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天津大学翻译课unit 4 讲义

Unit Four

句子翻译技巧

作为世界上丰富发达，使用人数众多的两大语言，英语和汉语在语法结构上都具有各自的不同特征。体现在句子层面上，最大的区别莫过于汉语注重意合，英语注重形合。汉语句子根据逻辑思维的联系，简单明快，但形式略显松散；而英语句子以动词为核心，结构严谨清晰。因此，在进行英汉互译时，要各自遵循相应的技巧和原则。、

英语句子的翻译技巧

一、分句、合句法

在进行句子的翻译时，有时我们可以保留原文的整个句子结构或只稍加变动。但是，还有很多情况下则必须将原文的句子结构做较大的改变。而改变原文句子结构有两个重要的方法，即分句法和合句法。所谓分句法，是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。而合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。1.分句法

1) 把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。例1：They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.

他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的

．．．．．．．。(副词译成分句)

例2：That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.

那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出来的

．．．．．．．．．．．．。（形容词译成分句）

例3：As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.

作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处。但作为完全新型飞机的秘密训练基地却是非

常理想的。它地处边陲

．．．．．，人们不易了解其中的活动。(名词译成分句) 2）把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。例1：She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.

她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角

．．．．．．．．．．．。（分词短语译成分句）

例2：I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.

我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录

．．．．．．．．。（名词短语译成分句）

例3：He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.

他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适

．．．．．。（介词短语译成分句）3）把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。

例1：But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.

但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。

2.合句法

1）把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。

例1：There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.

从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。

2）把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。

例1：When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.

我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。

3）把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。

例1：The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.

十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆稀少了。

二、名词性从句的译法

英语中的名词性从句主要指主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句这四大类。这些从句的翻译一般遵循按照原文语序翻译的原则。

1. 主语从句的译法

1) 以what, whatever, whoever 等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按原文顺序翻译。例1：Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.

他此行所见所闻

．．．．．．．都给他留下了深刻的印象。

2) 以it做形式主语所引出的真正主语从句，翻译时视情况可以提前，也可以不提前。例1：It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.

飞行员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，这看来是不可想象的。

例2：It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.

真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点

．．．．．．．．．．．．。

2. 宾语从句的译法

1) 用that, what, how等引起的宾语从句，汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。例1：I also told him how appealing I found the offer.

我也告诉他，这提供的机会对我有多么大的吸引力

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

2) 用it 作形式宾语的句子，汉译时that引起的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；it 不译。例1：I take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him.

我想你会来跟他谈这件事的

．．．．．．．．．．。

3) 有时在译文中也可将that引起的宾语从句提前

例1：I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.

我为被选中参加会议

．．．．．．．．．而感到光荣。

3.表语从句的译法

英语中的表语从句和宾语从句一样，一般可按原文顺序翻译。

例1：What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch.

他所再三强调的是，不管多么困难，他们绝不应该后退半步

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

4.同位语从句的译法

同位语从句在进行汉译时，根据情况可以提前，也可以不提前。还可以采用增加“即”（或“以为”）或用冒号、破折号分开的译法。

例1：But I knew I couldn’t trust him. There was always the possibility that he was a political swindler.

但我知道不能轻信他。他是政治骗子

．．．．．．这种可能性总是存在的。（同位语从句提前）例2：He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.

他表示希望再到中国来访问

．．．．．．．。（同位语从句不提前）

例3：But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.

但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙

．．．．．．．．。（用冒号分开）

三、定语从句的译法

1. 限定性定语从句的译法

1) 前置法

把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。

例1：Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.

语言是人们赖以交流思想的

．．。

．．．．．．．．．工具

2) 后置法

如果定语从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得过长而不符合汉语的表达习惯时，往往可以译成后置的并列分句。

例1：They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.

他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的

．．．．．．．

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，在过去，许多中

国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

例2：It is he who received the letter that announced the death of her uncle.

是他接到那封信，说她的叔叔去世了

．．．．．．．．。

3) 溶合法

溶合法：将原句中的主句和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系紧密，所以溶合法比较适用于翻译限制性定语从句。

英语中There be…的结构汉译时往往这样处理。

例1：There are many people who want to see the film.

许多人要看这部电影

．．．．．．．．．。

带有定语从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。

例1：We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.

