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英语语法图表结构

语法网络图表解析（名词；冠词；代词）英语语法2010-06-24 09:02:12 阅读66 评论0 字号：大中小订阅

一．名词

II. 名词的数：

1. 规则名词的复数形式：

名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：

2. 不规则名词复数：

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：

III. 名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。

3. of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students

用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed

二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

II. 定冠词的用法：

三．代词：

II. 不定代词用法注意点：

1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.

I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。

Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。

I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.

4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?

2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.

Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.

3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None.

None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：

He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：

I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.

Some like football, while others like basketball.

5. all和both, neither和either

all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.

Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

英语语法图表解析（形容词；副词；分词；动词）

英语语法2010-06-24 09:04:58 阅读125 评论0 字号：大中小订阅

四．形容词和副词

I. 形容词：

1. 形容词的位置：

II. 副词

III. 形容词和副词比较等级：

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.

2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.

5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

五．介词

I. 介词分类：

II. 常用介词区别：

六．动词

I. 动词的时态：

1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)

I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）

3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。

高中英语语法图表解析（情态动词；非谓语动词)

英语语法2010-06-24 09:20:10 阅读108 评论2 字号：大中小订阅

七．情态动词

I. 情态动词基本用法：

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can 表示推测：

以must 为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。

1. must “肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may 和might “也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can 和could “可能”，could 表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t 语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)

III. 情态动词注意点：

1. can 和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can 无法表达此意。Be able to 有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。

2. used to 和would: used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。

3. need 和dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别：

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do ；Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句

，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(da res/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do

八．非谓语动词

II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：

III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：

IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：

V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：

初中英语语法训练-----非谓语动词英语语法2010-05-06 10:20:30 阅读22 评论0 字号：大中小订阅

基本型

用非谓语动词的适当形式填空：

1. The best time __________ (plant) trees is in spring.

2. Satellites are used for ________ (learn) more about the earth.

3. He finishes __________ (wash) at eight o’clock in the evening.

4. You’ve worked for 4 hours. Please stop _______ (have) a rest.

5. She often makes us _______(do) a lot of homework after school.

6. Mother always tell me __________ (not read) in bed.

7. They asked the headmaster _________(speak) at the meeting.

8. __________ (smoke) too much is bad for your health.

9. the baby was made __________ (laugh) by Tom.

10. Thank you for __________ (come) to see me.

用非谓语动词完成下列各句：

11. I want __________ (看) a film, __________ (而不是看) TV.

12. Did you see her _______________ (下了还是上了) the bus?

13. I’m thirsty. I’d like something __________ (喝).

14. It’s very important __________ (学) a foreign language well.

15. The old man found it difficult __________ (入睡).

The runner fell, but he quickly got up and went on __________ (跑).

Remember __________ (关) the lights when you leave the classroom.

Stop __________ (谈话), please. It’s time __________(上课).

It took me two hours __________ (完成) my homework last night.

I spent two hours __________(做) my homework last night.

提高型

1. I have a lot of things _____ this weekend.(1999上海)

A. do

B. did

C. doing

D. to do

2. You’d better _____ upstairs and tell the children_____ make so much noise.

A. go; not to

B. go; don’t

C. to go; not to

D. to go; don’t

3. Lily likes _____ the clothes of light colour.(1999甘肃)

A. to put on

B. putting

C. to dress

D. wearing

4. It’s too late. Why _____ now?(1999新疆)

A. not to go

B. not going

C. not go

D. don’t go

5. Please don’t forget _____ to me, will you?(1998重庆)

A. to write

B. writing

C. write

6. When I’m tired, I enj oy _____ music.(1999云南)

A. listening

B. listening to

C. to hear

D. hearing the

7. Linda was very sorry for being late.

But the teacher’s smile made her _____ better.

A. feel

B. to feel

C. fall

D. to fall

8. I heard Mother _____ with Father in the next room at ten last night. (1998重庆)

A. talk

B. talking

C. to talk

D. is talking

9. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _____ the earth away. (1998辽宁)

A. blow

B. to blow

C. blowing

D. blew

10. –Did the teacher tell you _____ this afternoon?(1998河北)

-Yes. We’ll go to visit the Science Museum.

A. to go where

B. how to do

C. what to do

D. to do what

11. We are not sure _____.(1998广东)

A. when to leave

B. when leave

C. when leaves

12. Meimei went _____ Kate with her Chinese.(1997天津)

A. help

B. to help

C. helped

D. helping

13. _____ is bad for our health.(1997河南)

A. Doing eye exercises

B. Go to bed early

C. Eating too much

D. Taking a walk

14. Wu Dong is good at _____ English.(1997吉林)

A. speak

B. speaks

C. speaking

D. spoke

15. The old woman was _____ tired _____ go any farther.(四川)

A. too; to

B. go; as

C. very; to

16. Would you please _____ drop your shoes on the floor at night?

A. not to

B. not

C. don’t

D. won’t

17. Most of the children enjoy _____ computer games.

A. play

B. playing

C. played

D. to play

She should do her homework now. But s he doesn’t feel like _____ it.

