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January 10, 2009【From 汉英翻译简明教程p76】210

Wang Suhua becomes a women zhuangyuan People who know Wang Suhua all admire her spirit of studying. People still remember the fall in 1979, when this worker who had gone to school for only 8 years and even didn?t know the whole 26 English words and the mother of 3 children. It became a big surprise when she enrolled the English course in the electric university. In half and a year ,she was among the only 6 people who get the graduate diplomat. There are more than 70 workers who attended the English course. But when she translated contents and of pills of English scientific materials into Chinese, and compiled into contents and delivered to scientific workers, people wondered what kind of secret of success did she have? Only her husband knew that in the half and a year, all the paper she used for copying and reciting English words would be a meter high. She cut and accumulated more than twenty thousand materials and cut-papers of all kinds. Up to now, there is no a cupboard in her home, but there are more than two thousand books there. She has been studied eagerly at all her spare time, and finally she became the women

zhuangyuan in this knowledge contest.

【From 汉英翻译简明教程p81】8:42~9:04 114

In Paris, there are a lot of party and cool meetings which are a great number of good chances to make friends. In these cases, if the strangers are from Asian, they always give their name cards to others with their two hands honestly before speak to each other. This seems to be a necessary polite. However, Frances don?t always show their cards initiatively. The two sides depart after talking a few words or even talking a lot. They won?t show their cards initiatively until they find that they love to talk to each other and hope to keep contracting. It would be a little strained if they give cards without speaking any words.

【From 汉英翻译简明教程p83】77 When come to Sichuan, you will feel the houses of the local people must be the most economic. The fired-burnt stick is always used to be pillars. The four lonely stick pillars with a wooden shelf on the top looks like skin and bones ,very poor. But when topped with ffff surrounded with walls made of bamboo and with ffff ffff on the walls, looking from afar, nobody can say that this donot like a house .

【From 汉英翻译简明教程p84】184 2 Rats watch lights at night. Rats active freely the moment you close your eyes. They carry walnuts down the floor, or knock down the candlestand when inhaling the light oil, or climb up to the top of the bed curtain, or grind its teeth on the doorframes or the foot of tables. They make you unable to sleep.

3. The task of socialist construction needs as much more intellectuals as possible to work for it.

4. In the young groups, we must take care of the most, as well as advanced youngsters.

5. The fight for justice is supported by every other country?s people.

6. this is not a new saying, but old words like what is always said in Marxist.

7. The gentle men in the town reacted strongly when the news came to the town from the country.

8. It is article criticism that is one of the major ways of contest in art circles.

9. Only the revolution practice of thousands of people is the measure to check the truth.

10. the peasants are the solid alliance of the proletariats.

January 11, 2009【From 汉英翻译简明教程p84】

11. If you want to have certainty, you must have preparation, even full preparation.

12. After all, it?s two points instead of one.

13. You wo n?t believe until you truly know it.

January 12, 2009【From汉英翻译简明教程p85】13:42~13.58

14. we great success in all aspects of work.

15. the original meaning of democratic is the government of many people.

16. we educated people in large scale, so people?s political knowledge increased a lot.

17. god was moved by it and he sent two other god to move the two mountains away.

【From汉英翻译简明教程p87】140

No punishment, no education?

Once, physical punishment was considered as the shortage of feudal education system and so was dropped. However, it appears somehow in elementary schools recently. Is there no education if there is no punishment?

Recently, a journalist have interviewed some students, parents and teachers. They exposed to the journalist some inner truth with no retain.

“I won?t do any small tricks in classes again.”The journalist saw such words in a hundred tim es in a student?s notebook.

Actually, the punishments in schools are of various kinds, such as being punished to stand, to sit on one?s knees, to cround, to run, to stand on one?s head, to clean classrooms and playground.

There is a dddd kid who always say a lot in class, his teacher directly closed his mouth by cling a dddd on his mouth.

