英语专业美国历史重点总结
一．The reasons of exploration
Purpose: searching for fortune, Christianity spread, escaping from political oppression and so on.
1 Economics
2 Renaissance----文艺复兴
3 Religious Reformation
Religious Reformation:(1) Martin Luther (1517)(2)John Calvin(3)King Henry Ⅷ
the differences between Puritans and Catholics:
Puritans:
1)God was incomprehensible to man, and the power of God was all-knowing, yet hidden and unknown to man.
2)It was convinced that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. So no good church could save anyone and nobody knew if he or she was God's elect.
3)It was believed that everyone had a calling, which was given by God. The success of one's work or the prosperity in his calling was the sign of being God's elect.
4)It was concluded that the Bible was the authority of their doctrine.
附加1. Individualism
The relationship of man and God
2. Hardworking
Puritan believed richness and success are the symbols of God’s chosen people
3. Education
To understand God’s will, one must be literary
Catholics:
1)God could be reached through his representative on the earth-the Pope.
2)A person could confess his or her sin, do good works and give money to the church and buy back his or her soul.
二The Colonial America
New England: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
三the American Revolution
Three Principles：Popular sovereignty；Equality before the Law；Constitutional rights and rules of law
Significance：1)It shows that in a just war, a weak nation can defeat a strong one.
2)It was a historic event: by smashing the fetters of British colonial rule, the American people gained independence, which gave capitalism a chance for freer development.
3)English was separated into American English and British English.
the 2nd Continental Congress：
It was held in Philadelphia on July 4th, 1775. The delegates from the
12 colonies with the exception of Rode Island resolved that
1)the United Colonies should be dependent.
2)The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington, a Virginian militia commander.
3)It also appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration "Declaration of Independence “(drafted by Thomas Jefferson, assisted by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin.
Major Leaders：George Washington He was one of the founding fathers of the
American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States. Thomas Jefferson
He was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.
Benjamin Franklin
He was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S. Constitution.
James Madison:t he fourth President of the United States,he was called father of the Constitution
Alexander Hamilton:the first United States Secretary of the Treasury,a Founding Father, soldier, economist, political philosopher, one of America's first constitutional lawyers,a co-write of federal paper
The Young Republic
全国人民代表大会National People's Congress （NPC）
人大代表：deputy to the NPC
全国政治协商大会The 3rd session of The 11th )National Political Consultative Conference
特别行政区：Special Administrative Region自治区：Autonomous [?:'t?n?m?s] Regions of China 直辖市：municipality [mju:,nisi'p?l?ti] 少数民族：national minority
Three branches:
Legislative branch : It is made up of elected representatives from all of the states (the number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years)
Two chambers: 1.the House of Representative--- 435 members who serve two-year terms. They must be 25 years old, citizens of the U.S for at least 7 years 2.the Senate--- 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms (staggered). They must be 30 years old, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years. Each state, regardless of population, has two senators, only 1/3 of the senators elected every 2 years Powers:make federal laws, levy federal taxes and declare war or put foreign treaties into effec
the executive branch
the judicial branch The Federal courts :11 federal courts, 91 federal district courts
the Supreme Court
1. a chief justice and eight associate justices.
2. the judicial review power, the power to determine whether congressional legislation or executive action violates the Constitution.
Pay more attention :Beginning:the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse was first provided in the Federalist Papers co-authored by Alexander Hamilton of New York and James Madison of Virginia written between 1787 and 1788.
Two main parties:he Democratic Party,the Republican Party
The essence of Constitution:separation of powers ,check and balance ,federalism
五：Westward Movement：
1 From foundation to 1830
2 From 1830 to the end of the 19th century Because Jackson was elected as American President in 1830
The first period；Background: after foundation, the restriction of westward was abolished by the British government ，So people can cross through Appalachian and the Mississippi1 ；In 1803，America bought Louisiana from France at the price of $15 million, totaling area of 830 thousand square miles, because the king Napoleon was engaged in the European war.
2 between1810 and 1819, Florida was handed over to America from Spanish.
The second period：Reasons:1 President Jackson’policies President Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal ActFirst Annual Message to Congress (印地安人排除法案)
2 Two directions of its territory expansion at this period
(1) In south-west, America annexed Texas in 1845 and snatched half of Mexico in the war of 1848.
(2) In north-west, America caught Oregon after a long negotiation with Britain.
At last, the two direction merged together at California, which marked the total occupation of the whole west.
3 Gold mine discovered in California stirred up the immigration.
4 The Civil War (1861-186
In 1867, America bought Alaska (the last frontier) from Russia at the price of $7.2 million, the area of which equals two of the original 13 states.
