英国文献格式
A GUIDE TO STANDARD REFERENCING PRACTICE
FOR STUDENTS OF LANCASHIRE BUSINESS SCHOOL AND THE SCHOOL OF SPORT, TOURISM AND THE OUTDOORS
31 December 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors acknowledge the contribution made by colleague Jeanne Hill, who has authored this Guide.
Table of contents
Overview and general guidelines 4 Part A – How to show references in the body of your work
1. How t o present the authors? ideas 6
2. How to treat one, two or more authors 6
3. How to treat several authors expressing the
same idea 7
4. How to treat authors quoting other authors 7
5. More than one work by the same author in the same year 7
6. When no author is shown; when no date is shown 7
7. Direct quotation 8
8. Using footnotes 8
9. Referencing print-based sources 9
10. Referencing web pages 9
11. Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc. 9
12. Referencing telephone calls, letters, memos or
e-mails 9
13. Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources 10 Part B - How to show references in the References section
1. Books 11
2. More than one work by the same author in the same
year; more than one work by the same author in
different years 11
3. Articles in journals 12
4. A chapter in a book edited by others 13
5. A conference paper 13
6. An academic dissertation 14
7. When no author is shown; when no date is shown 14
8. Web pages 14
9. Referencing other print-based sources 15
10. Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc. 15
11. Referencing telephone calls, letters, memos or e-mails 16
12. Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources 16 Summary of in-body and References sections treatments 18
Academic Referencing
Standards for students of the Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors
Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors will use one standard system for academic referencing across all programmes and modules delivered in the Faculty. This document provides details of how to use the system correctly. It is recommended that you adopt this standard system or you might be penalised for incorrect referencing practice.
Overview
The overall aim of the standard system is to ensure that students of Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors can correctly reference their sources on work at any level from first year through to publication in world-class academic journals.
The standard adopted in Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors is the Harvard method, in the style used by the British Journal of Management (BJM). While it is recognised that the Harvard system has several stylistic variations, we have chosen to adopt the BJM?s style as any student of Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors might aspire to publication in the BJM.
It is strongly recommended that you use only this style standard. However, if you use another style of Harvard referencing correctly and consistently, you will not be penalised. You must not mix styles.
Bibliographies
In the Harvard/BJM system, bibliographies of works consulted are not to be used. You should list only the sources directly referred to in your work in the references. The page(s) where you show these references should be entitled References, not Reference List or References Section.
Direct quotations
In the Harvard/ BJM system, direct quotations are only rarely used. You shoul d instead summarise the author?s ideas in your own words and provide the appropriate reference in the body of your work, followed by the full references in the list of References.
Details of the standard system follow on the next pages.
Summary of Harvard/BJM style details
Overall:
1. Show sources in brief in the body of your work. Instructions on how to
do this follow.
2. Direct quotations should only be used rarely. Instead, summarise the
ideas in your own words (paraphrasing) and show the source by
indi cating the author?s/authors? name(s), the year of publication and the page number(s) on which the reference occurs.
3. Show full details of sources as References at the end of your work, but
before appendices.
4. In the References section, show sources only for articles/books/etc.
directly referred to in the body of your work.
5. Don?t use footnotes to reference sources or number the references in the
References list.
6. In the References section, list the works in alphabetical order by the
author?s surname.
7. Put all references in the same list. Do not list books, articles, websites
etc. separately.
8. There is a standard order for listing publishing details in the References
list. For individual references, the order is:
?author(s)? surname
?author(s)? initials
?year of publication
?title of the work (book, journal article, chapter in a book, name of the scholarly paper, etc.)
?name of the journal or magazine (if not a book)
?publishing details. The publishing details will vary depending upon whether it is a book, a journal or magazine, a conference paper or a
website.
Details of how to present these in the BJM style follow.
Specific aspects of the Harvard/BJM referencing system
Part A – How to show references in the body of your work
1. How to present the aut hors’ ideas:
There are several ways in which you can lead into the ideas of authors in your work. The BJM style shows the author’s surname (no initials), the year of publication in parentheses, followed by a comma, followed by p. or pp. for the page number(s) on which the reference is to be found when the author has been indicated as a specific source. For example,
Kotler (1995, p. 238) states...
Baskin and Aronoff (1988, p. 22) discuss....
