正确答案:As 题目详解: A . what B . where C . that D . how 提交的答案:how 正确答案:how 题目详解: A . In exceptional circumstances only B . In only exceptional circumstances C . Only in exceptional circumstances D . In exceptional only circumstances 提交的答案:Only in exceptional circumstances 正确答案:Only in exceptional circumstances 题目详解:
词汇学的基本知识
词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同 义、反义等）。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是 词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可 以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固 定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。
词语搭配类
偏正短语 七彩的图画、快乐的生活、丰富多彩的生活、鲜艳的服装、飘扬的国旗、好听的声音、有趣的猴子、古老的铜钟、粗壮的枝干、洁白的粉墙、金色的草地、绿色的草地、可爱的草地、有趣的蒲公英、笔陡的石级、白发苍苍的老爷爷、淡淡的清香、勤劳的孩子、觅食的小鸭子、快乐的歌声、甜蜜的微笑、火热的劳动、高大的白桦树、粉红色的胸脯、深红色的胸脯、欢快的灰雀、诚实的男孩、阳光明媚的早晨、亲爱的同志、著名的地质学家、突兀的石头、平整的土地、遥远的秦岭、熟悉的人、过硬的本领、凛冽的寒冬、炎热的酷暑、高强的武艺、严明的纪律、缤纷的色彩、美妙的声音、心中的秋天、巨大的木轮、五彩缤纷的颜料、好闻的气味、香香的梨、甜甜的菠萝、香甜的气味、厚厚的衣裳、油亮亮的衣裳、丰收的歌、欢乐的歌、丰富的色彩、道别的话音、告别的歌韵、暖暖的叮咛、丰收的歌吟、辽阔的音乐厅、绽开的谷粒、无穷的奥妙、紫色的小喇叭、艳丽的蔷薇、娇嫩的花瓣、强烈的阳光、干燥的空气、淡雅的花蕾、美丽的笑脸、密切的关系、白色的记号、遥远的家、陌生的景物、超常的记忆力、无法解释的本能、伟大的发现、清闲的工作、全新的世界、重要的成员、丢失的骆驼、走失的骆驼、巨大的宝库、自豪的心情、渊博的知识、渊博的学问、伟大的思想家、伟大的教育家、隆重的活动、丰富多彩的文化、精美的工艺、古老的艺术、独特的风俗、巨大的变化、飘动的云、隆隆的雷声、辽阔的大地、奔流不息的江河、茂盛的花草树木、滋润万物的雨露、美丽的宇宙、雄伟的赵州桥、坚固的桥、美观的桥、精美的图案、美丽的水花、宝贵的遗产、热闹的场面、紧急的时刻、奔腾的江河、澎湃的大海、辽阔的草原、茂密的森林、宁静的山村、繁华的都市、迷人的景色、富饶的西沙群岛、风景优美的西沙群岛、特产丰富的西沙群岛、可爱的地方、五光十色的海水、瑰丽无比的海水、各种各样的珊瑚、威武的龙虾、好看的鱼、彩色的条纹、圆溜溜的眼睛、拣不完的贝壳、美丽的贝壳、颜色不一的贝壳、千奇百怪的贝壳、有趣的海龟、庞大的海龟、厚厚的鸟粪、宝贵的肥料、绿色的海洋、嫩绿的叶子、密密层层的枝叶、乳白色的浓雾、美丽的花坛、酸甜可口的山葡萄、又香又脆的榛子、鲜嫩的蘑菇、名贵的药材、厚厚的雪、又松又软的雪、又肥又厚的脚掌、巨大的宝库、美丽的风光、璀璨的明珠、著名的港口、出色的表演、清澈的池水、五颜六色的焰火、明亮的车灯、闪光的长河、迷人的风景、雄伟的三峡、秀丽的山水、壮观的秦马兵俑、神奇的石窟、富饶的物产、各种各样的问题、紧张的关头、危急的关头、好玩的东西、懦弱的东西、轻蔑的神气、荒凉的场地、厚厚的尘土、厚厚的堆积物、光洁的陶罐、朴素的陶罐、美观的陶罐、漂亮的鹿、匀称的身段、精美的角、别致的角、有力的长腿、美丽的角、难看的腿、热烈的掌声、持久的掌声、动听的声音、极大的鼓励、漂亮的礼物、如愿以偿的笑脸、重要的节日、陌生的女孩、调皮的孩子、好听的名字、聪明的头脑、滚滚的波涛、强烈的感情、优雅的音乐 好奇地听着、婉转地歌唱、欢蹦乱跳地歌唱、仔细地打量、奇怪地问、认真地挥舞、勇敢地作战、飞快地跑、快活地喊、拼命地奔跑、不停地转、舒舒服服地睡大觉、匆匆地来、匆匆地去、留心地观察、陆续地开放、悄悄地绽开、准确无误地回家、用心地观察、认真地思考、忿忿地说、不紧不慢地说、完整地保存、懒洋洋地蠕动、淙淙地流着、呼呼地刮过、高兴地说、傲慢地问、谦虚地回答、惊讶地说、高兴地叫起来、兴奋地说、正确地对待、默默地坐、慢吞吞地站、深深地鞠躬、如实地告诉、不假思索地说、激动地抱起、热烈地讨论、诚挚的祝福、羡慕地望着、仔细地看着、流利地背诵、天真地说、得意地转、刻苦地钻研、用心地学、不住地吆喝、小心地走着、费劲地走、绝望地叫起来 补语 