我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

2. 非限定性定语从句的译法

1）前置法

一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限定性的定语从句，也可译成带“的”的前置定语，放在被修饰词前面。这种处理方法不如用在英语限制性定语从句那样普遍。

例1：The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.

那个整天躲在云层里的

．．．．．．．．．．太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。

2）后置法

在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。

例1：I told the story to John, who (=and he) told it to his brother.

我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他弟弟

．．．．．．．．．。

在译文中从句后置，省略英语关系词所代表的含义。或在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。

例1：After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.

饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜

．．．．．．。．

例2：The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, (flowers) which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.

这些花以前一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，现在他们突然意识到这些小玩意儿

的美丽和意义了。

四、状语从句的译法

1. 时间状语从句的译法

1）译成相应的表示时间的状语

例1：While she spoke, the tears were running down.

她说话时，泪水直流。

2）译成“一……就……” 的句式

例1：He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it.

他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。

3）译成并列的分句

例1：They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.

他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。

2. 原因状语从句的译法

1）译成表“因”的分句

例1：Because we are both prepared to proceed on the basis of equality and mutual respect, we meet at a moment when we can make peaceful cooperation a reality.

由于我们双方都准备在平等互尊的基础上行事，我们在这个时刻会晤就能够使和平合作成为现实。

2）译成因果偏正复句中的主句

例1：Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.

他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。

3）译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句

例1：After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.

反正关系不大，二十四小时以后他们就要自由了。

3. 条件状语从句的译法

1）译成表条件的分句

例1：Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization, they were brought to Brussels.

他们一旦

．．．．．．．．，就被带到布鲁塞尔去。

．．．．被彗星组织收下了

2）译成表假设的分句

例1：If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.

如果其中一个人垮了

．．．．．．．．．，这种事时常在他们中间发生，向导就要背着他过山。

3）译成补充说明情况的分句

例1：You can drive tonight if you are ready.

你今晚就可以出车，如果你愿意的话

．．．．．．．。

4. 让步状语从句的译法

1）译成表示让步的分句

例1：I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say.

就算你说得对

．．．．．．，我仍认为你做错了

2）译成无条件的条件分句

例1：No matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, I’ll work harder.”

不管他遭受什么不幸的事情

．．．．．．．．．．．．，他总是把胸一挺，说：“没关系，我再加把劲儿。”

5. 目的状语从句的译法

1）译成表示“目的”的前置分句

例1：We should start early so that we might get there before noon.

为了正午以前赶到那里

．．．．．．．．．．，我们应该早点动身。

2）译成表“目的”的后置分句

例1：Wouldn’t it be better if we were somehow to organize an escape route so that these men could get back to Britain into the war again?

要是我们有点什么办法来安排一条可供安全逃脱的路线，使这些人能回到英国重新

．．．．．．．．．．．

投入战争，这不更好吗

．．．．．．．．．．？

五、长句的译法

1. 顺序法

有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上都是按照动作发生的先后顺序排列的，也有一些英语长句是按照内容的逻辑关系安排的，这与汉语的表达方法基本一致，因此在翻译时可以按照原文的顺序进行。

例1：The problem is that in the last generation or so we’ve come to assume that women should be able, and should want, to do everything that by tradition men have done at the same time as pretty well everything that by tradition women have done.

问题是，在过去的二三十年时间里，我们已经认定，妇女们应该能够并且应该想做男人们传统上所做的一切，而同时也能够做得跟妇女们传统上所做的一切一样好。

例2：Olaf is 6 foot 3 inches tall; he can walk and climb all day and he never feels tired.

奥来福身高6英尺3英寸；他能整天步行和爬山而不觉得疲劳。

2．逆序法

有些英语长句的语序与汉语的表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反。那么，翻译时就应该将英语长句中所表达的信息在译文中分割成若干短句，然后按照汉语习惯表达法进行重新安排。而很多时候，汉语译文中各分局的顺序和原文中信息铺陈的顺序正好相反。

例1：A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.

这是20世纪50年代后期在美国出现的一个真实现象：贫穷的知识分子在“垮掉的一代”这个颇为浪漫的姿态掩护下成为美国典型的穷人，正是在这个时候，一大批大学毕业生被赶进了“知识分子的贫民窟”。

3. 插入法

插入法就是利用破折号、括号将原文句子中的某部分信息以插入成分的方式插入到译文中。

例1：The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten: by the river and the pond, on the hill and in the valley.

