第六章 英译汉常用的方法和技巧(五)
第六章英译汉常用的方法和技巧（下）（一）
第一节习语的译法Unit Test II
习语是民族语言中的精华。它短小精悍、寓意深刻，具有浓郁的民族文化特色。英语习语可包括成语、谚语、俗语、俚语等，其结构既有短语、又有分句、还有句子。把英语习语译成汉语首先要正确理解其含义，认识其文化特点，注意英汉习语之间的异同，然后运用正确的方法翻译。在准确地传达原习语的意义的同时，还应充分考虑到原文的浓郁民族风格——不同的文化背景、不同的思维方式、不同的文法和表达习惯。
一、英汉比较
从形和义的角度来看，英汉习语的异同大体表现在以下四个方面：
A.英汉习语形义全同, 这类习语为数少，例如：
Barking dogs do not bite.吠犬不咬人。
Who is contented, enjoys.知足者常乐。
Misfortunes never come singly.祸不单行。
It is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains.江山难改，本性难移。
Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子。
B. 习语形义基本相同, 这类习语比上面一类在数量上要多些，例如：
as light as a feather（or as thistle-down）轻如鸿毛
to take a load off one's mind如释重负
to run in the same groove; to cut from the same cloth.如出一辙
to make a beast of oneself形同禽兽
He that hath been bitten by a serpent is afraid of a rope.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳。
Shallow streams make most din.水深不响，水响不深。
Money makes the mare go.有钱能使鬼推磨。
Reckless youth makes rueful age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
C.英汉习语形似义异,这类习语相当多，例如：
When a dog is drowning every one offers him drink. （狗若落水人人救，强调人人伸出援之手。）
救了落水狗，反咬你一口（强调好心得不到好报）
Ignorance of the law is no excuse of breaking it. （法盲犯法不可恕，强调严格执行法律。）不知者无罪（强调网开一面）
Strike while the iron is hot （强调"抓住时机"）趁热打铁（着重"抓紧行动"）Lock the stable-door after the horse is stolen.（强调为时已晚。）
亡羊补牢（强调受到损失后想法弥补，以免再受损失。）
D.英汉习语形异义似, 例如：
A word spoken is past recalling. 一言既出，驷马难追。
Great boast, small roast.干打雷，不下雨。
Take not a musket to kill a butterfly. 杀鸡焉用宰牛刀。
as dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶
to hit someone below the belt/to stab someone in the back 暗箭伤人
as weak as water 弱不禁风
E.英汉习语形义完全不同，例如：
cast one's bread upon the waters不期望报答所作之事
keep the wolf from the door免于饥饿，勉强度日
make one's blood freeze令人恐惧
have bats in the belfry头脑有点古怪
see the sun活着
二、英语习语的译法
总的说来，英语习语的译法大致可分为直译、直译加注法、套译、意译、直译加意译、意译加注6种。
A. 直译
直译不仅能再现原文的意义和语言形式，还能保持其生动形象的比喻和新颖独特的表达手法，让读者体会原习语的风采，同时丰富汉语表达形式。象"条条大路通罗马"、"特洛伊木马"等就是通过直译进入汉语语言并成为汉语语言的一部分的。一般说来，英语习语如在形、义上与汉语习语全同或是基本相同的常可采用直译，原习语中的比喻或形象能为汉语读者所接受的有时也可以采用直译。例如：
to be armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿（该典故出自从前南美的北海岸的海盗，他们除了两手都持武器外，在牙齿间还要咬一把刀。）
Time is money. 时间就是金钱（比"一寸光阴一寸金"流行）
to shed crocodile tears 掉鳄鱼眼泪 as cold as ice 冰冷
to trim the sail to the wind看风使帆
Too many cooks spoil the broth. 厨子多了煮坏汤。
Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
B. 直译加注法
有些习语直译后，仍不能把原意清楚准确地表达出来，就可采用直译加注释法。例如：
a bull in a china shop公牛闯进瓷器店──肆意捣乱
to shed crocodile tears流鳄鱼眼泪──假慈悲
People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss.人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过是犹大之吻──居心险恶。
The favors of Government are like the box of Pandora, with this important difference; that they rarely leave hope at bottom. 政府的恩惠如同潘多拉的盒子，后患无穷，主要不同之处是：盒底很少留有希望。
The best fish swim （are） near the bottom.好鱼居水底——有价值的东西不能轻易得到。
Fish begins to stink at the end.鱼要腐烂头先烂——上梁不正下梁歪。
If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind.两人骑一匹马，总有一人坐在后面——两人参加的事只能一人为主。
The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest.隔墙的苹果最甜——这山看着那山高。