Cutlip et al. (1993, pp. 27-28) show a model of .....
Note the following special case which does not include a page reference.
Saundry (2005) believes that....
A reference without a page number would be used if the idea being expressed occurs repeatedly throughout a given author?s book or article, or throughout several works by the author over time.
Alternatively, you might reference commonly used terms or ideas without page numbers as in the following example:
The terms …Mode 1.5? (Huff, 2000), …Mode 3?, (Starkey, 2001) and
…pragmatic research? (Hodgkinson, Her riot and Anderson, 2001) have
been coined…
2. How to treat one, two or more authors
One author: Kotler (1995, p. 238) states…
Two authors: Baskin and Aronoff (1988, p. 22) discuss....
Three authors: Hodgkinson, Herriot and Anderson (2001) outline the use of…More than three authors: Cutlip et al. (1993, pp. 27-28) show a model of ..... In this context, …et al.? stands for …et alii… and means …and others?. Note that it is presented in italics and includes a full stop after al.
3. How to treat several authors expressing the same idea
If you wish to demonstrate that an idea or theory appears to have been generally accepted, you should give examples of sources where you have found this agreement between writers.
Several authors (e.g. Burns and Fry, 1998; Hill and Rakowska, 2003;
Kotler, 2000; Herschberg et al., 2004) agree that …..
4. How to treat authors quoting other authors
It is quite common that you will find one author referring to the work of others. If you are reading something by Kotler who is discussing ideas originally written about by Smith and Span:
Smith and Span (2004), cited in Kotler (2005, p. 37) found that….
or-
Kotler (2005, p. 37) gives an extensive commentary on the work of
Smith and Span (2004) in which he……
In the references section, you must cite Kotler and should cite Smith and Span.
5. More than one work by the same author in the same year
If you have referred to more than one work by the same author or authors, you distinguish between them as follows in the body of your work: Smith and Jones (2000a, p. 276) state that…..By contrast, in their
article on the implications of segmentation (2000b), they go on to
add…
In the references list, you should likewise use the same letters when listing the dates of publication.
6. When no author is shown; when no date is shown
Occasionally you will see an article in a journal, magazine or newspaper that does no t show an author?s name. In some cases these might be editorial articles or articles written by a staff writer. Similarly, reports from organisations usually do not show an author?s name. Handle these as follows:
Many institutions are struggling with governmental red tape (The
Observer, 18 March, 2007, p. 47) and finding it difficult to……
…15% admitting havin g sent confidential information by mistake (BBC
News Online, 2004).
The penetration of broadband in UK households is predicted to rise to
86% by 2012 (Mintel, 2007, p. 35).
Note that in the latter case you should, in the references list, show the name of the Mintel report as well as the date of publication.
If the date of the work is not shown, BJM practice is to show (nd) after the author?s name.
Hass (nd) also states that…
7. Direct quotation
In general, the Harvard system discourages the use of direct quotation. However, there are exceptions. You can sometimes use a short quote in your summary of the ideas, as in the example below.
Mintzberg (1994, p. 279) says the firm should not try to analyse its
strengths and weaknesses divorced from “specif ic contexts, or from the actions to which they are directed”.
If the idea of the author you are citing is written in a particularly elegant, eloquent or specialised way, and its impact would be diminished significantly through paraphrasing, you can use the original quotation. However, remember that this is only for exceptional cases. If the key phrases you wish to quote are separated you may replace some text by an ellipsis … (three full stops). This shows you have omitted some text. The sense of the original must be maintained.
8. Using footnotes
Footnotes are not used in the Harvard method to provide the source for the ideas under discussion. In most journal articles you will never see a footnote used. There are, however, special cases where you might want to draw the reader?s attention to something beyond the ideas in the body of your work by the use of a footnote.
Such cases might include when you want to:
- refer the reader to another writer on the subject in addition to the one(s) you are referencing
- explain something that might help the reader understand the context or content of what is being discussed
For example:
1 This method of valuing firms is consistent with much of the recent strategic
management research on acquisitions (e.g. Brock, 2005; Capron, 1999;
Capron and Pistre, 2002; Ellis and Lamont, 2004).