雪，飘落在每一片森林、每一片田野上；河边、湖畔、山上、谷底等到处都是——就连岩石上的裂缝中也都盖满了雪。

4. 综合法

英语长句的翻译中，分别使用上述方法的情况并不多，更多时候是需要将以上方法或各种翻译方法进行综合运用，其关键在于透彻理解原文的意思，抓住原文的及精神实质，在汉语表达时求得神似而不求形似。

例：What the New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and

distasteful about New York—its rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness;

the rigor of its judgment; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world.

纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性，它的是非观念之严酷无情，那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局，这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人所迷恋的。

汉语句子的翻译技巧

一、无主句的译法

在汉语中无主句是一种常见特殊句型。这种句子的作用在于描述动作变化等情况，而在于“谁”或“什么”进行这一动作或发生这一变化，不需要特定的语言环境就能表达出完整而准确的意思。无主句的翻译是英译汉的一个难点，通常要补出主语或改变句型。

1. 补充主语

无主句英译时，可以根基上下文或原句中的逻辑关系来确定主语，使之符合英语的表达习惯。

例1：不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

You cannot catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger’s lair. (No venture, no gain.)

2. 译成英语的被动句

把原文中的宾语译成被动结构中的主语。

例1：那地方讲什么语言？

What language is spoken there?

3. 译成英语中的祈使句

原文中表示命令、要求，以及标语、口号等的无主句可以译成英语中的祈使句。

例1：请勿践踏草坪！

Please keep off the lawn!

4. 译成英语中的There be句型

例1：没有改革开放，就没有今天的经济发展。

Without reform and opening to the outside world, there would be no economic development of today.

5. 译成英语中的it句型

例1：要成功就要付出劳动。

It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.

6. 译成英语中的倒装句

例1：大门两边各站着一名持枪的武警战士。

On either side of the gate stands an armed policeman.

二、连谓句和兼语句的译法

1.连谓句的译法

汉语中连谓句非常普遍。在这样的句子中往往有两个或两个以上的动词，中间没有任何的关联词，这些动词拥有同一个主语。在翻译时，应该根据英语的特点，将连谓句中的主要动词译成英语中的谓语动词，其余动词处理成相关的非谓语动词形式、介词短语或从句中的谓语动词等。

1) 当连谓句中的动词之间是先后关系或同时发生的关系时，通常译成英语的并句，中间用and连接，或将其中一个动词用分词短语译出。

例1：他站起来走到窗边往外看了看。

He stood up, walked to the window and looked out of it for a while.

2) 当连谓句中的动词表示手段、条件、方式、目的、因果等关系时，通常把主要动词译成英语中的谓语动词，将后一个动词译成介词短语或不定式充当的状语。

例1：去年，我和父母回老家去看了那里的亲朋好友。

Last year I went back to my hometown with my parents to visit the relatives and friends there.

3) 连谓句的其他译法

例1：他站在门口笑。

He stood at the door, grinning.

例2：这个小孩打电脑游戏打输了总爱发脾气。

The kid is likely to lose his temper when he is defeated in playing computer games.

2.兼语句的译法

汉语中，谓语有两个动词，前一个动词的宾语又是后一个动词的主语，这样的句子就是兼语句。因此，兼语句中前后两个动词是不共用一个主语的。

1）把兼语句中的第二个动词处理成英语“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”结构中的宾语补语，形式可以是非谓语动词、介词或介词短语、副词、形容词或名词。

例1：地震使大量的房子成为了废墟。

The earthquake reduced many a house to ruins.

2）把兼语句中的第二个动词处理成英语句子中的状语或状语从句。此时兼语句中的第一个动词常常表示责怪、埋怨、批评、表扬之意。

例1：这位法国朋友称赞他法语好。

The French friend complimented him on his excellent French.

3) 利用英语中具有“致使”、“促成”之意的动词来翻译兼语句中的动词。

例1：她卖掉房子的消息让大家感到震惊。

Her family were amazed at the news that she had sold the house.

4）兼语句的其他译法

例1：年轻人，我劝你少管闲事。

Young fellow, you’d better mind your own business.

例2：五年前当局禁止该片上映。

The film came under the ban of censor five years ago.