【From汉英翻译简明教程p88】176

Paradise on earth: Hang Zhou

Hang Zhou is a famous cultural city with a long history. “L iang zhu culture ” remains can be a prove that there were people living here about four thousand years ago. Wuyue of Five dynasties and south song both had built their capital here. It had taken 237 years together. Hang Zhou now has six regions inside the city and seven count outside the city.

Hang Zhou has been famous for its scenic beauty. 7 hundred years ago, one Italian traveler, mark polo, had praised it as the most beautiful and gorgeous city in the world.

The industry of Hang Zhou is highly advanced. The total value of the city?s industry production was more than ten billion in 1984. Then it became one of the ten industry cities in the whole country. Hang Zhou also is the traffic center of southeast china. Here all kinds of traffic are very convenient. There are airports which can be used for large airplanes. Straight planes fly to peiking shanghai hongkong and other large cities.

January 13, 2009【From汉英翻译简明教程p89】190

An brief introduction of Nanjing Chemistry factory Nanjing Chemistry factory has a history of fourty years. It is a medium enterprise which light industry pointed to produce toothpaste. Now it is provincial advanced enterprise.

The factory now has six hundred employees, among there are more than 70 technicals who have plenty of professional technocal experiences, and advanced check-in facilities, full of methods. The factory first brought in VME-700 type toothpaste-making machine from Suisse which has international advanced level and package machine from west germany IWKA company. So the factory can produce more than 80 million toothpastes in a year.

The factory has three major series of toothpastes production, 14 kinds, famous and good production

mango. Its production has been exported to east Europe , mid-east, Africa and so on for decades. In order to cater for the international trend of …go back to nature ?, the factory have invented the only one potent invent production, sisu toothpaste, which has the most advanced technology. It has received great interests and attention from customers at aboard and home. Recently, it again developed zhenzhuwang toothpaste series which also are very popular among customers.

【From汉英翻译简明教程p9】190

商务英语词汇大全(BEC词汇打印版)

商务英语词汇大全abroad adv.在国外，出国，广泛流传 absence n.缺席，离开 absent adj.不在，不参与 absenteeism n.（经常性）旷工，旷职absorb v.吸收，减轻（困难等）作用或影响abstract n.摘要 access n.接近（或进入）的机会，享用权v.获得使用计算机数据库的权利 accommodation n.设施，住宿 account n.会计账目 accountancy n.会计工作 accountant n.会计 accounts n.往来账目 account for解释，说明 account executive n.（广告公司）客户经理accruals n.增值，应计 achieve v.获得或达到，实现，完成acknowledge v.承认，告知已收到（某物），承认某人 acquire v.获得，得到 acquisition n.收购，被收购的公司或股份acting adj.代理的 activity n.业务类型 actual adj.实在的，实际的，确实的 adapt v.修改，适应 adjust v.整理，使适应 administration实施，经营，行政administer v.管理，实施 adopt v.采纳，批准，挑选某人作候选人advertise v.公布，做广告 ad n.做广告，登广告 advertisement n.出公告，做广告advertising n.广告业 after-sales service n.售后服务agenda n.议事日程 agent n.代理人，经纪人 allocate v.分配，配给 amalgamation n.合并，重组 ambition n.强烈的欲望，野心amortize v.摊还 analyze v.分析，研究 analysis n.分析，分析结果的报告 analyst n.分析家，化验员 annual adj.每年的，按年度计算的 annual general meeting（AGM）股东年会anticipate v.期望 anticipated adj.期待的 appeal n.吸引力 apply v.申请，请求；应用，运用 applicant n.申请人 application n.申请，施用，实施appointee n.被任命人 appraisal n.估量，估价 appreciate v.赏识，体谅，增值appropriate v.拨出（款项） approve v.赞成，同意，批准 aptitude n.天资，才能 arbitrage n.套 arbitration n.仲裁 arrears n.欠账 assemble v.收集，集合 assembly line n.装配线，流水作业线assess v.评定，估价 asset n.资产 current asset n.流动资产 fixed asset n.固定资产 frozen asset n.冻结资产 intangible assets n.无形资产 liquid assets n.速动资产 tangible assets n.有形资产 assist v.援助，协助，出席 audit n.查账，审计 automate v.使某事物自动操作 average n.平均，平均水准 awareness n.意识；警觉 backing n.财务支持，赞助 backhander n.贿赂 backlog n.积压（工作或订货） bad debt死账（无法收回的欠款）balance n.收支差额，余额 balance of payments n.贸易支付差额balance sheet n.资产负债表

中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)

Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑（丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.