In 1894，the Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown by America at Honolulu, and in 1898, after the war between America and Spanish, the former merged Hawaii Islands.
Significance：1 A process of territorial and immigration expansion, a complete realization of the melting pot.
2 The development of economics and technology
(1) From the agricultural nation to the industrialized nation
(2) From the industrialized nation to high-tech nation
3 Manifestation of painstaking entrepreneurship (创业) America pioneers
4 A bloody history of massacring Indians
六The Civil War
Slavery system:The Southern need slavery to support their economy.
;he key debate between the North and South is whether slavery should be permitted in the Western territories.
Economic factors :Two different regions between the South and North in economic, political social views. In 1860, the election of Abraham Lincoln as president was viewed as a threat to slavery and ignited the war.
Political Factors:North: need a central government to build an infrastructure of roads and railways, so as to protect its economic interest and control the nation’s currency.
South: no need to strength it. And a strong central government may interfere with slavery.
七Reconstruction ;Three major aspects:
1 restoration of the Union
2 transformation of the southern society
3 enactment of progressive law
Ten-Percent Plan by Abraham Lincoln Two main measures:
1,Each south states should readmitted to the Union after 10 percent of its voting population had pledged future loyalty to the U.S.
2All confederates except high-ranking government and military officials would be set free. Amendments to Constitution:The 13th: ended slavery in the United States.
The 14th: all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens of the nation and the state in which they lived; The 15th: a citizen of the U.S. could not be prevented from voting because of his color.These did not take effect until a century later.
Failure of Reconstruction:
1.The former slaves’political and economic rights guaranteed by the government were not provided by the government. So they had to become tenant farmers on their former masters’lands. 2 .The economic needs of the North were not satisfied.
3.Public services, like schools for blacks were not given.
4.The failure suggested that the African Americans had a long way to struggle for their equality and freedom.
八The Gild Age
The Gilded Age-------from a book(1873) by Mark Twain and C.D. Werner.
Time : from the ending of the Civil War to the War between America and Spain.
Generally a transitional period from capitalism to imperialism.
The reasons of rapid economic development at this time:
A. After the civil war, relative stability in politics has provided the favorable political conditions.
B. Large number of foreign immigrants who came to the United States provided the most abundant cheap labor, which is the unique advantage.
C. V ast domestic market supplied another important factor to promote American industrialization and industrial revolution.
D. Science and technology development served as another premise for new industries. The United States has better advantages than other countries in this respect.
Achievements: 1.The breakthrough of the railway linking two coasts in 1869
Stevens family:Development of train technology ,Long distance transportation
Thomas Alva Edison and The wizard of Menlo Park
Motion pictures .The phonograph.The electric light
The characteristics of the American economy
Four rapid developments: Urbanization, Industrialization, Mechanization and Corporatization And in contrast, the other two cases appeared in American society.
Workers’Pauperization [p?:p?rai'zei??n] Sharpen of social contradictions and class conflicts Mass entertainment ,8-hour workday
Grilled dung movement or Muckraking
The forms of monopoly capitalism :
cartel卡特尔: 生产同类商品的企业，通过签定划分销售市场、规定产品产量、确定商品价格的协定而建立起来的垄断组织，是比较初级的垄断组织的形式。
Syndicate辛迪加: 由同一部门的几个大企业通过签定统一销售商品和采购原料的价格协议而建立起来的垄断组织。
Trust托拉斯:由生产同类商品的大企业或生产上有密切联系的大企业组织的联合体，是比较发达的垄断组织。它本身是一个独立的企业，由其董事会全面地掌握企业的生产经营活动，参加的企业完全丧失了其自身的独立性。
Konzern康采恩:由不同的部门的许多企业联合组成的一种结构复杂、规模庞大的企业集团，是一种纵向联合的公司组织形式。它以金融控制为基础，主要靠控制各加入企业的股份来实现其垄断统治。
At that time, the major form of monopoly capitalism is Trust, which reflected the advanced developments of American production and capital centralization. So America was called the trust imperialism.
九．American in World WarⅠ(1914-1918)
The underlying causes of World War Ⅰ
Imbalanced development of capitalist economy and politics.
Militarism –many countries were building up their military and getting ready for war. Alliances –countries allied with one another for protection and markets.
Imperialism –countries wanted to expand and conquer other countries for land, resources, and markets.
Nationalism –strong feeling towards one’s country.
The assassination of Austria’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The Two Blocs
1. Germany, Austria and Italy---Central Powers/Triple Alliance (同盟国）
2. England, France and Russia----the Allies/ Triple Entente (协约国）
What were the causes that made the U.S. enter the War?
