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大学英语四级模拟考试试卷

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.

For questions 1-7, mark

Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the

passage;

N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the

passage;

NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

ABSENTEEISM IN NURSING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Absence from work is a costly and disruptive problem for any organisation. The cost of absenteeism in Australia has been put at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annually. The study reported here was conducted in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, where, prior to this time, few active steps had been taken to measure, understand or manage the occurrence of absenteeism.

Nursing Absenteeism

A prevalent attitude amongst many nurses in the group selected for study was that there was no reward or recognition for not utilising the paid sick leave entitlement allowed them in their employment conditions. Therefore, they believed they may as well take the days off — sick or otherwise. Similar attitudes have been noted by James (1989), who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave.

Miller and Norton (1986), in their survey of 865 nursing personnel, found that 73 per cent felt they should be rewarded for not taking sick leave, because some employees always used their sick leave. Further, 67 per cent of nurses felt that administration was not sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to employees' personal and social lives. Only 53 per cent of the respondents felt that every effort was made to schedule staff fairly.

In another longitudinal study of nurses working in two Canadian hospitals, Hacket Bycio and Guion (1989) examined the reasons why nurses took absence from work. The most frequent reason stated for absence was minor illness to self. Other causes, in decreasing order of

frequency, were illness in family, family social function, work to do at home and bereavement.

Method

In an attempt to reduce the level of absenteeism amongst the 250 Registered an Enrolled Nurses in the present study, the Prince William management introduced three different, yet potentially complementary, strategies over 18 months.

Strategy 1: Non-financial (material) incentives

Within the established wage and salary system it was not possible to use hospital funds to support this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives from local businesses, including free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants, etc. At the end of each roster period, the ward with the lowest absence rate would win the prize.

Strategy 2 Flexible fair rostering

Where possible, staff were given the opportunity to determine their working schedule within the limits of clinical needs.

Strategy 3: Individual absenteeism and counselling

Each month, managers would analyse the pattern of absence of staff with excessive sick leave (greater than ten days per year for full-time employees). Characteristic patterns of potential 'voluntary absenteeism' such as absence before and after days off, excessive weekend and night duty absence and multiple single days off were communicated to all ward nurses and then, as necessary, followed up by action.

Results

Absence rates for the six months prior to the incentive scheme ranged from 3.69 per cent to 4.32 per cent. In the following six months they ranged between 2.87 per cent and 3.96 per cent. This represents a 20 per cent improvement. However, analysing the absence rates on a year-to-year basis, the overall absence rate was 3.60 per cent in the first year and 3.43 per cent in the following year. This represents a 5 per cent decrease from the first to the second year of the study. A significant decrease in absence over the two-year period could not be demonstrated.

Discussion

The non-financial incentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the program's losing momentum and finally ceasing. There were mixed results across wards as well. For example, in wards with staff members who had long-term genuine illness, there was little chance of winning, and to some extent the staff on those wards were disempowered. Our experience would suggest that the long-term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism are questionable.

Over the time of the study, staffs were given a larger degree of control in their rosters. This led to significant improvements in communication between managers and staff. A similar effect was found from the implementation of the third strategy. Many of the nurses had not realized the impact their behavior was having on the organization and their colleagues but there were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was 'picking' on them and this usually had a negative effect on management—employee relationships.

Conclusion

Although there has been some decrease in absence rates, no single strategy or combination of strategies has had a significant impact on absenteeism per se. Not withstanding the disappointing results, it is our contention that the strategies were not in vain. A shared ownership of absenteeism and a collaborative approach to problem solving has facilitated improved cooperation and communication between management and staff. It is our belief that this improvement alone, while not tangibly measurable, has increased the ability of management to manage the effects of absenteeism more effectively since this study.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答；8-10题在答题卡1上。

1. The Prince William Hospital has been trying to reduce absenteeism amongst nurses for

many years.

2. Nurses in the Prince William Hospital study believed that there were benefits in taking as

little sick leave as possible.

3. Just over half the nurses in the 1986 study believed that management understood the effects

that shift work had on them.

4. The Canadian study found that 'illness in the family' was a greater cause of absenteeism than

'work to do at home'.

5. In relation to management attitude to absenteeism the study at the Prince William Hospital

found similar results to the two 1989 studies.

6. The study at the Prince William Hospital aimed to find out the causes of absenteeism

amongst 250 nurses.

7. The study at the Prince William Hospital involved changes in management practices.

8. In the first strategy, wards with the lowest absenteeism would win prizes donated

by_________________.

9. In the second strategy, staffs were given more control _________________.

10. In the third strategy, nurses who appear to take excessive sick leave ___________________.

Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with

a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

11. A) 450 million B) 400 million C) 550 million D) 470 million

12. A) Her son is still hungry.

B) She doesn't have enough money.

C) Her son is too fat.

D) She doesn't know what to do.

13. A) Walking. B) Driving. C) Reading a book. D) Rowing a boat.

14. A) The woman is entirely wrong.

B) He is doubtful about it.

C) The decision should be made as soon as possible.

D) He approves of it.

15. A) It's a difficult job.

B) It's a piece of cake.

C) It's too sophisticated for both of them.

D) It's a well-paid job.

16. A) The first page.

B) The last page.

C) A page in the middle of the book.

D) A page very close to the end.

17. A) Her money was stolen.

B) A man kicked her.

C) She felt sick.

D) She was disgraced.