打扮得绚丽多彩、热得耷拉着翅膀、热得吐出舌头、热得不知如何是好、显得特别高兴、累得倒了下去、吓得又踢又跳、画得多么传神、多得数不清、长得葱葱茏茏、封得严严实实、显得更苍翠、吓得哇哇直叫、说得很好、显得彬彬有礼、变得鸦雀无声、讲得很详细、听得很认真、羞得满脸通红、看得出神 动宾短语 带来快乐、汲取力量、充满快乐、交流感受、散发清香、进入梦乡、投入劳动、发现遗迹、震惊世界、停住脚步、受到启发、练就本领、练习武艺、得到支持、得到拥护、描绘秋天、充满憧憬、充满希望、寻找风筝、抖抖手臂、振动翅膀、撒下叮咛、掠过田野、送来歌吟、走进音乐厅、吹起喇叭、绽开笑脸、舒展花瓣、绽开花蕾、展示笑脸、结出种子、辨认方向、回到原处、打开纸袋、寻找方向、检查蜂窝、发现蜜蜂、迷失方向、浪费时间、看守大门、阅读书籍、玩出名堂、发现微生物、欣赏玩具、观看居民、打开宝库、了解故事、拜见老师、研究学问、佩服学问、敬重品行、受到尊敬、感受文化、开展活动、了解文化、参加建造、减轻冲击力、减轻重量、节省石料、雕刻图案、吐出水花、商量方式、搜集资料、抽出枝条、长出叶子、涨满春水、俯下身子、侧着脑袋、挡住视线、遮住天空、
一般功能性词汇
1. 一般功能词汇 因果关系 →导致，产生give rise to, lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt 解析：give rise to, lead to, result in表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成”；be responsible for 不仅表 示“为…负责”，也可以表示“产生”（being a source or cause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局 面”；prompt表示“激发”（To move to act; spur; incite），有“快速产生”之意。 Fast-paced modern life is responsible for the consumption of junk food. The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. Sharon Stone’s remarks about China’s Sichuan earthquake prompted angry responses from the Chinese public. →产生于result from, originate in(from) 解析：result from表示“产生于”；originate in (from)表示“发源自” 例句：Youtiao originated in China. →归因于attribute ...to, blame..on, be the culprit of 解析：attribute A to B表示“将A归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“将A（负面的）归咎于B”；culprit 本意表示“罪犯”(one charged with a crime or an offense)，比喻义表示“造成某种负面后果的原因” （the reason for a particular problem or difficulty） 例句：Children today are getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe that excessive consumption is the main culprit. →使某人做某事prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth 解析：prompt指“令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发”；motivate指“成为某人的做 某事的动机” Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money. →原因cause, reason 解析：cause指“造成某事客观原因”，reason指“用来解释的理由”。Reason并不一定就是cause. 跟cause有关的几种常用搭配： 真实原因real cause, 根本原因root cause, underlying cause 主要原因major cause, primary cause 可能的原因likely cause, possible cause contributory cause 例句：The reason he gave for his poor academic performances is that he had recently went through a emotional meltdown. But I know that is not the real cause.