9. Referencing print-based sources
In general, all print sources, whether books, magazines, newspapers, journal articles, parliamentary or other governmental sources, company or organisational reports, standards or patents, maps, graphs, posters, charts etc. are referenced in the body of your work in the same basic way, i.e. by showing the name of the author/creator or organisation, the date of publication and the page number if appropriate, as outlined in the guidelines above.
10. Referencing web pages
As the Internet is a relatively new medium for sourcing information, there is debate and variation in how the referencing of material found on web sites should be done. In BJM practice, in the body of your work you should provide the name of the author or the source organisation and the date of the document or report, or (nd) if there is no date shown. You should not include the URL address in the body of your work as a citation. In the References section you will also provide the URL and information about the date accessed.
11. Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc.
In the body of your work, identify the writer of the posting cited and the date of the posting.
12. Referencing telephone calls, letters, memos or e-mails
Occasionally, you will want to refer to information gathered from a personal communication, for example, something you learned from a company official you interviewed. In the body of your work, show the name of the person and the year of the communication.
Defining the market precisely is one of the most difficult problems faced by marketing practitioners (Smith, 2007).
In your References section, you would describe this:
Smith, P. (2007) Personal telephone communication to J. Hill, April
18.
or
Smith, P. (2007) E-mail to the author, April 18.
13. Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources
Sources such as radio or television programmes should be cited in the body of your work by showing either the name of the presenter, the programme or the broadcasting station, and the date.
In an interview with Richard Branson (BBC Radio 4, 2006)….
or In a television interview with Richard Branson (Parkinson, 2007)…. CD, tape or vinyl audio and podcast sources are referenced showing the name of the writer/composer/poet etc. and the date of publication.
Film sources including those disseminated on DVD, VHS or downloaded from the Internet should be referenced showing the name of the film and the date of release.
Public addresses, including lectures, events, theatre, music, talks. readings and speeches should show the name of the speaker, performer or performing organisation and the year of the performance.
Part B – How to show references in the References section
1. Books:
Although in the body of your work you show only the author?s surname, and no initials, and, in the case of more than three writers, you may identify some of the writers only as et al., in the References section you must provide surnames and initials of all authors. Follow the order:
Author?s/authors? name(s), initial(s) as indicated below for all authors.
Year of publication, in parentheses, followed by a full stop. It is not
necessary to include the number of the edition as that is represented
through the year of publication.
Title of book –in italics
Publisher, place published, full stop.
When referencing a book, show the publisher?s name and the place of publication. If the place of publication is within the UK or a major world city such as New York, Paris or Berlin, it is not necessary to show further details. However, it is common practice that when an American publisher is located in a smaller city, the abbreviation for the state is also shown.
BJM style also indents the second and following lines of a reference by approximately 3 characters.
Thus:
Ritzer, G. (2004). The Globalization of Nothing. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
When a book or article has more than one author, the BJM style uses the order of surname then initials for the first author, and then initials and surname for other authors. In this, it differs from most styles. For example, Clegg, S. R., M. Kornberger and T. Pitsis (2005). Managing and
Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Sage,
London.
Note that if the book is a collection of articles by various authors, with an editor or editors, the reference shows the editors, for example:
Smith, B. (ed.) (2005). Classic Marketing Stories. MB Publishers
Tyldesley
Smith, B., J.E. Watkins and F.R. Dean (eds) (2002). Marketing
Strategy in the UK. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
If you access the book online through services such as ebrary or Biz/ed Premier, it is not compulsory to indicate this in your reference.
2. More than one work by the same author(s) in the same year; more
than one work by the same author(s) in different years
If you have referred to more than one work by the same author or authors within the same year, you distinguish between them by assigning lower case letters to each separate work after the date. Note that this practice only applies when the work is by the same author or authors only and not by one
of the authors with other authors. For example:
Smith, J. and P.R. Jones (2000a). The Interactions in Multiple
Regressions. Jossey Bass, New York.
Smith, J. and P.R. Jones (2000b). …A reflection on the processes of
introducing dynamism into marketing research models?. International Journal of Marketing Research, 33(4), pp. 146-164.
.
but:
Smith, J., P.R. Jones and B. Roff (2000). …A rejoinder to Blake and
Deeley?s analysis of regression interactions?. International Journal of Accounting Practice, 2(2), pp. 17-29.
