新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解

1 Translation

纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为

举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有

着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。

2 Translation

文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申

这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS 或者Unix 或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它

我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。

文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因

而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。

如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化

就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。

3 Translation

虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化

之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观

文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和

错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。

跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或

不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。

4 Translation

我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们

通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。

语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别

无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人们通常会说些什么。

语言是模糊的。这意味着无论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会他人的意思。换言之，语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。然而，这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？

首先必须明白，如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识，交际便会有比较好的

效果。共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较为容易，因为任何一方对另一方用意的推测都基于共同的经验和知识。来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球不同半球不同城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误，至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话。

5 Translation

如果接受这样的信念，认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法，并且接受相应的

原则，认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历，那么，随之就得到这样的结论：另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样。然而，我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的。我们常常忽略感知的差异，并且断定，如果一个人不知道巴比罗·毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家，他简直就不懂艺术。实际上，他很

可能有着不同的经历，对他来说，什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致。

在我们的日常活动中，感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。不同年代的人、不同少数

民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标，这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释。

我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成。因此，它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们，怎样去判断别人，使用什么标准去做判断。这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的，武断的并导致误解的。相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准，对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。

6 Translation

由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个

人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言群体，这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思。

在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。人们每天要与来自世界各地

不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定。当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时，我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。因此，在交际过程中，就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。

就是来自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思，原因是男

性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期。为了让女人高兴，男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物。他问女人想要什么礼物——哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直觉就知道她想要的是什么。至少在北美社会中，男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者倾向于直接明了，后者则倾向于间接委婉。女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要的。男性则觉得，如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了。

今天有许多人总想在很短的时间内做很多的事，这种时间观念可以称作“时间强迫”行

为综合症，就是不断地试图超越人类能力所限去完成更多的事情。直到不久以前，时间强迫”还一直被认为是美国人、尤其是出生于从经济大萧条时期直到第二次世界大战结束这个阶段一代美国男性的重要特征。很明显, 这种“时间强迫”的观念现在已不再仅仅是这一代美国男

性的文化特征，它已成为亚洲“工薪阶层”的一个特点，并作为商务国际化的一个方面而迅

速传遍整个世界。

这种时间观念最重要的影响之一就是：在某个交际情境中，节奏较快的交际参与者几乎

总会对较慢的参与者做某种消极的评价。那些共享“时间强迫”观念的人通常会觉得其他行

动比他们慢的人是保守的、不合作的、阻止变化的、反对进步的。隐藏在“时间强迫”观念

之后的是那种未来永远好于过去的理念，而这一理念是牢固地建立在对进步的信仰基础之上的。

8 Translation

由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个

人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言群体，这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思。

在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。人们每天要与来自世界各地

不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定。当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时，我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。因此，在交际过程中，就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。

就是来自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思，原因是男

性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期。为了让女人高兴，男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物。他问女人想要什么礼物——哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直觉就知道她想要的是什么。至少在北美社会中，男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者倾向于直接明了，后者则倾向于间接委婉。女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要的。男性则觉得，如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了。

9 Translation

如果接受这样的信念，认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法，并且接受相应的

原则，认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历，那么，随之就得到这样的结论：另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样。然而，我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的。我们常常忽略感知的差异，并且断定，如果一个人不知道巴比罗·毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家，他简直就不懂艺术。实际上，他很

可能有着不同的经历，对他来说，什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致。

在我们的日常活动中，感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。不同年代的人、不同少数

民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标，这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释。

我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成。因此，它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们，怎样去判断别人，使用什么标准去做判断。这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的，武断的并导致误解的。相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准，对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。

10 Translation

身处异域文化的人们总会面临着这样一个问题，即为了适应当地人的信仰、价值观、准

则和社会规范，到底需要在多大程度上改变自己的行为举止呢？在交往中谁有责任把文化差异考虑在内？是应该让来访者、新来的人或旅居者调整自己的行为以适应当地文化，还是让当地人改变交流方式，从而为初来乍到的人们提供便利？人们必须多大程度地改变自己文化的信仰、价值观、准则和社会行为来以适应主导文化的模式呢？

俗话说“入乡随俗”，很明显，这让改变的重任落在了新来者的身上。话虽很有道理，但

并不能适用于所有情况。在大多数情况下，顺应当地文化期望的行为表现出对异文化和习俗的尊重。这样的顺应能够使新来者真正地与当地人进行交流和互动。尊重不同文化中语言和非语言代码的差异意味着跨文化交际者有责任合理地、尽可能多地学习这些交际代码。当然，如何才算合理的、尽可能多的，那要视具体情况而定。有的时候，新来者全面地采用当地的