1The Germans‘use of submarines
2Germans Scheme of alliance with Mexico
3 spies sent by German
4 fighting sides’growing weary condition
5 The “February Revolution”in Russia in 1917
6 Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against Germany and the Central Powers The Versailles- Washington System
10：The Roaring Twenties
1920 - Nineteenth Amendment is ratified. Sinclair Lewis publishes Main Street
1925 - F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby
1926 - Ernest Hemingway publishes The Sun Also Rises
1927 - Charles Lindbergh becomes first pilot to fly solo across Atlantic.
The Jazz Singer becomes first “talkie”
1929 - William Faulkner publishes The Sound and the Fury
Key People
enry Ford - Automobile pioneer who perfected assembly-line production and invented the affordable Model T Ford
F. Scott Fitzgerald - Writer whose novels and stories depicted the excitement and dislocation of the Jazz Age
Ernest Hemingway - Novelist whose works typified the disillusioned voice of the post–World War I Lost Generation
The Second Industrial Revolution.The Birth of the Suburb ,Modern U.S. Cities.Hollywood and “Talkies”
Lost Generation Literature
a new generation of postwar American authors penned a flurry of new poems, plays, and novels. In 1920,F. Scott Fitzgerald gained almost instant fame when he glamorized the new youth culture in This Side of Paradise. Five years later, he followed up his first success with the critically acclaimed novel The Great Gatsby. William Faulkne r became the new voice of the South with novels such as The Sound and the Fury (1929). World War I veteran Ernest Hemingway published the antiwar novels The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929).
Other notable writers and poets of the era included T. S. Eliot, Sherwood Anderson, Sinclair Lewis, and playwright Eugene O’Neill.Together, these writers, disillusioned with war and society, became known as the Lost Generation.
十一The Reasons For the Great Depression
Uneven distribution of income
Over half of the nations population was at or below the minimum level of income
Profits went to stock holders and owners
Businesses and farms were productive, but people lacked the purchasing power to buy goods People were piling up debt during the Twenties
Federal banks could not lend money for stock speculation, but private banks could。When the market tanked, people couldn’t repay loans.Banks closed and people lose all of their savings
十二America in The Second World War
Reasons ; bad property Great Depression
1 Japan was unsatisfied with the Washington treaty.
2 Italy was angry about Britain and France.
3,The unfair Versailles treaty arouse the German’s strong emotion of revenge.
十四toward a new century
The First Period (the mid-1950s to the early 1960s) Coexistence of Mollification and Confrontation
Mollification: :In 1955 the Soviet Union set diplomatic relations with Federal Republic of Germany.
In 1959 Khrushchev(赫鲁晓夫) visited America. The meeting Dwight Eisenhower in Camp David (the villa of the American President) actually indicated that America admitted the Soviet Union as a super power.
Confrontation:In 1961, the Berlin wall blockade the boundary of the east and the west.
In 1962, the Cuba Missile Crisis manifested The Soviet Union has taken the road of contesting with America worldwide.
The second period (the mid-1960s to the end of 1970s)the Soviet Union suppressed the America In 1964Brezhnev(勃列日涅夫) began his rule. Its economic development greatly narrowed the gap with America, especially in heavy industry and armaments.
In 1975 the total industrial output value of the Soviet Union equals 80% of that of America.
In 1979, the invasion of Afghanistan marked that confrontation of the two super powers has reached its climax.
the economic crisis and the Vietnam War which lasted for two decades forced the America changed its diplomatic policies from expansion to defense.
(1) withdrawn troops from Vietnam since 1973.
(2) set diplomatic relations with China
The Third Period (from 1980- 1991)
In 1981，Ronald Reagan began his presidency in White House. He launched the star war plan, aiming to defeat the Soviet Union by new armament with a high-tech core. During this time, America troops launched regional war so as to strike any government related with socialism.
As for the Soviet Union, because of its tired economy, Mikhail Gorbachev (since 1985) took new policies, such as reducing the army.
At the end of 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, the Cold War came to end.
The Truman Doctrine(1947)
Limitation of socialism, interference other nations’internal affairs, controlling of other nations’guiding principles and policies
In economics: Marshall Plan for Europe after the Second World War.
In military: the foundation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (abbreviation: NATO) .