A. does

B. do

C. doing

D. to do

Uncle Wang can make his kite _____ higher in the sky.

A. fly

B. flies

C. to fly

D. flying

You’d better _____ the cinema by bus.

A. don’t go

B. to go

C. to go to

D. go to

综合型

1. Her wish is _____ a famous singer.

A. become

B. became

C. becomes

D. to become

2. Our monitor is always ready _____ others.

A. help

B. helps

C. to help

D. helping

3. Have you decided _____ for your holidays?

A. go where

B. where to go

C. to go where

D. where go

4. Would you please _____ me a chair _____?

A. give; to sit on

B. give; to sit

C. giving; sit

D. to give; sit on

5. There id no difference between the two words. I really don’t know _____.

A. what to choose

B. which to choose

C. to choose which

D. to choose what

6. Though he had often made his sister _____, today he was made _____ by his sister.

A. cry; crying

B. crying; crying

C. cry; to cry

D. to cry; cry

7. –Why are you going shopping if you don’t _____?

-My wife wants _____ with her.

A. want to; I go

B. want; me going

C. want to; me to go

D. want; to go

8. We are often told _____ people in trouble.

A. to smiling

B. not to smile

C. to laugh

D. not to laugh at

9. You look so tired. Why not _____ a rest?

A. stop having

B. to stop have

C. stop to have

D. to stop to have

10. What a fine day! How about _____ out for a walk?

A. go

B. to go

C. gone

D. going

11. Mary went _____ after she finished _____ her work.

. swim; doingB. to swim; to doC. to swim; doingD. swimming; to do

12. Would you mind _____ the window, please? It’s cold outside.

A. to close

B. closing

C. closed

D. close

13. A fridge is used for _____ vegetable and food cool.

A. kept

B. keeping

C. to keep

D. keeps

14. The farmers on the farm are busy _____ apples on the trees.

A. picking

B. to pick

C. pick

D. picked

15. One day when Edison was five years old, his father saw him _____ some eggs.

A. sat

B. to sit

C. sitting

D. was sitting

16. She has no paper ____(2000重庆)

A. to write

B. to write with

C. writing on

D. to write on

17. When class began, we stopped _____ to the teacher carefully.

A. listening

B. listen

C. listens

D. to listen

18. There are so many kinds of radios in the shop. I can’t decide ____

A.to buy what

B. to buy which

C. what to buy

D. which to buy

–Do you often hear John _____ in his room?

-Listen! Now we can hear him _____ in his room.

A.sing; to sing

B. singing; singing

C. sing; singing

D. to sing; singing

I usually forget _____ the door, but I remembered _____ it when I left yesterday.

A. closing; closing

B. to close; to close

C. closing; to close

D. to close; closing

On June 1, boys and girls are busy _____.(2003汕头)

A. to celebrate Children’s Day

B. to celebrate Childrens’ Day

C. celebrating Children’s Day

D. celebrating Childrens’ Day

英语语法图表解析（定语从句）

英语语法2010-06-24 09:24:07 阅读41 评论0 字号：大中小订阅

九．定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：

III. as与which的区别：

IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

英语语法图表解析（名词性从句；状语从句；倒装句；虚拟语气）英语语法2010-06-24 09:09:55 阅读161 评论2 字号：大中小订阅

十．名词性从句

十一。状语从句

十二。倒装句

十三。虚拟语气

初中英语语法八大时态总结

初中英语语法八大时态 1.结构肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他否定句式: 主语+（助动词）don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't = do not doesn't = does not 例句：He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2.用法 1）表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的副词连用。常用的频度副词有：always、often、usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays.频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。例如: He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。例如：All my family love football . My sister is always ready to help others . Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 3)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。例如：The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 4）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. He comes back tonight. 5）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：I'll tell him the news when he comes back. If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 1.结构肯定句式: 主语+动词过去式+其他否定句式: 主语+（助动词）didn’t +动词原形+其他一般疑问句式: Did+主语+动词原形+其他

初中英语语法知识—动词的分类汇编附解析(3)

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初中英语语法八大时态一．一般现在时 1.结构肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他否定句式: 主语+（助动词） don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't = do not doesn't = does not 例句：He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2.用法 1）表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的副词连用。常用的频度副词有：always、often、 usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays.频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。例如: He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。例如：All my family love football . My sister is always ready to help others . Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 3)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。例如：The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 4）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。