Don't forget to cross your t's.写时不要忘记 t上面那一横——一言一行都不要马虎草率。
C.套译
套译就是借用汉语成语来翻译。由于文化背景不同，原文的形象有时不符合中国习俗，
如直译出来寓意就会颇为费解，或原文的形象引起另一种联想，从而影响到原文意思的准确传达，这时大多可以采用套译。英汉习语形异义似时，有时可采用这种译法。例如：Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 宁为鸡首，不为牛后。
Some prefer turnips and others pears.萝卜白菜，各有所爱。（比译为"有人喜欢萝卜，有人喜欢梨"更能为中国读者所理解和接受。）
as lean as a rail 骨瘦如柴（如直译为"瘦得像个横杆"，则不符合中国人习惯。）clean hand 两袖清风
It was by no means a bed of rose. 这决不是安乐窝。
He cries wine and sells vinegar. 挂羊头，卖狗肉。
as pale （or white） as ashes（ or sheet or death）面如土色
as red as rose 艳如桃李
as clear as daylight 洞若观火
All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill. 有情人终成眷属。
He robs Peter to pay Paul. 拆东墙补西墙。
Diamonds cut Diamonds. 棋逢对手，将遇良才。
Pay on the spot and borrow a lot; pay slow and you'll get no dough.好借好还，再借不难。
第二节拟声词的译法
一、拟声词的译法
声色词是拟声词（onomatopoetic words）和色彩词(color words)的合称。前者模仿人、动物、自然现象、机器或工具等物品或动作所产生的各种声响，后者表现客观世界展现在我们眼前的各种色彩。声色词具有独特的修辞效果，运用得当会使语言表达生动活泼、引人入胜。翻译这两类词语一定要注意英汉两种语言之间的差异，细心推敲，尽可能再现原文中所描绘的客观世界里的声音和色彩。
拟声词
1. 英汉拟声词比较
英语和汉语中的拟声词都很丰富，但是大部分的拟声词在发音上相差甚远。这是因为拟声词是按照某种语言的语音系统对客观世界的声音加以模拟改造的结果，所以不可避免地带有该语言的发音特征。因此，英语和汉语中的拟声词之间既存在相同之处又存在不同之处。它们大体可以归纳为以下三点：
A. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用不同的拟声词来表示：
cock-a-doodle-do──喔喔喔
clip-clop──（马蹄）得得声
tick-tack──（钟表）滴答声
hoot(toot)──嘟嘟
dub-a-dub──（鼓）咚咚声
jingle-jangle──玎玲当啷
A horse neighs/whinnies/nickers.马嘶/马鸣/马萧萧。
A dog barks/yaps/yelps/bays/snarls/growls/howls.狗汪汪叫/犬吠。
A fly hums/buzzes/drones.苍蝇嗡嗡/哼哼叫。
A mosquito hums /buzzes/drones.蚊子哼哼/嗡嗡叫。
A pig grunts/squeals. 猪咕噜咕噜/哼哼叫。
B. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声词来表达：
meow(或meou)──喵
hiss──嘶嘶（作声）
dingdong──丁冬（声），叮当（声）
ping──乒
giggle──咯咯（地笑）
pit-a-pat──劈劈啪啪（地）
cuckoo──咕咕
A cow moos.母牛哞哞叫。
A pigeon coos.鸽子咕咕叫。
C. 不同的声音用相同的拟声词：
babble──（婴儿）咿呀学语声；（流水）潺潺作声
smack──（拍击声、鞭打声、砸嘴声、掌掴声）
萧萧──(a horse) neighs, (the rain) patters, (the wind) whistles, (the
trees)
rustle 鸣──(birds) chirp, (frogs) creak, (a bugle) honks
2. 拟声词译法
翻译英语拟声词时，除了闻声解意外，还应根据具体语境和修辞等要求，选用恰当的翻译方法。常见的拟声词译法大体有如下几种：
A. 英语原文中有拟声词，汉译时也用拟声词
英语原文中的拟声词在汉语中可译成相同的拟声词：
(1) A turkey gobbles.火鸡咯咯叫。
(2) A wolf howls/growls. 狼嚎。
(3) A bee hums.蜜蜂嗡嗡地叫。
(4) A bull bellows. 公牛哞哞地叫。
(5) A sparrow twitters. 麻雀吱吱喳喳叫。
有时也可译成不同的拟声词：
(1) The train clattered out of the station.火车哐唧哐唧驶出车站。
(2) The shutters clattered in the wind.百叶窗在风中劈劈啪啪作响。
(3) The girls clattered away at their luncheon.午餐时女孩们咭咭呱呱地谈个不停
(4) The dishes and bowls slid together with a clatter.碟子碗碰得丁丁当当响。
有时，英语原文中不同的拟声词在汉语中也可译成同一拟声词：
(1) The thunder rolled in the distance. 远处雷声隆隆。
(2) There came the hum of machines. 传来了机器的隆隆声。
(3) The offices were quite. Far below I could hear the rumble of tube trains carrying commuters to the west end.各办公室都很静，我可以听到地底下的隆隆声，那是地铁在运送通勤人员去西区。
将英语的拟声词译成汉语的拟声词，有时可保持原文中拟声词的词性及其在
句子中的成分，例如：
（1） Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistles shrilled suddenly."的！的！"突然警笛响了。
（2） Those standing behind whispered and chattered all the time.站在身后的人们一直吱吱喳喳个没完。
（3） They hissed him off the stage. 他们把他嘘下了台。
（4） The clock ticked, the fire cracked.钟声滴滴答答，火声劈劈啪啪。