Bill Clinton (1993-2000)
Engagement and expansion
Great contribution to American economy
National security, economic prosperity and promotion of democracy as the three pillars of American foreign policy
Truman: the Truman Doctrine
Nixon: Contraction
Ronald Reagan: the Star Project
Bill Clinton: Engagement and expansion
George W. Bush: Unilateralism and faith in military strength, Preemption in 2002
Some events in Cold War
Berlin blockade 1948
Korean War 1950-1953
Berlin crisis 1961
Vietnam War 1959-1975
Cuba Missile Crisis 1962
Soviet War on Afghanistan 1979
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
文学概论考试资料总结
文学观念与文学本体 1、美国学者艾布拉姆斯在哪部着作中提出了文学四要素，分别是什么 《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》 艾布拉姆斯的文学研究座标：强调文学研究要从世界、作者（艺术家）、作品、读者（欣赏者）四个角度进行，这就是着名的“四要素”说。 2、模仿说与表现说 模仿说：【从文学与生活的关系上界定文学的特点，西方有古老的“模仿说”。模仿最初是指祭祀活动中祭司表演的歌舞，后来从祭典术语转化为哲学术语，表现对外在世界的再造或复制，“模仿说”就是在这个意义上解释什么是文学的。】 模仿说的文学观在亚里士多德的《诗学》中得到了详尽、系统的阐述。亚里士多德认为，模仿是艺术的本质，一切艺术都是模仿的产物，并强调不同的艺术在模仿的对象、媒介和方式上具有各自的特点。在这个基础上，他进一步提出，史诗与戏剧的模仿对象是人，是人的“行动和生活”。显然，与前人偏重于模仿自然的说法相比，他更关注文学与社会生活的联系。 表现说：“表现说”的文学观认为，“一件艺术品本质上是内心世界的外化，是激情支配下的创造，是诗人的感受、思想、情感的共同体现。因此，一首诗的本原和主题，是诗人心灵的属性和活动，如果以外部世界的某些方面作为诗的本质和主题，那必须先经诗人心灵的情感和心理活动由事实而变为诗”。 表现说认为文学是对主体心灵与情感的表现和抒发。中国古代文论倾向于表现说。中国古代的“诗言志”和“诗缘情”的理论与上述的观点非常接近，特别是“诗缘情”的认识，不仅注意到主体在文学创造中的作用，而且把情感视为文学表现的主要对象，这大大推进了中国古代文论对文学特质的认识。（1）“言志说”。《庄子天下篇》最早提出：“诗以道志”。（2）“缘情说”。陆机《文赋》：“诗缘情而绮靡”。 由于叙事文学长期居于主导地位，表现说的文学观在西方产生的比较晚，直到18世纪末随着浪漫主义运动的兴起，才对文学实践发生广泛的影响。表现论是近现代西方占主导地位的文学观。（1）情感表现说。华兹华斯：诗是强烈情感的自然流露。（2）本能表现说。弗洛伊德：“艺术即做梦”，是作家愿望的实现。合理性与不足：本能表现说重视创作主体的能动性、自主性，和丰富的心理蕴涵，对文学的性质和规律有不少新的发现。但片面强调艺术的自我表现性，忽视了文学与广阔社会生活的密切关联。
人教版初中作家作品归纳
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《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖ 《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖ 《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖ 《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖ 1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism） 1．本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle 《纽约外史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。 《皮裹腿故事集》Leatherstocking Tales 《间谍》The Spy 《领航者》The Pilot
英语专八人文知识考试总结
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高二 文学概论考试重点