汉英跨文化交际翻译中的CHINAENGLISH

广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为非得如此不可。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用中国英语这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。

商务英语词汇大全版本

understanding 约定 concentration 集中 holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺 stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产,房地产 circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产

英汉汉英翻译学习译后感

至今为止，已经学了一个学期的翻译基础。虽说未涉及汉译英的学习，但从过去这一学期对英译汉理论与实践的学习，我深知翻译并非一件容易的事。对我来说，学好翻译这门课程并将其运用到实践中去，任重而道远。在未上翻译课之前，每每听人提及翻译，以为就只是单纯的两种语言的转换；谁知经过一个学期的翻译课学习，才知道自己竟是大错特错了。当代英国翻译理论家纽马克的翻译理论及其语言六大功能（表达功能、信息功能、祈使功能、人际功能、审美功能、元语言功能），我国翻译家严复的“信、达、雅”三大翻译标准等，让我更进一步了解什么是翻译。对于我们初学者来说，在进行翻译活动时，除了要遵循翻译的两大原则（忠实、通顺）外，还要注意直译与意译、异化与归化等翻译技巧的运用。否则，翻译时，容易出现“翻译腔”。如;And so you shall be my darling----when l tell you! 译文一：当我告诉你的时候——我的宝贝，你会知道的。译文二：那你等着吧——等到我告诉了你，你就懂得了！这两种翻译中，第一种机械地模仿原文，不知变通，是典型的“翻译腔”。而第二种摆脱了原文的结构束缚，用符合目的语的语言表达形式再现了原文的意义和精神。此外，对一些翻译技巧（如：词类转换法、重复法、正反反正翻译法、抽象与具体转换法、抽词拆译法、增词语省略法、物称人称转化法、形合意合转换法、视点转换法等）的学习及反复练习，也让我在学习的同时发现并总结出一些翻译时常出现的问题。如:的、地、得的正确使用(美丽的太阳花、吃力地行走、高兴得手舞足蹈)；量词的正确使用(一只小熊、一头大熊、一个熊妈妈)；标点符号的正确使用（注意句子的停顿）；“so·····that”不能译成“如此·····以至于”可译成“那样·····因此or所以”；“when·····”不能译成“当······时”；人的mate译成“伙伴”，动物的mate译成“配偶”，而人的“配偶”是spouse；“go down the wind”译成顺着风走，“go up the wind”译成逆着风走；定语从句的译法：分片——逐个译出——理解大意——调整语序。另外，长句的翻译也是一大难点。像顺序法、分译法、逆序法、综合法等长句翻译方法都可用于翻译中，才能译出更好的译文。与汉语习惯不同，在英语中，为了避免重复，通常用同义词、近义词代替前文出现过的词。同时，英语中通常用大量的连词，是句子更紧凑，而汉语恰恰相反。因此，在英译汉时，要尽量避免将关联词“和、所以、因此、而且····”翻译出来。我深知自己基础比较薄弱，因而在学习时也比较吃力，但我不会因此而自暴自弃，相反，我会加倍努力，尽自己最大的努力学好翻译这门课程。