英语拟声词多数是动词或名词，在句中作谓语、主语或宾语，而汉语拟声词多半带有形容词和副词的性质，作定语、状语或补语。所以英语拟声词翻译成汉语时，往往需要转换原文中拟声词的词性属性及句法功能。例如：
（1） About this time a brick came through the window with a splintering crash.大约在这个时候，有人从窗户外面抛了一块砖进来，辟里啪拉砸得很响。（形容词──副词）（2） The ship hooted down the river.呜……那船沿江而下。（谓语动词──独立成分）（3） The clock ticked away the minutes.钟声滴答滴答地把时间打发走了。（谓语动词──独立成分）
（4） A bitter storm of sleet, dense and ice-cold, swept the wet streets, and rattled on the trembling windows. 刺骨的暴风夹着密集而寒冷的雨雪，扫过湿漉漉的街道，打得颤抖的窗子格格作响。（谓语动词──副词）
必要时还可增补一定的词语，使语义完整、句法正确。例如：
（1） She slammed the box on the table.她把匣子砰的一下摔在桌子上。
（2） The man shut the door with a bang.那人砰的一声把门关上了。
（3） The wind whispered in the pines.风在松林中飒飒作响。
（4） The clang of the fire bell aroused the town.报火警钟的当当声惊醒了全镇。B. 英语原文中用拟声词，汉语译文中不用恰当地运用拟声词可增强感染力，使语言表达更加形象生动。但如果拟声词用得过滥或不得体，也会造成译文语言轻佻、累赘，从而破坏原文的表达力。因此原文中的拟声词有时可改用非拟声词来表达。例如：
（1） Old beams began to crack mysteriously.那些老屋梁神秘地发出裂开的响声。（2） There was a large , low-ceiling room, with clacking, rattling machines.有一大间天花板很低的屋子，里面的机器响成一片。
（3） A profound silence prevailed over all and the only thing she could hear was the tap of ivy on the pane.万籁俱寂，她唯一听到的是长青藤轻扣玻璃声。
（4) On my way to school I can see the babbling water in the brook, hear the frogs creaking, cuckoos cuckooing, sparrows chirping in the woods.上学路上，我能看见溪中的潺潺流水，能听见青蛙鸣、杜鹃啼，麻雀叫。
C. 英语原文中没有拟声词，汉语译文中加用拟声词
在一定的情况下可采用这种译法，以加强译文语言的表达力。例如：
（1） He crashed down on a protesting chair.他猛然坐到一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。
（2） The lad rushed in , gasping for breath.小伙子冲进来，呼哧呼哧上气不接下气。（3） When he raised his hand, ten thousand eyes followed it.他把手儿一扬，千万人的眼睛跟着它滴溜溜地转。
3. 动物叫声
1、狮子（lion）: roar, howl;
2、老虎（tiger）: roar, howl;
3、豹子（panther）: howl
4、大象（elephant）: trumpet;
5、豺（jackal）: howl
6 、狼（wolf）: howl
7、狗（dog）: bark,yap,yelp,bay,howl,growl,snarl,whine
8、狐（fox）: bark,yelp
英语专业八级翻译练习题英译汉
英语专业八级翻译练习题（一） The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life The other day an acquaintance of mine, a gregarious and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly alone in New York for an hour or two between appointments. He went to the Whitney and spent the "empty" time looking at things in solitary bliss. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in love to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone. 参考译文： 独自生活的报偿 前些日子，我的一个熟人，一位热爱交际并很受欢迎的男士告诉我，他在纽约的两个约会之间偶然有一两个小时的空闲，他便去了惠特尼博物馆，四处浏览着展品，无比幸福的度过了那些时光。发现自已独自一人，也能如此的幸福，他感觉像坠入爱河那般震惊。 英语专业八级翻译练习题（二） What had he been afraid of, I asked myself? That, suddenly alone, he would discover that he bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet? But having taken the plunge, he is now on the brink of adventure; he is about to be launched into his own inner space to the astronaut. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. 参考译文： “他一直在害怕什么呢？”，我问自已。怕突然一个人呆着会发现自已厌烦自己，或者怕会失去自我？但是有了这次偿试，他便要开始探险了。他就要发射到自已心的宇宙之中。他的所见所感对他来说将会是全新的，一度会新颖的让人惊奇。 英语专业八级翻译练习题（三） For anyone who can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it? The original impact gets lost, or diffused 参考译文： 因此每个能用肉眼观看事物的人，一时之间便成为天才。身边有别人存在，一个看法便不可避免地变成了双重看法。我们急于知道周边人的看法，以及我对它是怎么看的？” 最初的印像消失了，或者变得模糊不清。 英语专业八级翻译练习题（四）