18. A) 7:00 B) 7:10 C) 7:30 D) 7:50

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19. A) They don’t help sports players at all.

B) They don’t live up to their fame.

C) They may be comfortable but are too expensive.

D) They are good for track and field sports but not for ball games.

20. A) He and his friends have never worn Adidas.

B) Adidas is just for great sports players like the Chicago Bulls.

C) Adidas helps sports players do better.

D) He has been wanting to wear Adidas shoes himself.

21. A) He thinks Adidas would cost him quite a lot of money.

B) He doesn’t think Joyce will run.

C) He doesn’t think the shoes will help Joyce in the games.

D) He doesn’t think Joyce will play sports for long.

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

22. A) A formal talk between the boss and his secretary.

B) An informal talk between two friends.

C) A formal talk between a professor and a student.

D) An interview between the interviewer and the job applicant.

23. A) General manager.

B) An official worker.

C) Head of the personnel department.

D) A secretary.

24. A) She types Chinese well.

B) She is English.

C) She is good at languages.

D) She used to be a school teacher.

25. A) The man is not satisfied with the speed Miss Jenkins types.

B) The man is hesitating whether to accept Miss Jenkins or not.

C) The man does not think Miss Jenkins is qualified.

D) The man will probably recommend Miss Jenkins to the general manager.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Passage One

Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.

26. A) Radio announcers. B) Radio listeners.

C) Language experts. D) BBC reporters.

27. A) Two. B) Three. C) Four. D) Five.

28. A) To enter a British university.

B) To work in a foreign firm.

C) To use the language as much as possible.

D) To be unafraid of making any mistakes.

Passage Two

Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

29. A) To get consent from their parents.

B) To prepare rings for exchange.

C) To be of legal age and to meet certain medical requirements.

D) To send out announcements and invitations.

30. A) Because it would make the wedding less exciting.

B) Because it would bring the new couple bad luck.

C) Because it would bring the bride bad luck.

D) Because it would be considered inappropriate by others.

31. A) Fathers might object to their daughters’ leaving home.

B) Girls were forced into marriage.

C) Friendship between men was important.

D) Every wedding ceremony should be witnessed by a respectable man.

32. A) The third finger is the lucky finger.

B) The third finger is the middle finger.

C) The third finger is supposed to be linked to the heart.

D) The third finger is a symbol of lasting affection.

Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

33. A) Very well. B) All right. C) Disappointingly. D) Badly.

34. A) He was not doing anything.

B) He painted only one mile.

C) He quarreled with his boss.

D) He wasted too much paint.

35. A) The man got very tired.

B) The man made a mess of his work.

C) The man never liked the job.

D) The man moved the paint can.

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上；请在答题卡2上作答。

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.

During the 1850s and 1860s, many people began to 47 with the artistic possibilities of photography. Landscapes and architecture were popular 48 for early art photographers. In these two decades, a number of governments 49 photographers to make visual records of important buildings and natural 50 in various countries. Photographs were taken of the scenery in the American West as well as many other major 51 . Some of these pictures were remarkable not only for their technical 52 but also for the effort 53 in taking them.

Some of the most dramatic photographs of the mid-1800s are battlefield 54 . The photos of the American Civil War made by Mathew Brady and his assistants 55 among the finest war pictures of all time.

In 1888, George Eastman, an American manufacturer, introduced the Kodak box camera. The Kodak was the first camera designed specifically for mass production and 56 use. It

was lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to operate. With this invention, picture taking became a favorite pastime.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with

a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

War may be a natural expression of biological instinct and drives toward aggression in the human species. natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence can not be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies vio1ence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed.

The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law .The more developed a legal system becomes; the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the

responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.

The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. while the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice.

Times of war test a community’s deepest religio us and ethical commitments.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

57. Human violence shows evidence of being a 1earned behavior in that ________.

A) it threatens the existing social systems

B) it is influenced by society

C) it has roots in religious conflicts

D) it is directed against institutions of law

58. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is ________.

A) to control violence within a society

B) to protect the world from chaos

C) to free society from the idea of revenge

D) to give the government absolute power

59. What does the author mean by saying "... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused”(Lines 5-6, Para. 2)? ________.

A) Legal systems gre4tly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.

B) Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.

C) Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.

D) Punishment is not dried out directly by the individuals involved.

60. The world “allegiance" (Line 5, Pa ra. 3) is closest in meaning to ________.

A) loyalty C) survival

B) objective D) motive

61. What can we learn from the last paragraph? ________.

A) Governments tend to abuse their supreme Power in times of war

B) In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.

C) In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.

D) Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war. Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.

A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (专利权) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.

Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.

The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry (电路) was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s norma l life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.

Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violatio n of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates (使无效) further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.

Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

62. The passage is mainly about ________.

A) an approach to patents

B) the application for patents

C) the use of patents

D) the access to patents

63. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A) When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.

B) It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.

C) A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.

D) One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent

office.

64. George Valensi’s patent la sted until 1971 because ________.

A) nobody was willing to offer any reward for his patent prior to that time

B) his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time

C) there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmers

D) the color TV receiver was not available until that time

65. The word “plagiarize” (Line 5, P ara. 5) most probably means “________”.

A) steal and use B) give reward to

C) make public D) take and change

66. From the passage we learn that ________.

A) an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice

B) products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago

C) it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one

D) patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead

patents

Part V Cloze (15 minutes)

Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Part VI Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上；请在答题卡2上作答。

大学英语四级考试模拟试卷及参考答案(第一套)

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