理想的减少交际失误的办法是同交际的其他参与者共享知识。这就是为什么同一文化群

体的成员之间最容易交际的原因。这也解释了为什么在社交上人们总是同与自己很接近的人

聚在一起。当你不必费力就能理解所发生的事情或者让别人明白你的意图时，交际将变得更

为轻松顺畅。

遗憾的是，在大多数情况下，这样的联系在交际中时常是不可能存在的。我们甚至可以

进一步说，那不仅是不可能的，而且也是不受欢迎的。今天, 交际发生的情境常常是不同文化群体成员之间在交际。

由于跨文化交际是在不同文化群体成员之间进行的，因此，既然我们之间不共享知识、

假设、价值观念和话语形式，我们必须预料到相互理解时将会发生问题。我们必须注意这些

问题，根据我们之间的差异预计哪儿会出现问题，接着调整我们的交际使之尽可能有效。

和其他群体共享知识并不等同于要加入那个群体并成为其成员。有些群体对吸纳新成员

相当排斥。在提高跨文化交际能力时，我们应该记住, 无论我们多么地了解并欣赏另一种文化，都不太可能成为这种文化的成员。关键是要尽可能地了解其他文化，以便理解和掌握相互之

间的差异和共性。

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1 由于缺少资金，整个计划失败了The whole plan fell through for want of fund. 2 牛顿被公认为是世界最杰出的科学家之一。Newton is actnowledged as one of the world;s most eminent scientists. 3 他对生产成本的估算总是准确无误He calcuates the cost of production with invariable accuracy 4 公司发言人的不负责任的讲话受到了严厉的指责The spokesman of the corporation was berated for his irresponsible words. 5 这名商业银行的年轻职员看出那张十英镑的假币The young clerk from the commercial bank soitted thecorinterfeit ten-pound note. 6 这个精干的经理立刻行动起来The efficient manager acted promptly 7 请把候补名单上她的名字换成你的名字Pleasure replace her name for yours on the waiting list 8 她觉得她在当地综合医院任实习医师是一段宝贵的经历Shen found that her internship in the local general hospital was a rewarding experience 9 不要感叹过去得不幸，振作起来行前看Don't lament your past misfortunes., keep your shin up and look to the future 1 富兰克林在他的自传里力劝读者要勤俭Franklin exhorted readers to be diligent and thrifty in his Autobiography. 2.谁能证实这签名无讹Who can attest to the genuineness of the signature? 3. 人们给它起了小家伙的绰号。。。He is dubbed “Tiny” because he looks so small for his age. 4.他试图为自己拒绝接受这一劝告辩解He tried to rationalize his refusal to take the advice. 5. 他的一番话引起了我们的不满His words incurred our displeasure. 6. 要我们在这么短的时间内完成这一项工作几乎是不可能的It is virtually

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Unit 4 Language Structure Main Teaching Points: 1.Modal auxiliaries may/might used to express “possibility” eg. It may/might be fine tomorrow. 2.Modal auxiliaries should/ ought to expressing “obligation” eg. He should/ought to get up early and take some exercise every day. 3.Modal auxiliaries would rather expressing “preference” eg. I would rather do some reading. 4.Modal auxiliaries must and can’t used to express “strong probability” and “impossibility” respectively eg. He must be in the gym. // Hecan’t be there. Useful Expressions go-mountain climbing be in good health take notice of be weak in / be poor in suffer from sth. live transmission of sports events

Dialogue A Trip to China A. Listening to the recording B. Questions on specific details C. Broad questions: 1. Describe the changes in China’s rural areas, particularly in the coastal areas. 2. What are the ways in which Chinese farmers get up-to-date information? 3. Why college education important for modern farmers? 4. Do you believe in “You get what you put in”? D. Language Points 1. Fancy meeting you here.=It’s a surprise to meet you here. 2. world-renowned/ world-famous世界闻名的 eg. 1) Shanghai is a world-renowned cosmopolitan metropolis. 上海是国际知名的大都会。 2）Tonight a solo concert will be given by a world-renowned singer in Shanghai gymnasium. 今晚一位世界著名的歌手在上海体育馆 举办个人演唱会。 3. on and off/ off and on : not happening continuously or regularly断断 续续地 eg. 1) John has worked with Johnny on and of for 10 years. 断断续续共事了十年。

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Unit 1 恰到好处 Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive the nail with a few firm, deft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective （模糊的形容词）, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose. 你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。 The French have an apt（贴切的） phrase for this. They speak of “le mot juste,” (the exact word) the word that is just right. Stories are told of scrupulous（一丝不苟的） writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right. Words are many and various; they are subtle（微妙的） and delicate（细腻的） in their different shades（色调）of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely（正是，恰恰） what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good command of language and a fairly wide vocabulary; it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once remarked: “How can I know what I think till I see what I say?” this sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it. 法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。 It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use of language gives us mastery（掌握） over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a man is so-and-so（某某等）?” You begin: “Oh, I think he’s quite a nice chap （家伙）but he’s rather…” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that