英译汉常用的方法和技巧(4-7)
第三章英译汉常用方法和技巧 （教学安排：6课时） 无论翻译的标准如何，翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格，以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向，在具体的翻译运作过程中，还会遇到种种问题，所以在翻译实践中，还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧，从原文和译文的整体出发，全面分析，透过现象，抓住本质。经过不断的翻译实践，翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟，翻译水平也会越来越高。合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉，有效地提高翻译质量。 常用的翻译方法和技巧： 直译和意译 词义的选择 省略法和增补法 词类转译法 重复法 正反、反正表达法 分译法和合译法 直译和意译 英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻译时有时使用直译，有时用意译，有时直译并举。无论使用哪种方法，其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范 直译(metaphrase/literal translation) 在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容信息，又保持原文的形式结构，尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特质。 to kill two birds with one stone to shed crocodile tears 如果不破坏原文结构，译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意，这是最理想的直译，但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。 直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇，而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。例如： lady-killer talk show mad cow disease bird flu chain reaction cat walk humor second-hand car tittup hippy yuppie shock 例1 原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 译文： 例2 原文：Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing.
翻译材料_第五章_英汉句子对比与翻译
第五章英汉句子对比与翻译 第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合” 连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系，恰当地连为一体的语篇特征，但在重意合的汉语中，这种特征往往隐含在上下文中，呈“隐性”状态，但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解，因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足，而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征，既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式，既词法和句法结构来体现的，因此，在翻译过程中，译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。翻译练习： 1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them. 2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day. 3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-going freight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests. 4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern part of Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution. 第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合” 进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构，将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。这就是说，英语句子中充满了从属结构，从属结构包括了动词的非限定形式、介词短语和各种分句。从属结构可以比作“枝杈”；汉语句子充满了并立结构，并立分句之间用逗号分开，直直的，每有“枝杈”，像根竹子。汉语的这些并立分句常被称作“流水句”。英语句子的树木结构是英语的形合在语意层次表现上的具体体现：句子的主干（主句）用来表示主要信息，从属结构（枝杈）表示次要信息。这样意义层次在表面结构上就表现出来了，呈显性；汉语句子的竹子结构是汉语的意合在语意层次表现上的具体体现：句子中充满了在形式上并立的分句，语意层次要靠上下文来表示，在表面形式上看不出来，呈隐性。英汉翻译中就应该充分考虑到英文和中文的这些不同特征。翻译练习： 1)X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible to observe. 2)“How does the human brain work” remains one of the most profound questions confronting modern science. 3)One out of every ten persons in 1978 United States labor force was a teenager, compared with one out of fifteen in 1960.