中考英语词汇语法总汇
非谓语动词 概述：英语中有三种非谓语动词形式，即动词不定式（to do）、动词-ing和过去分词-ed。 动词不定式 动词不定式是由不定式符号to后接动词原形构成，也有个别情况不带to，只用动词原形。不定式可以行使名词、形容词和副词的功能。 一、不定式充当的句子成分 1．做主语：To dance is a lot of fun. = It is a lot of fun to dance. 跳舞非常有趣。 2．做宾语：You must learn to forgive. 必须学会原谅他人。 3．做表语：To choose time is to save time. 4．做宾补：She asked me to speak more loudly. 5．做状语： (1) 表目的：I went to the park to breathe the fresh air. 我去公园（为了）呼吸新鲜空气。 (2) 表原因：I am sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉给你添麻烦。 6．做后置定语： There is no time to lose. 时间不可拖延。 Give me something hot to drink. 给我一些热的东西喝。 注意： 不及物动词后面的介词：They have a lot of things to talk about. He is looking for a room to live in. 二、不定式的几个主要句型 1．Ask / tell sb. (not) to do sth. I asked him to open the window. (= I said to him, “Open the window.”) 不定式的否定式：not+不定式: My father told me not to be late. (= My father said to me, “Don’t be late.”) 2．疑问词+不定式 不定式与疑问词连用，构成不定式短语，在句子中担当主语、宾语、表语等。 What to do is a big problem. I know how to solve the problem. Can you tell me which way to go? 3．省去to的不定式 (1) 感官动词之后作宾语补足语。表示动作的全部过程 Every bird loves to hear himself sing. 每只鸟都喜欢听自己鸣唱。 (2) 使役动词之后作宾语补足语：相关的使役动词为let, make和have The boss made them work the whole night. 老板迫使他们工作了一整夜。 注意：被动语态中，to不能省略。 They were made to work the whole night.
词语搭配
词语搭配 1、指挥（战斗）指导（工作）指点（学习）指出（错误）指引（方向）指派（人员）指使（他人）指控（罪犯）指明（道路） 2、发挥（作用）发展（生产）发现（问题）发表（意见） 发射（火箭）发明（产品）发扬（优点）发出（信号）发布（命令） 发动（进攻）发奋（读书） 揭发（罪行）批发（衣服）启发（思维）散发（香味）抒发（感情）告发（罪行）3、优美（环境）优质（服务）优良（品种）优秀（学生）优异（成绩） 优待（军人） 优惠（顾客）优厚（待遇）优先（照顾）优越（条件） 4、严肃（态度）严格（要求）严厉(批评) 严密（监视）严重（问题）严惩（罪犯） 严峻（考验）严明（纪律）（守卫）森严（严肃）批评（场面）庄严 （维护）尊严（外套）严实（严辞）拒绝（严守）秘密（严正）声明（严酷）现实 （严刑）拷打局势（严重）表情（严肃）态度（严谨） 5、（湖面）平静（环境）清静（山村）幽静（头脑）冷静（表情）恬静（小巷）僻静 （教室）安静（山村）寂静（内心）镇静（夜晚）宁静 6、（陈设）简单（生活）简朴（文句）简洁（计算）简便（设备）简陋（语句）简短 （文笔）简练（方法）简易（简便）算法（简化）汉字（简洁）方法（简练）文字 （简明）话语（简易）问题（简朴）生活（简陋）设备（简要）说明（简单）介绍 7、（国土）广阔（视野）开阔（草原）辽阔（马路）宽阔（草地）空阔 8、赏识（贤人）观赏（金鱼）鉴赏（文物）奖赏（学生）玩赏（古玩）欣赏（音乐） 赞赏（他人） 9、热烈（欢迎）激烈（战斗）强烈（要求）猛烈（阳光）暴烈（阳光）剧烈（运动） 10．刻苦（学习）艰苦（奋斗）辛苦（工作）穷苦（生活） 11 增补（名额）增大（作用）增进（友谊）水稻（增产）增强（体质）增援（物资） 增长（见识）（股票）增值持续（增长） 12．（工艺）精湛（文句）精炼（设备）精良（礼物）精美（机器）精密（设计）精妙 （计算）精确（部队）精锐（花瓶）精致精心（设计）精简（机构） 精明（能干）精通（外语）（造诣）精深（花纹）精致包装（精美）技术（精通） 用词（精当）节目（精彩）语言（精练）（精力）充沛（精湛）医术（精简）人员 （精密）仪器
一般功能性词汇
一般功能性词汇 1. 因果关系 导致，产生give rise to,lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt 解析：give rise to, lead to, result in 表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成”；be responsible for 不仅表示“为…负责”，也可以表示“产生”（being a source or cause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局面”；prompt 表示“激发”（To move to act; spur; incite），有“快速产生”之意。 Fast-paced modern life is responsible for the consumption of junk food. The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. Sharon Stone’s remarks about China’s Sichuan earthquake prompted angry responses from the Chinese public. 