1、艺术产生：是一种特殊的生产形态，即精神生产。具有生产的一般性质。但决定艺术生产的本质的，并不是其物质生产性质，而是他的精神生产性质。 马克思对艺术生产有两方面含义的阐述：是艺术活动的生产实践性质。 艺术活动是作为与物质生产相对应而存在的精神生产的一种特殊生产方式。 2、寓教于乐：即诗应带给人乐趣和益处，也应对读者有所劝谕、有所帮助。 3、文学语言：文学语言是经过作家精心选择和加工、用来创造艺术世界、具有艺术魅力的语言。 4、文学风格：是文学作品中所呈现的作家创作个性，创作个性是作家的气质、人格、人生观、审美趣味、艺术才华、语言敏感等个体素质在艺术表现中形成的独特性。 5、诗可以观：诗歌可以反映社会的的盛衰、民风的好坏。 6、创作冲动：指一种迫使作家进入具体创作过程的愿望和心理。 7、二度创作：是指阅读者在阅读作品过程中在心里层面展开的再创造活动。 8、文学消费：是指购买并阅读文学作品以满足精神需求的社会过程。 9、文学：具有审美意识形态性质的、凝结个体体验的、沟通人际交流的语言艺术。 10、文学批评：也叫文学评论，是指对具体文学现象的分析、阐释、评价。换而言之，文学批评就是在鉴赏的基础上产生的带有评论性质的活动。 11、文学经典：是指在文学史上具有独创性，蕴含社会与历史意义，凝聚着很高的审美价值，具有长久生命力的典范作品。 12、潜在的文学作品：未经阅读者的文学作品作为“物”客观存在，仅具有潜在的审美意义，未被阅读之前，它的价值还处在睡眠状态，只有经过阅读、欣赏，潜在的文学作品的意义才被唤醒，成为活的文学作品。 13、文学象征：是文学形象的理想状态之一，是以表达观念和哲理为目的、以暗示为基本艺术手段、具有荒诞性和审美求解性的艺术形象。 14、艺术直觉：是指创作主体在瞬间直接把握客体审美意蕴的思维方式或能力。 15、艺术变形：是作家有意将描写对象用于不同于生活常态的变异形式表现出来，以达到某种艺术效果的过程。
移动通信概述(本科考试总结笔记)
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美国文学史复习资料要点汇总整编【手动】
美国文学史整理 一、Colonial America 殖民时期 1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教 American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace. 3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and honest. 4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩 work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》 American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人权》 The Age of Reason《理性时代》 ②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林） Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》 Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
比较文学复习资料(考试归纳版)
1．比较文学作为一门独立学科在19世纪70年代末至90年代得以诞生。比较文学作为一个学科成立的一个标志是法国学派强调影响研究的国际文学关系史理论的提出。 2．比较文学的代表性人物及其著作： ●最早使用比较文学这一术语的是英国批评家马修阿诺德。 ●最早使比较文学一词进入比较文学学科理论的是波斯奈特，1886年，他出版世界上第一部比较文学理论专著《比较文学》。 ●在意大利，1871年，桑克蒂斯开始主持比较文学的讲座。 ●1827年，最早提出“世界文学”观念的是歌德。 ●1877年，世界上第一本比较文学杂志创刊于匈牙利的克劳森堡，名为《世界比较文学报》。 ●1887年，德国学者马克斯·科赫创办《比较文学杂志》，1901年创办《比较文学史研究》。 ●意大利学者克罗齐对比较文学的学科和理性发起挑战。 ●1937年，戴望舒译梵?第根《比较文学论》。 ●我国第一部比较文学理论专著——卢康华、孙景尧的《比较文学导论》，也是内地第一部比较文学概论性著作。 ●在西方著名的比较文学学者中，巴斯奈特是宣判比较文学夭折的第一人。 ●翻译文本研究：勒菲弗尔“操控理论” 3. 法国学派的四大代表人物：巴尔登斯伯格、梵.第根、卡雷、基亚，他们提出了要去掉比较文学的随意性，加强实证性；放弃无影响关系的平行比较，而集中研究各国的关系史；摆脱不确定的美学意义，而取得一个科学的含义（关键所在） 4．法国文学批评家布吕奈尔最早把实证主义用于文学研究，强调把一部作品对另一部作品的影响提到首位。 5．影响研究的本质特性实证性。法国比较文学影响研究的本质特性实证性的文学关系研究。6．基亚在《比较文学》一书中专设形象学研究——“人们眼中的异国”一章，这是对形象学研究进行确认的最早的一部概论性专著。 7．1960年美国比较文学学会成立，标志着美国学派的正式登场。代表人物有雷马克、艾德礼、勃洛克。 8．美国学派将影响研究与平行研究相结合，典型代表——韦斯坦因的专著《比较文学与文学理论》。 9．比较文学的可比性：同源性、变异性、类同性、异质性与互补性。 10．比较文学的基本特征：跨越性（跨国、跨学科、跨文明）；四大研究领域：实证性的文学影响研究、文学变异研究、平行研究、总体文学研究。 11．文学变异研究的四个层面：语言层面变异研究、民族国家形象变异研究、文学文本变异研究、文化变异研究。 12．平行研究包括直接比较和间接比较。平行研究主要有类比与对比两种方法构成。。 13. 渊源学的研究对象和方式：印象的渊源、口传的渊源、笔述的渊源、孤立的渊源和集体的渊源。 14．媒介学的理论与方法包括：个体媒介、团体媒介、文字资料媒介。 15．翻译领域的常见现象有直译、转译；常见形式有直译、意译。 16．引起文学变异的第一大要素是文化过滤。 17．译介学的研究范畴：翻译理论研究、翻译文本研究、翻译文学史研究 18．平行研究的种类：类型学、主题学、文体学、跨学科研究 19．类型学的基本研究范畴：内容题材的类型学相似、人物形象的类型学相似、思潮流派的类型学相似 20．用西方文论阐发中国文学的做法被台湾学者总结为中国比较文学研究的“阐发研究”。