_______________________________________________________________________________ 垮掉的一代/或称疲惫的一代（Beat Generation）是第二次世界大战之后出现于美国的一群松散结合在一起的年轻诗人和作家的集合体。这一名称最早是由作家杰克·克鲁亚克于1948年前后提出的。

extensions自主拓展

试翻译经典小品文，运用所学到的翻译技巧。

这是一位美国女权主义者（一个有两个孩子的妈妈）的文章，I Want a Wife，首先基于通篇语气（satirical），将“I”译作“俺”，“wife”用了“娘子”的字眼儿。

I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a wife. And, not altogether incidentally, I am a mother.

俺其实

．．是属于人们称之为“娘子”的那类人的。（增译法）

Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is looking for another wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly occurred to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife?

前不久俺的一个朋友

．．刚离了婚。（分译法）

．．出现在我的面前，这哥们

I would like to go back to school so that I can become economically independent, support myself, and if need be, support those dependent upon me. I want a wife who will work and send me to school. And while I am going to school I want a wife to take care of my children. I want a wife to keep track of the children's doctor and dentist appointments. And to keep track of mine, too. I want a wife to make sure my children eat properly and are kept clean. I want a wife who will wash the children's clothes and keep them mended. I want a wife who is a good nurturant attendant to my children, who arranges for their schooling, makes sure that they have an adequate social life with their peers, takes them to the park, the zoo, etc. I want a wife who takes care of the children when they are sick, a wife who arranges to be around when the children need special care, because, of course, I cannot miss classes at school. My wife must arrange to lose time at work and not lose the job. It may mean a small cut in my wife's income from time to time, but I guess I can tolerate that. Needless to say, my wife will arrange and pay for the care of the children while my wife is working.

俺想有一个能保证孩儿们饮食得当

．．．．的娘子。（四字表达法）

．．．．、衣着整洁

I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after my children, a wife who will pick up after me. I want a wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed, mended, replaced when need be, and who will see to it that my personal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I need the minute I need it. I want a wife who cooks the meals, a wife who is a good cook. I want a wife who will plan the menus, do the necessary grocery shopping, prepare the meals, serve them pleasantly, and then do the cleaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who will care for me when I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school. I want a wife to go along when our family takes a vacation so that someone can continue to care for me and my children when I need a rest and change of scene.

孩子

．．前脚乱扔她后脚拾掇的娘子。（合译法）

．．大人

I want a wife who will not bother me with rambling complaints about a wife's duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have come across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.

俺不想有这样的娘子，老是拿娘子分内的事来烦我，唠唠叨叨的。（否定法）

I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social wife. When my wife and I are invited out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the babysitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors d'oeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.

她要保证客人们跟前有烟灰缸、餐前有小吃，饭菜该加时候加、酒杯该斟满时斟满，还得会按客人口味上咖啡。（意译法）

I want a wife who is sensitive to my sexual needs, a wife who makes love passionately and eagerly when I feel like it, a wife who makes sure that I am satisfied. And, of course, I want a wife who will not demand sexual attention when I am not in the mood for it. I want a wife who assumes the complete responsibility for birth control, because I do not want more children. I want a wife who will remain sexually faithful to me so that I do not have to clutter up my intellectual life with jealousies. And I want a wife who understands that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy. I must, after all, be able to relate to people as fully as possible.

俺希望有个能负起计划生育全部责任的娘子，因为俺不想多要孩子。（直译法）

If, by chance, I find another person more suitable as a wife than the wife I already have, I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one. Naturally, I will expect a fresh, new life;my wife will take the children and be solely responsible for them so that I am left free.

俺娘子管孩子、全权负责，俺无牵无挂。（省译法）

When I am through with school and have a job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife's duties.

当俺学业有成、上了班，俺要娘子辞掉工作，在家更全身心地尽娘子的本分。

My God, who wouldn't want a wife?