产生于result from, originate in (from) 解析：result from 表示“产生于”；originate in (from)表示“发源自” 例句：Youtiao originated in China. 归因于attribute ...to, blame..on, be the culprit of 解析：attribute A to B 表示“将A 归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“将A（负 面的）归咎于B”；culprit 本意表示“罪犯”(one charged with a crime or an offense)，比喻义表示“造成某种负面后果的原因”（the reason for a particular problem or difficulty） 例句：Children today are getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe that excessive consumption is the main culprit. 使某人做某事prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth 解析：prompt 指“令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发”；motivate 一般功能性词汇 2 指“成为某人的做某事的动机” Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money. 原因cause, reason 解析：cause 指“造成某事客观原因”，reason 指“用来解释的理由”。Reason 并不一定就是cause.跟cause 有关的几种常用搭配： 真实原因real cause, 根本原因root cause, underlying cause 主要原因major cause, primary cause 可能的原因likely cause, possible cause contributory cause 例句：The reason he gave for his poor academic performances is that he had recently went through a emotional meltdown. But I know that is not the real cause. Unhealthy eating habits have many other contributory causes. 2. 事物数量 几个several, a number of, a couple of 解析：several 略显非正式；A number of 是正式表达。 A couple of days
a级词汇语法
名词具体指导（综合练习册word building） 名词在句中多用来作主语、宾语、表语和定语。在英语应用能力考试中，要求考生根据题意把括号里所给的词变成名词，所填词多出现在句尾或句首： 1 ．所填词的特征 ①前有物主代词如my , his，their, our, your, its等； ②前有冠词如a, an, the； ③前有形容词如large，clever，foolish等； ④前有冠词＋形容词如that ancient，the clever等； ⑤前有不定代词many, much, a few ，a little，several等。 2 ．所填词多为抽象名词或表示人的名词。如decision，illness，protection 等。 常见名词后缀： 1 ．表示人的名词后缀（Unit4 Practical Writing） ①–al crime criminal ②–an Canada Canadian Europe European history historian ③–ant account accountant ④–ar/er/or beg beggar lie liar operate operator act actor village villager educate educator law lawyer ⑤–ee employ employee ⑥–ist art artist chemistry chemist science scientist tour tourist
2．抽象名词后缀 ①–ance/ence exist existence dependent dependence confident confidence different difference important importance distant distance intelligent intelligence appear appearance ②–th deep depth true truth warm warmth wide width dead death long length strong strength grow growth ③–ment move movement develop development arrange arrangement equip equipment judge judgment ④–tion/ation/ion pollute pollution discuss discussion organize organization educate education inform information invent invention invite invitation protect protection predict prediction decide decision
英语基础学习必备单词知识讲解
英语基础学习必备单 词