When you have more than one work by the same author in different years, show the works in chronological order starting with the first-published. For example:
Tsoukas, H. (1996). ‘The Firm as a Distributed Knowledge System: A
Constructionist Approach’, Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter
special issue), pp. 11–25.
Tsoukas, H. (2005). Complex Knowledge. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
3. Articles in journals:
Author?s/authors? name(s) as for books
Year of publication, in parentheses followed by a full stop.
Title of article within single inverted commas
Name of journal –in italics
Volume in bold type, followed immediately by the issue number in plain type in parentheses
Page numbers on which the article is found.
Thus:
Mason, R. O. (2004). …Lessons in Organizational Ethics from
the Col umbia Disaster: Can a Culture be Lethal??, Organizational
Dynamics, 33(2), pp. 128–142.
Sull, D. (1999). …Why Good Companies Go Bad?, Harvard
Business Review, July-August, pp. 42–52.
Note: When you access academic journals through databases such as Emerald Fulltext, EBSCO, etc. you do not need to show that you have done so by citing Emerald or showing the URL. Simply reference the journal as above.
4. A chapter in a book edited by others:
Author?s/authors? name(s) as for books
Year of publication in parentheses followed by a full stop.
Title of article within single inverted commas
Name(s) of editor(s) following “In:…”
Title of the edited book in italics
Page numbers of the chapter in question followed by a full stop Publisher, place published, full stop.
Thus:
Barney, J. B., J. S. Bunderson, P. Foreman, L. T. Gustafson, A.
S. Huff, L. L. Martins, R. K. Reger, Y. Sarason and J. L.
Stimpert (1998). …A Strategy Conversation on the Topic of
Organization Identity?. In: D. A. Whetten and P. C. Godfrey
(eds) Identity in Organizations, pp. 99–168. Sage Publications
Inc., Thousand Oaks,CA
March, J. G. (1988). …The Technology of Foolishness?. In: J. G.
March (ed.) Decisions and Organizations, pp. 253–265.
Blackwell, Oxford.
Shenha v, Y. (2003). …The Historical and Epistemological
Foundations of Organization Theory. Fusing Sociological
Theory with Engineering Discourse?. In: H. Tsoukas and C.
Knudsen (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Organization
Theory, pp. 183–209. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
5. A conference paper:
Author?s/authors? names as for books
Year of the conference
Title of conference paper, within single inverted commas
Conference name, sponsor
Conference venue
if published (e.g. if in the published Proceedings of the conference) Thus:
Burgoyne, J. (1998). …Management Learning: Form, History
and Prospects?, Proceedings of the Emerging Fields in
Management: Connecting Learning and Critique Conference,
Leeds, July.
Hill, J. and P. Frimston (2006). …Learning to re-organize in transition: A
reflection on 15 years of educating and researching in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and the CIS?. 22nd Annual European Group for
Organisational Studies Colloquium (EGOS), Bergen, Norway, July.
.
6. An academic dissertation
These are can be either published or unpublished. Show that the work is a dissertation or thesis, where it was submitted including the faculty or department and the university or institution to which it was submitted. For example:
Gautam, T. (2004). …Organizational commitment in Nepal?,
unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Kathmandu: Faculty of Management,
Tribhuvan University.
If the dissertation is published on the Internet:
Christ, O. (2004). Die ?berpr?fung der transaktionalen
Stresstheorie im Lehramstreferendariat? [An empirical test of
the transactional stress theory among student teachers].
Electronic Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University
of Marburg, Germany. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/
pub/opus/volltexte/2005/1008/pdf/Christ2004.pdf.
Note that when quoting works in other languages than English, the original title is cited first, followed by the English translation.
7. When no author is shown; when no date is shown
When no author is shown, reference the work by citing the publishing organisation. For example:
BBC News Online (2004). …Company secrets leak via e-mail?,
15 June. Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,/1/hi/technology/
3809025.stm.
Where no date is shown, put (nd) in place of the year in parentheses.
Hass, J. (nd). …Some Results on Bubbles?. Available at:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,/_hass/bubbles.html. Accessed
27 December 2006.
8. Web pages
Show the author or organisation controlling the website, the date of the material, if known, the URL of the page on the site which is referenced and the date accessed. For example:
Hass, J. (nd). …Some Results on Bubbles?. Available at
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,/_hass/bubbles.html. Accessed
5 July 2004.
Hipschman, R. (1995). …The Shape of Bubbles?. Available at:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,/ronh/bubbles/shape_of_bubbles.
html. Accessed 5 July 2004.