关于英汉文化的翻译

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(完整版)商务英语词汇大全

英汉翻译中英文小说

Certain Things Last （某些持续的事情） For a year now I have been thinking of writing a certain book. (这一年来，我一直想写一本有把握（在思考着写一本自己已经酝酿许久）的书）―Well, tomorrow I‘ll get at it,‖ I‘ve been saying to myself.（“好吧，明天我就完成它”过去自己一直这么说）（好，明天就开始动手写，我一直对自己这么说。）Every night when I get into bed I think about the book（每天晚上上床睡觉时就想着那本书）. The people that are to be put between its covers dance before my eyes. （那些即将出现在作品里面的角色在我眼前跳舞）I live in the city of Chicago and at night motor trucks to rumbling along the roadway outside my house. Not so very far away there is an elevated railroad and after twelve o‘clock at night trains pass at pretty long intervals.（我在芝加哥生活，一到晚上，就听到家外面的公路上那些运货卡车隆隆地响。不远处有一条高架铁路，晚上过了十二点以后火车就开始通过，相互间隔得很远）Before it began I went to sleep during one of the quieter intervals but now that the idea of writing this book has got into me I lie awake and think.（过去在十二点之前趁着那一会儿的安静空隙入睡，但现在我躺在床上思考，脑海出现了写书的想法） For one thing it is hard to get the whole idea of the book fixed in the setting of the city I live in now.（在我如今居住的城市环境中要想得到这本书确切的想法很难）I wonder if you who do not try to write books, perhaps will understand what I mean.（我很惊奇如果你没有尝试过写书，也许会明白我说什么）Maybe you will, maybe you won‘t. It is a little hard to explain. You see, it‘s something like this. （也许你会明白，或者不明白。这解释起来有点困难。就好比这样）You as a reader will, some evening or some afternoon, be reading in my book and put it down. You will go out of your house and into the street.（你作为一名读者，有些晚上或者下午可能会读我的书，读完后把它放下。你可能会离开家，走到街上）The sun

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英汉互译之文学名篇翻译赏析

文学翻译赏析一、雄健阳刚类艰难的国运与雄健的国民李大钊历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。有是流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山迭岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其险峻。民族生命的进展，其经历亦复如是。人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致，使我们经过此段道路的人，感得一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美的趣味，是非有雄健的精神的人不能够感觉到的。我们的扬子江，黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神。扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠，遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻万里的魄势。目前的艰难境界，那能阻抑我们民族生命的曲调，在这悲壮歌声中，走过这崎岖险阻的道路。要知在艰难的国运中建造国家，亦是人生最有趣味的事。 The Bad Luck of China and the Strong Will of the Chinese Li Dazhao The progress of history sometimes comes into a territory full of hardships and hindrances, and only by means of strong will can it run through the territory. Sometimes in an extensive and open terrain with boundless plains, a huge and mighty river flows vigorously down thousands of miles. Sometimes it runs in an imposing and narrow terrain with ranges of high mountains, crags and cliffs. It zigzags its way down through them, which is drastically hazardous and precipitous. The progress of a nation undergoes the same experience. The life of human race in history is just like a journey. The places the travelers have traversed are open and flat here, but craggy and risky there. Walking on a flat and level road, an experienced traveler certainly feels delighted. However, walking in a rugged and rough terrain, one can enjoy more wits and humor. Walking in such an area of wonderful and magnificent scenes, one can savor more tastes of adventure. The road of history taken today by the Chinese nation is one full of twists and turns. But in this section of the road, there is an extremely fabulous and magnificent view which makes those of us who are going and have gone through it feel glorious and hallowed. It is a feel only those strongly-determined people are capable of enjoying. The Yangtze River and Yellow River stand well for our national spirit. They run into deserts and mountains, and mightily they run. They develop into huge muddy streams and vigorously they

商务英语词汇大全

商务英语词汇大全（一）economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产房地产,不动产real estate circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金, 储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费, 经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户（美作:checking account ）current-account holder 支票帐户（美作:checking -account holder ）cheque 支票（美作:check ）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿, 支票本（美作:checkbook ）endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票, 纸币（美作:bill ）to pay （in）cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 汇兑市场外汇兑换券foreign exchange certificate hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价, 贬值devaluation （货币）贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