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电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)

电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)
电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)

电子信息工程专业英语教程第三版

译者:唐亦林

p32

In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division, so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the '70s. Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system's stability into graphical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room. Any electrical engineer could use Bode's methods find the stability of a feedback circuit, so the application of feedback to machines began to grow. There really wasn't much call for electronic feedback design until computers and transducers become of age.

1945年HW伯德提出了一套系统方法,用图形化方法来分析反馈系统的稳定性。在此之前,反馈分析是通过乘法和除法完成的,所以传递函数的计算是一项费时和费力的任务。请记得工程师们在上个世纪70年代之前是没有计算机或者计算器的。伯德提出了一种日志技术,这种技术将计算反馈系统稳定性这种复杂的数学过程转换为简单和直观的图像分析。反馈系统的设计虽然还是很复杂,但它不再是几个电气工程师待在一个小黑屋里的艺术了。任何电气工程师都可以使用伯德的方法找到一个反馈电路的稳定点,因此反馈电路在机器中的应用开始增加。直到计算机和传感器的时代到来之前,反馈电路的设计真的没有太多的要求。

p36

An integrator(Figure 5.1a) is the simplest filter mathematically, and it forms the building block for most modern integrated filters. Consider what we know intuitively about an integrator. If you apply a DC signal at the input (i.e. , zero frequency), the output will describe a linear ramp that grows in amplitude until limited by the power supplies. Ignoring that limitation, the response of an integrator at zero frequency is infinite, which means that it has a pole at zero frequency. (A pole exists at any frequency for which the transfer function’s value becomes infinite.)

从数学公式上讲,积分器(见图2.1a)是最简单的滤波器;它是构成大多数现代集成滤波器的基本模块。我们怎么从直观上理解积分器呢?假设在输入端加上一个直流信号(频率为0),那么在输出端将会出现一个线性斜坡信号,其幅度一直增至电源电压。如果不考虑电源电压对输出信号的限制,积分器在零频率上的响应将是无穷大,这意味着它在零频率点上存在一个极点(在任何使传递函数为无穷大值的频率点上都存在一个极点)。

p38

While the complex frequency’s imaginary part (jw) helps describe a response to AC signals, the real part (q) helps describe a circuit’s transient response. Looking at Figure 5.2b, we can therefore say something about the RC low-pass filter’s response. Looking at Figure 5.2b, we can therefore say something about the RC low-pass

filter’s response as compared to that of the integrator. The low-pass filter’s transient response is more stable, because its pole is in the negative-real half of the complex plane. That is, the low-pass filter makes a decaying-exponential response to a step-function input; the integrator makes an infinite response. For the low-pass filter, pole positions further down the -σ axis mean a higher ω0, a shorter time constant, and therefore a quicker transient response. Conversely, a pole closer to the j axis causes a longer transient response.

复频率的虚部有助于描述电路对交流信号的响应,而其实部有助于描述电路的瞬态响应。从图2.2b中可以看出,RC低通滤波器的响应和积分器之间的一些区别。低通滤波器的瞬态响应更加稳定,因为其极点位于复平面的左半部。即对于阶跃函数输入,滤波器的响应是衰减指数形式的;积分器的响应是无穷大的。对于低通滤波器而言,极点沿σ坐标轴离原点越远,意味着ω0越大,时间常数越短,瞬态响应越快。相反的情况是:极点离ωj坐标轴越近,瞬态响应越慢。

p47

The converter is essentially a highly over-sampling 1-bit ADC (the comparator) followed by digital filtering and decimation to realize the processing gain. The effective performance of the converter is greatly enhanced by the addition of circuitry to shape the quantization noise such that, instead of being uniformly spread throughout the 0 to fs/2 band, it is minimized in the band of interest (Figure 6.5).

这个转换器实质上是一个后跟数字滤波和抽取、高过采样率的1位模数转换器(即比较器),用来实现处理增益。通过另外增加一个噪声整形电路去整型量化噪声,该转换器的有效性能获得了极大的提高。噪声整形电路将原来在0~1/2sf 频带内均匀分布的噪声最大限度地从有用频带中去除(见图6.5)。

p62

The buck converter is capable of kilowatts of output power, but suffers from one serious shortcoming which would occur if the power switch were to fail short-circuited, the input power source is connected directly to the load circuitry with usually produces catastrophic results. To avoid this situation, a crowbar is placed across the output. A crowbar is a latching SCR which is fired when the output is sensed as entering an overvoltage condition. The buck converter should only be used for board-level regulation.