Public Concern at Work (1999). Public Interest Disclosure Act
1998. Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,/policy_pub/pida.
html. Accessed 27 December 2006.
9. Referencing other print-based sources
In general, all print sources, whether books, magazines, newspapers, journal articles, parliamentary or other governmental sources, company or organisational reports, standards or patents, maps, graphs, posters, charts etc. are referenced in the same basic way but with additional details provided if appropriate to clearly identify the source.
For example:
Lund-Anderson, B. (2001). Device for the destruction of vibration
resonance between objects. US Patent 692963874. Appl. 24 June
1999. Acc. 2 Oct. 2001.
UKCC (1992). Code of professional conduct. United Kingdom Central
Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, London.
United Kingdom Parliament. House of Commons (1999). Order of
Business, Wed. 11 Nov. 1998. Oral questions to the Secretary of
State for International Development. Office of Public Sector
Information, Norwich.
11. Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc.
Reference the individual who posted the item and provide details of the list or blog and the date accessed. For example:
Nel, F. (2007). …Trinity Mirror's Neil Benson examines local news at 7th
Forum?. Journalism Leaders Forum, Available at http://
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,/. Accessed 31 December
2007.
Smith, J. (2005). …Re. skills audit? . Posted 25 Nov. 2005. LDHEN
discussion list. LDHEN@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,. Accessed 4 October 2006.
12. Referencing interviews, telephone calls, letters, memos or e-mails
Smith, P. (2007). Personal telephone communication to J. Hill, 18
April.
or
Smith, P. (2007). E-mail to the author, April 18.
13. Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources
Radio and television programmes should show the broadcasting network or station, the date, the title or topic of the programme and, if relevant, the name of the presenter or interviewee. For example:
BBC Radio 4 (2003). Analysis: future of work. Broadcast 12 May
2003.
Porrit, Jonathan. (1991). Interview by Jonathan Dimbleby on
Panorama. BBC1 television broadcast, 18 Mar. 1991.
Rich, E. (2006). Interview with Jenni Murray. Woman’s Hour. BBC
Radio 4 Broadcast, 4 July 2006.
CD, tape or vinyl audio and podcast sources are referenced showing the name of the writer/composer/poet etc., the date of publication and any relevant publisher details.
Fink, S. (2006). Aids in Papua New Guinea. 29 May 2006. BBC world
news: health/HIV Aids. Available at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b011953182.html,/health/
aids.shtml. Accessed 1 August 2006.
Roberts, R. (2000). Passive music for accelerated learning. (Audio
CD). Crown House Publishing, Carmarthen.
Film sources including those disseminated on DVD, VHS or downloaded from the Internet should be referenced showing the name of the film and the date of release. Alternatively, if the film is cited to demonstrate the work of a
particular author or director, the reference will highlight the individual concerned. For example:
Loach, K. (Director) and S. Hibbin (Producer). (1993). Raining stones.
DVD film. Channel Four Television (FilmFour), London.
Twelve angry men. (1957). Motion picture. MGM Studios, USA.
Public addresses, including lectures, events, theatre, music, talks. readings and speeches should show the name of the speaker, performer or performing organisation
Greer, G. (2004). Talk: Shakespeare and sexual difference. University of Western Australia, Perth, 7 September 2004.
Neville, C. (2005). Lecture on academic writing. Self-development
module. First year undergraduate course 2005/6. University of
Bradford, Bradford. 25 November 2005.
Smith, J. (2007). Speaker. CMI/CIM Speaker Evening. University of
Central Lancashire, Preston. 17 November 2007.
These guidelines have been developed from compiling examples of practice
in recent issues of the British Journal of Management and, where examples of specific treatments could not be found in BJM, from Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. McGraw Hill Open University Press, Maidenhead.
J. Hill
31 December 2007
Summary of referencing treatments for different situations
LANCASHIRE BUSINESS SCHOOL AND THE SCHOOL OF SPORT, TOURISM AND THE OUTDOORS Standard Referencing Guide for Students
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LANCASHIRE BUSINESS SCHOOL AND THE SCHOOL OF SPORT, TOURISM AND THE OUTDOORS Standard Referencing Guide for Students
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