天~ 谁不想要一个娘子呢？

出师表

两汉：诸葛亮

先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。

将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。

亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。

臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。

先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。

愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。

今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。

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“又一辆卡车” “今晚第三辆了。第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利-沃德百货公司的广告；第二辆运来四千份西尔斯-罗伯克百货公司的广告。我不知道这一辆装的啥，但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的，我想你或许想了解事情的进展。” 我之所以受到指责，事情原来是这样：由于发生了一起报业工人罢工，通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告插页，必须派人直接投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金，任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之前投递到四千户人家去。 “不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。 “六百块!”他的弟弟应声道，“我们两个钟点就能干完!” “西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页，”妻子告诉我说，“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿，两个大个子正各抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告，我们可怎么办” “你让孩子们快干，”我指示说。”他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。” 第二天中午，我回到旅馆，看到一份紧急留言，要我马上给妻子回电话。她的声音高而颤抖，很不自然。家里又运到了好几卡车的广告插页。“有百货公司的，廉价商店的，杂货店的，食品店的，汽车行的，等等。有些像整本杂志那么厚。我们这里有数十万页，说不定是几百万页的广告!我们家整个房子从东墙到西墙，从南墙到北墙统统堆满了广告，一堆又一堆，比你大儿子还要高。现在只剩下一点点空间，刚够一个人走进去，从十一种插页中各取一份，卷在一起，套上橡皮筋，再塞进一只塑料袋内。我们的塑料袋足够供应全美所有的外卖餐厅!”她越讲声音越响，几乎震耳欲聋。”这么多的广告必须在星期日早晨七点以前统统送出

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Unit4 无子女家庭：违背十万年来的繁衍规律课文翻译：二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，没有孩子。上次凯茜娘家有人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子，组成一个家庭呢?”她答道：“我们已经是个家庭啦!” 凯茜与韦恩属于决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体，其人数正在日益增长。最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢? 或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对不管人们是否愿意和需要孩子就迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力。 “这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。我们的孙辈也许将购票去观赏最后一批红杉或排队去获取氧气配给。有人抱怨在回到有五个孩子的家途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。” 埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。” 埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。” 专业观察家同意这一看法：很多人生养孩子没有正当的理由，有时候则完全没有理由。男人常常稀里糊涂就当上了父亲，根本就没有作出审慎的选择；对许多妇女来说，怀孕能够成为一种方式来逃避不可解决的冲突，譬如，迅速获得名分，或改进自己的不良形象，以及满足童年时代未曾得到的关注和关爱的需要。我与许多人类行为领域的专家交谈，探讨为什么那么多年轻夫妇决定不要孩子，他们的看法也是众说纷纭。一位家庭治疗专家把不要孩子的决定描写为“对当今世界形势基本的本能反应”，暗示像动物群居本能那样的东西正在起作用，来应对人口过剩、城市拥挤、环境污染与核战争危险。群居本能促使妇女感到繁殖人口有违心愿，并指引她们去寻找在家庭生活之外实现自我价值的新方式。不止一位精神病医生暗示，凡是不愿生育的人有都自恋癖——觉得自己心甘情愿迫不得已，为照顾别人与受人照顾这个互相对立的内心冲突自圆其说。有位精神病医生说：“这些人不能容忍照顾孩子的想法，他们没有多余的爱分享给孩子，”并补充道，“你们这是对亘古以来人类繁衍生生不息的离经叛道。”他的另一位同事插话说：“情有可原嘛，我们谁不想为我们的欠缺找理由? 且不论他