降压变压器可以产生上千瓦的输出功率,但它有个致命的缺陷,当开关电源发生短路时,输入电源会直接连接到负载电路上,这会导致可怕的后果。为了避免这种情况,要在输出端加上一个断路器。这个电路是一个闭合的可控硅整流器,当输出端被检测到一个过高的电压时,它就被触发工作了。降压型变换器只适合于板级调节。

p70

Clock Driver Skew (Intrinsic Skew) is the amount of skew caused by the clock driver itself. There are two kinds of clock driver devices; buffer devices and PLL-based devices. Skew occurs on the output of the buffer devices because of the differences in propagation delay of the input signal through the device. A majority of

this difference is attributed to differences in output loading. Skew in PLL-based devices can be very small, since a PLL-based device can be adjusted to compensate for differences in output loading.

时钟驱动器偏移(固有偏移)是由时钟驱动器自己引起的偏移。有两种类型的时钟驱动设备,缓存器件和基于锁相环的器件。偏移发生在缓冲器件的输出端,因为输入信号通过器件时,其传播延迟有差异。造成这种差异的主要原有是输出负载的不同。基于锁相环的器件的偏斜可以是非常小的,因为锁相环器件可以被调节,以补偿输出负载的差异。

p71

Why is skew important? In high-speed systems, clock skew forms an important component of timing margin. A skew of 1 ns is a significant portion of a 15-ns cycle time. If the timing budget does not allow for skew, it is highly likely that the system will perform unreliably.

为什么偏移这么重要?在高速系统中,时钟偏移是时序富裕量的重要组成部分。在一个以15纳秒为周期的时间里,1纳秒的偏移都是很显著的部分。如果时序预算不允许偏移,系统很可能无法稳定运行。

p75

In today's designs, with clock rates over 100 MHz and rise times commonly 1 nanosecond (ns) or less, designers cannot ignore the role interconnections play in a logic design. Interconnect effects can play a significant part in the timing and noise characteristics of a circuit. The faster clock rates and rise times increase both capacitive and inductive coupling effects, which makes crosstalk problems greater. They also mean shorter time for reflections to decay before the data is clocked and read, which decreases the maximum line length that can be used for unterminated systems. This all means that one of the major interconnect challenges is to ensure signal integrity as the high-speed pulses move along the total interconnect path, from device to PCB, through the PCB to the backplane, and on out to any network connections which may be present.

在当今的设计中,时钟速率都超过了100MHz,并且上升沿通常只有1纳秒或者更少,设计者不能忽视在逻辑设计中互连的重要性。互连的效果对于一个电路的时序和噪声特性都能够起到很显著的影响。更快的时钟速率和上升沿都将增加电容耦合及电感耦合效应,这使得串扰问题更加严重。这也意味着在数据被写入和读取之前的反射衰减时间更短,它减少了无终端系统中最大的可用线路长度。这一切都意味着,主要的互连挑战之一是确保高速脉冲通过整个互连路径时的信号完整性,从器件到PCB板,再从PCB板到底板,最后到任何可能出现的网络连接。

p98

A third issue that has had a large impact on adoption is the widespread use of prepaid mobile phones in Europe (up to 75% in some areas). These can be purchased

in many stores with no more formality than buying a radio. You pay and you go. They are preloaded with, for example, 20 or 50 euro and can be recharged when the balance drops to zero. As a consequence, practically every teenager and many small children in Europe have (usually prepaid) mobile phone so their parents can locate them, without the danger of the child running up a huge bill. If the mobile phone is used only occasionally, its use is essentially free since there is no monthly charge or charge for incoming calls.

被采纳的第三个已经产生很大影响的问题是,预付费移动电话在欧洲的广泛使用(有些地区达到了75%)。这些移动电话可以在许多商店里购买,购买手续不会比买一个收音机复杂。一手交钱,一手交货。这些电话被预充值了20或50欧元,当余额为0时,可以再充值。其结果是,几乎所有欧洲的少年和小孩子都持有移动电话(通常是预付费的),所以他们的家长可以找到他们,而不用承担孩子会欠巨额账单这样的风险。如果你只是偶尔使用移动电话,它用起来几乎是免费的,因为没有月租费,接听也不需要收费。

p107

An implicit assumption in our discussion is that the power levels of all stations are the same as perceived by the receiver. CDMA it typically used for wireless systems with a fixed base station and many mobile stations at varying distances from it. The power levels received at the base station depend on how far away the transmitters are. A good heuristic here is for each mobile station to transmit to the base station at the inverse of the power level it receives from the base station. In other words, a mobile station receiving a weak signal from the base station will use more power than one getting a strong signal. The base station can also give explicit commands to the mobile stations to increase or decrease their transmission power.