英语语法并列结构

并列结构的定义两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能相同、由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构” (Coordinate Construction), 或者“平行结构”(Parallel Construction)。 1.并列结构的各种形式１）词与词的并列you and me buy and sell ２）词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a student walking down the street or running through an alley ３）分句与分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us. The children can go with us or they can stay at home. Compound Sentence 并列句/复合句 2. 并列结构的连接手段１）并列连词２）标点符号３）并列结构的插入语在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。４）并列结构的对称组合成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。并列结构一、表示平行、递进关系的连词1.A and B:A和B And连接两个并列成分。and也常位于句首，使上下文联系更紧密。 The fabric is light and strong. I like reading and fishing in my spare time.This model of the computer is powerf ul,and the price is competitive. It was a severe winter.And we had not enough food for ourselves. 2.both A and B:A和B都这一结构是and的强化形式，连接的两个成分必须在结构上等同。不能连接句子。The new tax policy benefits both workers and farmers. Bothe she and I are interested in English literature. 3.not only…but(also)…不仅……而且……not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也 as well as和…and…as well和 *not only…but(also)…结构侧重在后者，而as well as侧重在前者。 Not only George but also his wife did a lot for us. It is said that he can fly a plane as well as drive a car. She can play pop music and classical music as well.

英语语法图解(超级详细版)

语法网络图（超级详细版）一．名词 1. 规则名词的复数形式：可数与不可数可以让学生理解字面意思数的清和数不清，brainstorm将可以想到的不可数名词讲出来 2. 不规则名词复数：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 简单说所有格就是：Of用于无生命，长定语，其余情况用s 对于名词的教授：不能只是简单地罗列这些知识点，可以加入英汉两种语言的不同来解释，让学生不那么反感记这些知识点：总体上讲，英语讲究形式，汉语讲究语义。英语是百炼钢，汉语是绕指柔。好比西餐与中餐，西餐需要各种工具，量杯都有十几种，各种刀具，烹饪时也基本依据菜谱，菜谱上对各种材料有严格的标准，盐5克，鸡蛋45克，一只打出来超过45克剩下的宁愿扔掉。全世界的麦当劳都可以是一个味。而中餐呢？我们的菜谱常常是盐少许，醋适量，每个厨师做出来的回锅肉都不同，只要味道正了，管他盐是5克还是50克呢。词法讲究形式体现在每一类词都有很明显的特征。如形容词ful、al等结尾、副词ly结尾,tion多半是名词。词的不同类别有不同形式。而汉语也有某一类词有相同特征，但这种相同的特征是指的意义。意义相近才可能有相近的形。如跟草相关的有草字头。这就引申出汉语语义的重要。句法讲究形式体现在动词的变位、代词的人称变化、形容词副词的级、名词有数有格等。形式上要求的，要严格遵守。汉语大多的变化体现在语义上。你去，我也去（将来时）你去过了（过去式）。单音节词可以随意转化为双音节词，加上缩略的高使用频率，让汉语的柔性突显。我们要学习语法就必须理解英语里形式规则的重要。汉语是意思到位了，形式可以忽略不计，而英语非也，形式十分考究，分的很细致。不能理解此点的在学英语时很容易受汉语思维的负迁移。Negative language transfer 这其中的缘由大概要追溯到中西文化上，西方文化源于希腊文明，这是一种期待将世界用一种最直观、能用数学表达的最注重个体的文明。所以他们发明了几何学，并认为可以用几何来解释一切。几何是研究空间结构的学问，所以基于这种文化的语言都非常讲究结构、形式。三角形和圆形坚决不可以混淆，所以学习英语的朋友一定要重点掌握结构和形式。而中国传统文化是注重实用的，关注现实生活，不做纯抽象的思辨。我们不讨论先有鸡还是先有蛋，我们只关注鸡蛋有营养，鸡肉很美味。我们最早的理论——阴阳学说也是基于对世界的观察得出的结论。所以汉字是有意义的文字，每个字的创造都基于现实生活。日月就是天上太阳月亮的形状，看就是手放在额头的姿势。所以汉语没有特别的结构，语言嘛本是用来交流的，大家能听懂就行了。汉语的语法基本是用意思来表达的。所以按照我们的思维会说出这样的句子he love dog大家都明白意义但是这是一个犯了很多语法错误的句子。二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

大学英语语法结构分析

大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.

英语语法网络图

语法网络图一．名词 I. 名词的种类： II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：

2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：

2. ’s所有格的用法： 3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed

二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法： II. 定冠词的用法：

III. 零冠词的用法：三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：

II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

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