[实用参考]大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译.doc

Unit1 Twocollege-ageboPs,unawarethatmakingmonePusuallPinvolveshardwork,aretemptedbPanadvertis ementthatpromisesthemaneasPwaPtoearnalotofmoneP.TheboPssoonlearnthatifsomethingseemstog oodtobetrue,itprobablPis. 一个大学男孩，不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动，被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。男孩们很快就明白，如果事情看起来好得不像真的，那多半确实不是真的。BIGBUCKSTHEEASPWAP轻轻松松赚大钱"Pououghttolookintothis,"Isuggestedtoourtwocollege-agesons."ItmightbeawaPtoavoidtheindignitP ofhavingtoaskformonePallthetime."Ihandedthemsomemagazinesinaplasticbagsomeonebadhungon ourdoorknob.AmessageprintedonthebagofferedleisurelP,lucrativework("BigBuckstheEasPWaP!")o fdeliveringmoresuchbags. “你们该看看这个，”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有失尊严的话，这兴许是一种办法。”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。塑料袋上印着一条信息说，需要招聘人投递这样的袋子，这活儿既轻松又赚钱。（“轻轻松松赚大钱!”） "Idon'tmindtheindignitP,"theolderoneanswered.“我不在乎失不失尊严，”大儿子回答说。"Icanlivewithit,"hisbrotheragreed.“我可以忍受，”他的弟弟附和道。"Butitpainsme,"Isaid，"tofindthatPoubothhavebeenpanhandlingsolongthatitnolongerembarrassesPou."“看到你们俩伸手讨钱讨惯了一点也不感到尴尬的样子，真使我痛心，”我说。TheboPssaidthePwouldlookintothemagazine-deliverPthing.Pleased,Ilefttownonabusinesstrip.BPmi dnightIwascomfortablPsettledinahotelroomfarfromhome.Thephonerang.ItwasmPwife.Shewantedt oknowhowmPdaPhadgone.孩子们说他们可以考虑考虑投递杂志的事。我听了很高兴，便离城出差去了。午夜时分，我已远离家门，在一家旅馆的房间里舒舒服服住了下来。电话铃响了，是妻子打来的。她想知道我这一天过得可好。 "Great!"Ienthused."HowwasPourdaP?"Iinquired.“好极了!”我兴高采烈地说。“你过得怎么样?”我问道。 "Super!"Shesnapped."Justsuper!Andit'sonlPgettingstarted.Anothertruckjustpulledupoutfront."“棒极了!”她大声挖苦道。“真棒!而且这还仅仅是个开始。又一辆卡车刚在门前停下。”"Anothertruck?"“又一辆卡车?” "Thethirdonethisevening.ThefirstdeliveredfourthousandMontgomerPWards.Thesecondbroughtfour thousandSears,Roebucks.Idon'tknowwhatthisonehas,butI'msureitwillbefourthousandofsomething.S incePouareresponsible,IthoughtPoumightliketoknowwhat'shappening.“今晚第三辆了。第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利-沃德百货公司的广告；第二辆运来四千份西尔斯-罗伯克百货公司的广告。我不知道这一辆装的啥，但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的，我想你或许想了解事情的进展。” WhatIwasbeingblamedfor,itturnedout,wasanewspaperstrikewhichmadeitnecessarPtohand-deliverth eadvertisinginsertsthatnormallPareincludedwiththeSundaPpaper.ThecompanPhadpromisedourboPs $600fordeliveringtheseinsertsto4,000housesbPSundaPmorning.我之所以受到指责，事情原来是这样：由于发生了一起报业工人罢工，通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告插页，必须派人直接投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金，任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之前投递到四千户人家去。 "Pieceofcake!"ouroldercollegesonhadshouted.“不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。"SiGhundredbucks!"Hisbrotherhadechoed,"Andwecandothejobintwohours!"“六百块!”他的弟弟应声道，“我们两个钟点就能干完!” "BoththeSearsandWardadsarefournewspaper-sizepages,"mPwifeinformedme."TherearethirtP-twot housandpagesofadvertisingonourporch.Evenaswespeak,twobigguPsarecarrPingarmloadsofpaperup thewalk.Whatdowedoaboutallthis?"“西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页，”妻子告诉我说，“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿，两个大个子正各抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告，我们可怎么办?”"JusttelltheboPstogetbusP,"Iinstructed."TheP'recollegemen.TheP'lldowhatthePhavetodo."“你让孩子们快干，”我指示说。“他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。”AtnoonthefollowingdaPIreturnedtothehotelandfoundanurgentmessagetotelephonemPwife.Hervoic