在我们的讨论中隐含着一个假设是,所有基站的功率水平在接收器看来都是一样的。CDMA通常用于无线系统,系统中包含一个固定站和许多与它距离不同的移动站。基站收到的功率水平取决于发射机与它的距离。这里有一个很好的启发,对于每个移动站来说,它们所发射到基站的功率与它们从基站接收到的功率相反。换句话说,一个从基站收到弱信号的移动台,将比一个收到强信号的移动台发射更高的功率。基站还可以向移动台发送明确的指令,让它们增加或者减少其发射功率。

p113

The BIOS looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the CMOS Setup. "Boot" is short for "bootstrap", as in the old phrase "Lift yourself up by your bootstraps". Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS tries to initiate the boot sequence from the first device using the bootstrap loader.

BIOS查看一系列在CMOS设置中被确定为引导设备的存储设备。Boot是bootstrap的缩写,就好像那句老话“通过你的靴带把你自己提起来。”Boot指的是启动操作系统的过程。BIOS使用引导加载程序尝试在第一个设备中确定启动顺序。

p133

The design of a high-performance, full-custom integrated circuit (IC) is, of course, a difficult task. In full-custom IC design, everything, down to and including individual transistors may be designed (although libraries of parts are, of course, used). For many years, however, it has been possible to build semi-custom integrated circuits using gate arrays. A gate array, as its name suggests, is an integrated circuit on which an array of gates has been created. The design of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) using a gate array therefore involves the definition of how the gates in the array should be connected. In practical terms, this means that one or two layers of metal interconnect must be designed. Since an integrated circuit requires seven or more processing stages, all the processing steps other than the final metalization can be completed in advance. Because the uncommitted gate arrays can be produced in volume, the cost of each device is relatively small.

高性能,全定制集成电路(IC)的设计当然是一个困难的任务。在全定制集成电路的设计中,所有事情,甚至是单个晶体管都需要被设计(当然,尽管要用到一些库)。但是,多年以来,可以使用门阵列构建半导体集成电路。门阵列,正如其名,是由许多逻辑门所构建的集成电路。因此,使用门阵列进行专用集成电路的设计包括定义列阵中的逻辑门是如何连接的。在实际情况中,这意味着一到两层的金属互连必须被设计。由于集成电路需要七个或更多的加工过程,除了最终的金属化,其它步骤都可以预先完成。因为这些未知用途门列阵可以大量生产,每个器件的成本非常低。

化学专业英语(修订版)翻译

01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

汽车专业英语翻译综合

第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类:车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备,常见的类型是内燃机,其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类:汽油机(点燃式)和柴油机(压燃式),都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升,产生的能量驱动轴旋转,并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器(对应机械变速器)或液力变矩器(对应液力自动变速器)、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接,制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上,连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接,使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体,这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气:气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸,排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机,从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中,一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译

第二章第一篇 To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing. 谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机,我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的,而且还将不断增强。 In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term 一般说来,我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作,让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。 A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。这种信息或许像无线电广播的演讲和音乐,或许是像室内温度的物理量,或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。在电气系统中能够载有信息的物理变量是电压和电流。因此当我们谈到“信号”,我们不言而喻指的是电压和电流,然而,我们要讨论的大多数概念是可以被直接应用于载有不同信息的变量的系统,因此,一个机械系统(在这个系统中力和速度是其变量)或者液压系统(在这个系统中压力和流速是其变量)的性能通常可以用一个等效的电气系统来模拟或表示。因此,我们对于电气系统性能的理解为理解更宽领域的现象打下了一个基础。 A signal can carry information in two different forms. In an analog signal the continuous variation of the voltage or current with time carries the information. An example, in Fig.2-l, is the voltage produced by a thermocouple pair when the two junctions are at different temperatures. As the temperature difference between the two junctions varies, the magnitude of the voltage across the thermocouple pair also varies. The voltage thus provides an analog representation of the temperature difference. 一个信号可以以两种形式来承载信息。在一个模拟信号中电压或电流随时间而产生的连续变化载有信息。在图2-1中,当一对热电偶的接头处于不同的温度时由热电偶所产生的电压就是一个例子。当两个接头之间的温度差改变时,一对热电偶两端的电压也将改变。于是电压就提供了温度差的模拟表现形式 The other kind of signal is a digital signal. A digital signal is one that can take on values within two discrete ranges. Such signals are used to represent ON-OFF or YES-NO information. An ordinary household thermostat delivers a digital signal tocontrol the furnace. When the

大学英语精读1课文翻译

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[实用参考]大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译.doc

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