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UNIT 2 一. Translation 1. Do you know which team won the football match? I have no idea. You may ask XiaoLi, he is a member of the team.\ He is on the team. 2. It is not suitable (proper) to regard this film either as totally good or completely bad. 3. I wonder if I should tell my parents that I failed in the examination. 4. Of course, he behaved dreadfully, but after all, he is only six years old. 5. The moment he saw his boss, he trembled as if he had seen a ghost. 6. I don’t think we can afford the house, even if we save every penny we have. The other day: the past time\a few days ago Take````seriously```: take````important``` Withered: become dry and then to die Clumsy: movement is not quick, stupid One of there days: in the near future Unique: specially, only one

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unit 1新编英语教程第三版 第二册

Unit 1 Language Structures Main Teaching Points: The Passive Sentence involving the moral auxiliary have to . The pupils should be told that their homework has to be checked before they hand it in. 2. converted from the active sentence with a direct and indirect object . She isn’t paid anything for overtime. 3. involving the verb phrase/ phrasal verb . I don’t think anybody should be made fun of because of his physical handicap. 4. from by the They say/It is said …patterns . They say/ It is said that three parks will be expanded. Language Points: scratch: (at sth.) to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching;挠，搔（痒处）; to make or remove a mark刮出（或刮去）痕迹；（sb./sth.）(from sth.)to decide that sth. cannot happen or sb./sth. cannot take part in sth., before it starts.取消，撤销，退出 . 1) The dog scratched itself behind the ear. 2)I’d scratched my leg and it was bleeding. 3)Be careful not to scratch the furniture. 4)His pen scratched away on the paper. 5)to scratch a rocket launch取消火箭发射计划 6)She has scratched because of a knee injury. 2. turn sb./sth. down: to reject or refuse to consider an offer, a proposal, etc. or the person who makes it.拒绝，顶回（提议、建议或提议人）；to reduce the noise, heat, etc. produced by a piece of equipment by moving its controls 把…调低；关小 has been turned down for ten jobs so far. 2)He asked her to marry him but she turned him down. 3)Please turn the volume down.音量调低。 3. look down on sb./sth.: to think that you are better than sb./ sth.蔑视，轻视，瞧不起 . She looks down on people who haven’t been to college. look sb. up and down: to look at sb. in a careful or critical way上下仔细打量，挑剔地审视某人 (not) look yourself :to not have your normal healthy appearance气色不像往常那样好 . You’re not looking yourself today.=You look tired or ill/sick.

新编英语教程第三版第四册练习册翻译题答案(总主编李观仪,主编梅德明版)

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新编英语教程(大一第一学期)unit4语法点

Dealing with AIDS 1.Dealing with AIDS strengthens the bond of friendship, encourages emotional and mature growth. Before the sixteenth of October 1995, I was the most carefree person in the world. I had no worries and was just living life up. I never thought that anything could happen to me or my friends. We were invincible. That is, until the word AIDS came into my life. 2.For 10 years David and I were the best of friends. Then we got to high school and things started to change. We were in different classes, so we didn’t hang out as much. It bothered me but I thought that we were both just growing up, and there were more friends where he came from. Then I began to notice that he wasn’t in school a lot, and was sick more than usual. So I called him and h e hung up on me. I didn’t know what to do, so once again I blew it off. Then one day I saw David in the mall and I confront ed him as to why we were not friends any more. He pulled me aside and broke down in tears and said that he was dying. I didn’t believ e him. Sure, I had heard about AIDS, but hat it was a homosexual disease and it didn’t affect young people, so I said that it was a sick joke and left. 3.When I got home things started to make sense. I ran to my room and cried. David was only 17; he coul dn’t die. Then I felt so bad that we had grown so far apart. I called David, asking him to come over so we could talk. When he came over I saw a seriousness in him that I had never seen before. He looked so old, too old for his age. I asked how it happened. David had had unprotected sex once and now had to pay with his life. I was so angry. I have never felt so powerless in my whole life. When things had gone wrong before this, I could always rely on my parents to make things better. There was nothing that they could do this time. I had to handle it all on my own. 4.David and I became very close again, and it seemed that I was the only one there for him. David made the decision to tell people about his disease. There was no use in hiding it; sooner or later people would find out. People looked at him as if he had a plague, and our friends from school wanted nothing to do with him. Soon after that they wanted nothing to do with me. All of a sudden I felt that I had the disease. I didn’t know what to do. My whole life was changing so fast that I couldn’t keep up. Once again I was growing up and realized that our friendship meant everything to me. Also, I couldn’t turn my back on him when he needed me the most. So I stuck it out and lost most of my friends. Th e ones that still talked with me didn’t come too close in fear that they would catch the disease. The thing was, I didn’t even have AIDS, so why did my friends treat me like this? I was being treated this way because teenagers are not used to dealing with situations like this, and don’t know how to react. So how could I blame them since I would have done the same thing? 5.As time went on, David became very ill. There was nothing that I could do but watch him die. David found out that he had full-blown AIDS. This to me