博士英语课文翻译Unit4

Unit4 1.The crisis of global poverty has, at long last, been accorded a high priority on the international agenda. This propitious development has sparked a flurry of discussion and research concerning the means for eradicating this debilitating condition from human life. Yet as renewed pledges for action pour in from governments, as long-held theories and conventional approaches fail to quell long-held prejudices, conflicts, and exploitation, a feeling of rudderlessness looms over the global enterprise of poverty eradication. At the same time, a palpable optimism emerges from the attention and momentum generated by the search for solutions to this worldwide challenge. 2.The mechanisms of poverty eradication have long been defined in primarily material terms. Indeed, the central pillar of the international community’s poverty alleviation efforts has been the transfer of financial resources. Approximately $2.3 trillion have been spent on foreign aid over the last five decades.[1] Tragically, the aid, far from ushering in greater self-sufficiency, has often had a detrimental effect on recipient communities: increased dependency on foreign assistance, subservience to externally dictated priorities, misappropriation of funds and decreased pressure for governance reform. In a resolute push for change, the United Nations has sought to expand the mechanisms for assistance and to galvanize support for poverty alleviation through its Millennium Development Goals.[2] 消除贫困的机制，很久以来主要是用物质的术语界定的。事实上，国际社会努力缓解贫困的主要手段是调配资金。在刚刚过去的五十年里，大约2.3万亿美元花在了外援上1。可悲的是，这些援助不但未能帮助受援群体增强自立的能力，反而常常带给受援群体负面影响——增加了他们对外援的依赖、总是屈从于来自外部的指示、挪用资金、减低了政府自身改革的动力。为了坚决推进变革，联合国通过其制定的《千年发展目标》寻求扩展援助的机制，加大对扶贫的支持力度。 3.It is now increasingly acknowledged that such conditions as the marginalization of girls and women,[3] poor governance,[4] ethnic and religious antipathy,[5] environmental degradation[6] and unemployment[7] constitute formidable obstacles to the progress and development of communities. These evidence a deeper crisis—one rooted in the values and attitudes that shape relationships at all levels of society. Viewed from this perspective, poverty can be described as the absence of those ethical, social and material resources needed to develop the moral, intellectual and social capacities of individuals, communities and institutions. Moral reasoning, group decision-making and freedom from racism, for example, are all essential tools for poverty alleviation. Such capacities must shape individual thinking as well as institutional arrangements and policy-making. To be clear, the goal at hand is not only to remove the ills of poverty but to engage the masses of humanity in the construction of a just global order. 4.Individuals and institutions must work in tandem to take up this task. One of the goals of poverty alleviation, then, centers on the individual: he must be helped to reclaim his dignity and sense of self-worth, must be encouraged to gain confidence to improve his condition and strive to realize his potential. Beyond the achievement of personal well-being, he must be nurtured to become a source of social good—of peace, happiness and advantage to those around him. It is at the level of service to others that our humanity achieves its highest expression. The second goal centers on institutions: at every level of society, they must serve as channels through which the talents and energies of individuals can be harnessed in service to humanity. Resources that help to develop this individual and institutional capacity represent a true source of wealth to the community. 5.Much like the physical principles that govern the material world, the social world, too, is governed by moral principles, which underlie the functioning of an ordered society. Principles such as gender equality,[8] trustworthiness,[9] access to education, human rights and freedom of religion,[10] for example, tend to correlate positively with measures of socioeconomic well-being and stability. The interrelatedness of challenges stemming from poverty calls for the articulation of principles capable of guiding analysis, decision-making and the

Unit-4-A-View-of-Mountains课文翻译综合教程四

Unit 4 A View of Mountains Jonathan Schell 1.On August 9, 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Yosuke Yamahata, a photographer serving in the Japanese army, was dispatched to the destroyed city. The hundred or so pictures he took the next day constitute the fullest photographic record of nuclear destruction in existence. Hiroshima, destroyed three days earlier, had largely escaped the camera’s lens in the first day after the bombing. It was therefore left to Yamahata to record, methodically －and, as it happens, with a great and simple artistry – the effects on a human population of a nuclear weapon only hours after it had been used. Some of Yamahata’s pictures show corpses charred in the peculiar way in which a nuclear fireball chars its victims. They have been burned by light –technically speaking, by the “thermal pulse” －and their bodies are often branded with the patterns of their clothes, whose colors absorb light in different degrees. One photograph shows a horse twisted under the cart it had been pulling. Another shows a heap of something that once had been a human being hanging over a ledge into a ditch. A third shows a girl who has somehow survived unwounded standing in the open mouth of a bomb shelter and smiling an unearthly smile, shocking us with the sight of ordinary life, which otherwise seems to have been left behind for good in the scenes we are witnessing. Stretching into the distance on all sides are fields of rubble dotted with fires, and, in the background, a view of mountains. We can see the mountains because the city is gone. That absence, even more than wreckage, contains the heart of the matter. The true measure of the event lies not in what remains but in all that has disappeared. 2.It took a few seconds for the United States to destroy Nagasaki with the world’s second atomic bomb, but it took fifty years for Yamahata’s pictures of the event to make the journey back from Nagasaki to the United States. They were shown for the first time in this country in 1995, at the International Center for Photography in New York. Arriving a half-century late, they are still news. The photographs display the fate of a single city, but their meaning is universal, since, in our age of nuclear arms, what happened to Nagasaki can, in a flash, happen to any city in the world. In the photographs, Nagasaki comes into its own. Nagasaki has always been in the shadow of Hiroshima, as if the human imagination had stumbled to exhaustion in