初中英语必背词汇总结（一） 一、冠词(3个) 1.a 一个(件/只……) 2.an 一个(件/只……) 3.the 这;这个;那;那个 二.连词(24个) 1.after 在……以后 2.and 和;又 3.as 像……一样;如同;因为 4.because 因为 5.before 在……之前 6.but 但是 7.if 如果;假使;是否;是不是 8.neither 也不 9.nor 也不 10.or 或者;还是;否则 11.since 从……以来;……以后 12.that 既然;由于;(引导宾语从句等) 13.though 虽然 14.till 直到;直到……为止 15.until 直到;直到……为止 16.when 当……的时候 17.whether 是否 18.while 在/当……的时候;和……同时 19.than 比 20.so 因此;所以 21.both…and… 两个都;既……又…… 22.not only…but also… 不但……而且…… 23.ei ther…or… 或者……或者……;不是……就是…… 24.neither…nor… 既不……也不……初中英语必背词汇总结（二） 三.介词(37个) 1.about 在各处;四处;关于 2.after 在……之后;在……后面 3.along 沿着;顺着 4.as 作为;当作 5.among 在……中间;在(三者或三者以上)之间 6.at (表示地点/位置)在;(表示时间)在……时(刻);(表示动作的目标和方向) 7.before 在……前面;在……以前 8.behind 在……后面 9.below 在……下面 10.beside 在……旁边;靠近 11.between 在(两者) 之间;在……中间 12.by 在……旁边;靠近;在……时间;(指时间)不迟于; (用于被动语态) 被(表示方法、手段) 用; 由(指交通工具等) 乘; 13.down 沿着(街道、河流)而下 14.during 在……的期间;在……过程中 15.except 除……之外 16.for (表示方向) 往;(表示所属) ……的;(说明目的或用途) 为…
词语搭配及归类完整版
词语搭配及归类 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】
词语搭配及归类 【教学目标】 1、初步懂得词语的搭配要恰当，能归并同一类的词语。 2、学习过程中发现规律、掌握方法、学会灵活运用。 【教学重难点】 重点：积累不同形式的词语。 难点：通过积累，熟练运用已经学过的词语，并且能使用恰当的词语来提高表达能力。 【知识点讲解】 知识点一：词语搭配及分类 1. 地＋动词 例： （快活）地游泳（高兴）地说（静静）地躺着（欢乐）地歌唱 （清晰）地展现（全神贯注）地看（顺利）地完成（耐心）地等待 伤心地（流泪）悄悄地（离开）兴奋地（叫喊）亲切地（握手） 2．的+名词 例： （满天）的乌云? （清新）的空气? （厚厚）的书? （忠实）的向导? （茂密）的枝叶（敬爱）的总理（鲜红）的地毯（古老）的故宫
慈祥的（母亲）流动的（空气）难忘的（事情）健康的（身体） 3.动词+名词 例： （打开）窗户（挂在）天空? （寻找）宝藏 （辨别）方向 （脱掉）棉袄（穿过）山谷（长出）嫩芽（演奏）乐曲 （出产）水果（搭起）凉棚（摘下）葡萄（驶过）江面4.ABB式+名词 例： 红红的（太阳）蓝蓝的（天空）绿绿的（草地） 【随堂练习】 一、基础巩固 1、填入合适的修饰词： （）的姑娘（）的小溪（）的琴声 （）的花丛（）地跳舞（）地拥抱 （）地等待（）地微笑仔细地（） 自信地（）深情地（）顺利地（） 茂密的（）流动的（）勤劳的（）
遥远的（）（）衣服白白的（）2、越多越好，给下了列填写上合适的修饰词。 （1）繁华的（）、（）、（） （2）明亮的（）、（）、（） （3）茂密的（）、（）、（） （4）绚烂多彩的（）、（）、（） （5）风光秀丽的（）、（）、（） 二、提高知能 1、词语手拉手。 晒灯笼堆雪景 挂马车打雪仗 坐太阳看风车 伸纤绳转雪人 拉脖子 2、照样子，填一填。 如：栽树苗
功能翻译术语
功能翻译术语 Acceptibility 可接受性 Adaptation 改编；编译 Adequacy 在功能翻译理论中，“合适”(德语：Adaquatheit)用以形容译本对翻译纲要所规定的交际目的而言的合适性。它是与翻译行为过程有关的动 态概念。 Adjustment 调整 Agent 经纪人 Appeal-focused Texts 感染型文本(德文Appellbetonte Texte) Appellative Function 感染性功能(德语为Appellfunktion)：使用言语或非言语交际符号，以使接受者作出一定的答复或反应。也称为“使役功能”或“意动功能”。可进一步分为：说明、劝诱、命令、教学、广告等功能。 感染功能的效果取决于接受者的敏感性、应激性、经验视野和知识水平。Appellative Texts 感染型文本 Assignment 任务：委托给译者的职责，包括工作条件(时间、薪酬等)、原文和(更理想的情况是包括)翻译纲要。 Audio-medial Texts 听觉媒介文本(德文Audio-mediale TextP) Brief 纲要：用于定义翻译行为所服务的交际目的。理想的翻译纲要明示或暗示以下信息：译文的预期功能、读者、传播媒介、出版时间和地点，必要的话，还包括创作译文或出版译文的动机。 Coherence 连贯(德文Koharenz) Commission 委托(德文Auftrag) Communication Load 传意负荷(又名Information Load[信息负荷]) Communicative Translation 交际翻译 Compensation 补偿 Contextual Consistency 语境一致[性] Conventions 常规：为人们所默认但不具强制约束力的行为规范，基于常识或建立在“期待”之上，即人们对特定场合中对于应该如何做的“期待”。 常规见于：常见文本类型或语篇体裁、一般的文体常规、习惯度量法、翻译传统等。 Correspondence 对应 Covert Translation 隐型翻译 Cultural Approach 文化途径 Cultural Borrowing 文化借用 Cultural Translation 文化翻译 Cultural Transplantation 文化移植 Cultural Transposition 文化移位 Culture Specificity 文化专属性：翻译时比较的两种文化中，文化专属现象(其形式或职能)只在于其一。但文化专属现象并非只限于一种特定文化之中。Cultureme 文化素：A文化中被本族成员认为有意义的一种社会现象。较之与B文化中对应的社会现象，即可发现其为A文化所专属。 Decision-making，Translation as 翻译即抉择 Documentary Translation 纪实性翻译：翻译类型的一种，旨在以译语重建源语
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性） 没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use