历年专八翻译真题
历年专八英译汉翻译真题 1995 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.” Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。乡下有不用付报酬便可请来照看孩子的邻居，作为回报，我儿媳也帮着照看其孩子。乡邻之间互相交换技能和劳动。但比之更重要的是，你如何来衡量那静谧与安详？如何来衡量自我价值呢？ 我无意将小地方的生活理想化。因为有时外面的世界会无情地侵入：比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。 1996 It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。
近十年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案
2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C－E：暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际得颜色混合一起，分不清哪就是流云哪就是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂得图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,瞧一眼这美丽得黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间,在即将回家得最后一刻再次咀嚼。这就是黄河滩上得一幕。牧羊人不见了，她不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚得，像些胖娃娃.如果走近了,会发现它们那可爱得神情，洁白得牙齿，那丰富而单纯得表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞,还会生出无限得怜悯. Besidｅｔhis picｔure wiｔhｐrofusiｏｎｓoｆcｏｌors, a grｏｕｐof sheep aｒe lowing tｈeir headｓ，eａtiｎg ｂy the ｒiｖer banｋ、Hardlｙnoｎｅｏf them would ｓｐaｒeｓoｍeｔime tｏraiｓｅtheir eｙes toｈaveａglanｃｅａt the beａutｉｆｕｌdｕｓｋ、They arｅ，ｐerhaｐs,takinｇusｅof every mｉｎute tｏeｎjoy their lａst cheｗｂeｆore beｉng ｄrivｅn homｅ、Ｔhiｓiｓ a pｉctｕｒｅｏf ｔhe Ｙellow Riv ｅｒbaｎk, in wｈｉch the shepherd disapｐearｓ, aｎd no oｎe kｎowｓwhere he is rｅｓｔing himself、Oｎly thｅsheeｐ, however, as fｒee creａｔｕreｓ,aｒe ｊoyfｕlly ａpprｅciaｔiｎg the dusk、The ｅxuberａｎt waｔeｒplantｓhave nutritｅd tｈe sｈｅeｐ, maｋｉng tｈem grow as
英语专业8级翻译答案
综合练习（一） 一、英译汉 WASHINGTON(Reuters) - Know your way around a lock Then the CIA wants you: "The Central Intelligence Agency is seeking locksmiths to work with the best minds in the country while performing a mission critical to our nation," the CIA said in a recent job posting on its website, . Locksmiths, who in spy agency lingo are called technical operations officers, are needed for such tasks as to "familiarize non-technical people with technical capabilities; do hands-on work; and travel worldwide." Skill in making lock parts is an asset for prospective CIA lock-smiths. "Knowledge of electronic and manual safe lock servicing, electricity, and alarms is ideal. Knowing how to operate machinery to fabricate lock parts and tools will be beneficial," the CIA job posting said. 参考答案： 华盛顿(路透社)-你是否精通有关锁的技能如果精通,美国中央情报局正想要你呢。“中央情报局正在物色锁匠,他们将与美国精英一道执行对国家至关重要的任务，”中央情报局最近在其网站上贴的一则招聘通知上如是说道。 锁匠，用间谍机构的行话来说是技术性操作人员,需要他们做的是诸如“用他们的技能去教会外行人；做需要动手操作的工作；到世界各地去出差。” 拥有造锁技能是候选的中情局锁匠的资本。“熟悉电子及手动保险柜的维修、电路和警报系统的人是理想人选。熟悉如何操作机器来制造锁件和工具将有利于得到这份工作。”CIA 招聘通知写道。 汉译英 圣经在英语的发展过程中对英语的影响可谓深远。她不仅对英语的词汇的补充和习惯用语的形成功不可没，人们在日常交往中对其的引用更是无处不见。美国有位词汇学教授曾经说过，难以想象一个没有读过圣经的人能够学好英语。我们无意去讨论这位教授的话对错与否，但我们对圣经对于英语学习的作用却是肯定的。 参考答案： The Bible has played a very important role during the development of English. It has significant impact on the formation of the English vocabulary and English idioms. People quote the Bible almost everywhere during their daily work and life. An American lexicologist once said that it is hard to imagine one can learn English well without reading the Bible. We are not discussing whether what he said was true or not. However we are on the YES side about the Bible's contribution to the language. 综合练习（二） 一、英译汉 If people mean anything at all by the expression "untimely death", they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely---a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken. History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives
历年英语专业八级翻译题
8级测试英译汉部分；——1996—2005年英语专业8级统考题中英译汉试题评析 【1996年8级测试英译汉】 Four months before Election Day1, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters2and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidenti al campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted3. Even so, the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn. The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting4. Their aim was to devise a strategy5that would guarantee Ronald Reagan’s resounding reelection to a second term in the White House. It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans6 with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential politics7 as well as any in the country. The backdrop8 of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed9, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff10, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills11. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America—a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government12. 【1997年8级测试英译汉】 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable.1 But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society’s power of choice. 2 We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. 3The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education. 4 But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. 5 The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. 6 In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones7for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.8 【1998年8级测试英译汉】 I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase1 their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. 2 But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. 3 Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent—e. g. in painting and music—they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step4. At any given moment5the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项 ~从细节处把握翻译~ 要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词） 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。 1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。 The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。
第五章 汉译英中的句子整合问题(学生用)
第五章汉译英中的句子整合问题㈠形合与意合(hypotaxis and parataxis) 在汉英双语对比中，汉语重意合，英语重形合。 英语：1. 词语的形合手段 ?①词缀 ?②词语的形态变化 ?③词组联接手段 ①词缀： 英语：beautiful scenery 汉语：美景、美容、美其名曰 美景：a beautiful scenery 美容：to have a face lift 美其名曰：to call it by a resounding name ②词语的形态变化： 起泡酒 sparkling wine – i.e. ,wine like beer and champagne that can sparkle with foams 药酒 medicated wine – i.e., wine that has been medicated to cure disease like rheumatism 解困酒 wine to drive out sleepiness – i.e., wine that may drive out sleepiness ③词组联接手段： 介词词组、不定式词组和分词词组都是英语重要的词语形合手段。 残疾儿童教育education for the handicapped children 展品the exhibits on display 与同屋住的人共用的餐厅dining room shared by flat-mates 2. 句法形合手段 充当句法关系形态形合手段的词主要是英语动词。 a. There was little to induce living things to come ashore, forsaking放弃, 断念, 抛弃their all-providing, all-embracing mother sea.
2021年近十年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案-
英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考 谜底 欧阳光明（2021.03.07） CE:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在垂头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发明它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而纯真的脸色。如果稍稍长久一点打量这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited
英译汉的基本技巧
英译汉的基本技巧 一）英译汉的基本程序 英译汉的过程包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。理解是表达的前提，若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、往返反复的过程，在进行汉语表达的时候，又可以进一步加深对原文的理解。因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要我们从英语到汉语，在从汉语到英语反复地推敲。 （一）通读全文 通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握段落内容或整篇文章的内容，理解划线部分与文章其他部分之间的语法和逻辑关系，在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系，特别要弄清代词it, they, them, this, that, these, those, other 等所指代的对象。这些词和词组有时在划线的部分中能找到，有时则要到前面的相关句子中去查找。 （二）分析所要翻译句子的结构 从翻译试题来看，所给出的段落中划线的部分一般来说句子结构都比较复杂。复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构，很难达到正确、完整地理解原文的要求。在分析句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，以便明了句子的主干结构。在分析句子的主干结构时还应该注意分析句子成份是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等。 （三）选择适当的翻译方法 句子结构分析清楚后，根据主干结构确定采用顺译、逆译还是分译法处理长句；大的框架确定后，根据上下文的意思选择适当的词语翻译方法，可以适当地赠词、补词、引申词义等等。 （四）认真校核译文 句子表达清楚后，还应该回过头来校核一下看译文是否达到了“信、达、雅”的标准，确保自己理解的内容能够很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段，应注意以下问题; 1.人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等译得是否正确； 2.对原文中的词、句有无错漏； 3.修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇； 4.译文中有无错别字； 5.标点符号的使用是否正确。 二）英译汉基本技巧 （一）单词的翻译 1．词义的选择与引申 词义的选择是翻译过程中的关键性一步。翻译时应根据上下文及搭配词来确定词性及词义。例如heavy一词在下面不同的上下文中有着截然不同的译法。 A.This car is very heavy on oil. B.The snow is falling more heavily tonight than last night. C.He is a media heavy. D.There was a heavy fragrance of flowers and lemon trees. E.This is heavy news to everyone that there will be a war next century. F.This dessert is not bad, but a little heavy.