专业英语10-15章复习重点

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《专英》chapter 10---chapter 15整理

比＊布＆滴～

Chapter10

1、We are all entitled to ethical treatment. This includes the right to keep personal information, such as credit ratings and medical histories, from getting into unauthorized hands. Many people worry that this right is severely threatened. Let us examine some of the concerns.

2、We are all concerned with having a safe and secure environment to live in. We are careful about where we walk at night and whom we talk to.

3、Knowledgeable terrorist group and hostile government could potentially crash satellites and wage（工资、发动）economic warfare by disrupting navigation and communication systems.

4、Security is concerned with protecting information, hardware, and software from unauthorized use as well as from damage from intrusions, sabotage, and natural disasters.

5、The physical health matters related to computers that have received the most attention recently are the following.

6、Users may develop headaches and tension from continual exposure to the high-frequency, barely audible squeal produced by cooling fans and vibrating parts inside the system unit.

7、Electronic products from microcomputer to microwave ovens（微波炉）to VCRs offer the promise of more efficiency and speed.

8、Increased power production translates to increased air pollution, depletion（消耗、减少）of nonrenewable resources, and other environmental hazards.

9、Cryptography(密码学) is the science of disguising（掩饰、隐瞒）and revealing（显露、泄露）encrypted information, in terms of information technology, cryptography usually refers to keeping any intercepted information private.

10、Some measures to protect computer security are encrypting, restricting access by using biometric scanning devices, passwords, and firewalls, anticipating disasters(physical and data security, disaster recovery plans), and backing up data.

Chapter11

1、As we show in this chapter, when you tap into a computer-based information system, you not only get information- you also get help in making decisions.

2、Supervisors manage and monitor the employees or workers—those who actually produce the goods and services.

3、In capsule form以简单的方式

4、All organizations have computer-based information systems, including the following:

TPS: transaction processing systems

MIS: management information systems

DSS: decision support systems

ESS: executive systems

Chapter 12

1、However, the recent arrival of very powerful microcomputer and their connectivity to

communications networks and the Internet have changed that.

2、As discussed in chapter 6, data is recorded as digital bits that are typically grouped together into bytes that represent characters using a coding scheme such as ASCAII.

3、How is the school’s computer system different from, say, your bank’s, where deposits and withdrawals seem to be recorded right away?

4、Bach processing 批处理

Real-time processing 实时处理

Distribution processing 分布式处理

5、There are five widely used data models: hierarchical, network, relational, multidimensional, and object-oriented.

6、Databases may be small or large, limited in accessibility or widely accessible. Databases may be classified into five types: individual, company (or shared), distributed, proprietary(商业数据库), and Web.

7、There may be many times in your life when you will find this kind of database valuable.

8、However, maintaining databases means users must make constant effort to keep them from being tampered with or misused.

9、Data is organized by the following groups:

character、field、record、file 、table 、database

10、Key terms:

DBA: database administrator

DBMS: database management system

SQL: structured query language

Chapter 13

1、For an organization to create and effectively use a system requires considerable thought and effort.

2、The probable reason was that GM did not devote enough energy to training its workforce in using the new systems.

3、A system is a collection of activities and elements organized to accomplish a goal. Systems analysis and design is a six-phase problem-solving procedure that makes up the systems life cycle. The phases are: preliminary investigation, systems analysis, systems design, systems development, systems maintenance.

4、They need to be aware of the relationship of an organization’s chart to its managerial structure.

5、Information about what supplies have been received, which customer have paid their bills, and so on, also flows into an organization.

6、As an end user, working alone or with a systems analyst, it is important that you understand how the systems life cycle works.

7、At that point you discover that systems analysts are so overworked it will take them three years to get to your request!

8、This usually is requested by an end user or manager who wants something done that is not presently being done.

9、How do you figure out how to charge which clients for which work done by which employee?

10、Determining what information is needed, by whom, when, and why is accomplished by

interviewing and making observations.

11、Systems designers evaluate each alternative system for feasibility. By feasibility we mean three things:

Economic feasibility: will the costs of the system be justified by the benefits it promises? How long will it take for the new system to pay for itself?

Technical feasibility: are reliable hardware, software, and training available to make the system work? If not, can they be obtained?

Operational feasibility: can the system actually be made to operate in the organization, or will people—employees, managers, clients—resist it?

12、You observe that some of the people have problems knowing where to enter their times.

13、Keeping enough equipment and people active to manage two systems at the same time can be very expensive.

14、This approach was selected in part based on cost and the availability of a representative group of users.

15、After implementation comes systems maintenance, the last step in the system life cycle.

16、All systems should be evaluated from time to time to determine whether they are meeting the goals and providing the service they are supposed to.

17、The systems analyst would revise the prototype unit the user felt it was ready to put into place.

18、There are four approaches to conversion: direct, parallel, pilot, and phased.

Chapter 14

1、A program is a list of instructions for a computer to follow. Programming (software development) is a six-step procedure for creating programs. The steps are: program specification, program design, program code, program test, program documentation.

2、Once you have determined a particular job, then you do some specific problem solving.

3、You and other end users avoid waiting months for programmers to get around to project important for you.

4、Working closely with systems analysts in systems development, Phase 4 of the systems life cycle, programmers create software required for information systems.

5、It requires that the programmer—or you, the end user, if you are following this procedure—specify five items: (1) the program’s objectives, (2) the desired output, (3) the input data required, (4) the processing requirements, and (5) the documentation.

6、A problem might be deciding how to commute to school or work or which homework or report to do first.

7、These are usually logs or statements of hours worked, submitted on paper forms.

8、It also should be well documented and understandable by programmers other than the person who wrote it.

9、Documentation consists of written descriptions and procedures about a program and how to use it.

10、Other programmers wishing to update and modify if –that is, perform program maintenance —may find themselves frustrated without adequate documentation.

11、As much as 75% percent of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance.

12、This has been compared to building a car from scratch.

13、From this two-state system, coding schemes have been developed that allow us to construct letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and other special characters.

14、People are able to understand languages that are more like their own (e.g, English) than machine languages or assembly languages.

15、Problem-oriented languages, also known as 4GLs (fourth-generation languages) and very high-level languages, require little special training on the part of the user.

16、While 3GLs focus on procedure and how a program will accomplish a specific task, 4GLs are nonprocedural and focus on specifying what the program is to accomplish.

17、However, 4GLs are still like a long way from the natural languages such as English and Spanish that people use.

18、Debugging is a process of testing and eliminating error in a program. Syntax and logic are two types of programming errors.

19、Logic structures are arrangements of programming statements. Three types are: sequence, selection (IF –THEN –ELSE), loop(DO UNIT and DO WHILE)

Chapter 15

1、It is also about what you as an individual can do to keep your computer competency up to date.

2、People who were alive when radios, cars, and airplanes were being introduced certainly lived through some dramatic changes.

3、The challenge for you as an individual is to devise ways to stay current and to use technology to your advantage.

4、Not only do they require fewer human tellers, but also they are available 24 hours a day.

5、Some banks, known as Internet banks, have even done away with physical bank buildings and conduct all business over the Web.

6、These are not the people who think every piece of equipment is so simple they can just turn it on and use it.

7、You want to be well-rounded within your field, but certainly not a “jack of all trades, master of none”

8、Managers are generally more impressed with ideas that can save dollars than with ideas that seem like potential breakthroughs in the quality of decisions.

9、There are six ongoing activities that can help you be successful.

Stay current.

Maintain your computer competency

Develop professional contacts

Develop specialties

Be alert for organizational change

Look for innovative opportunities

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abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累 acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构 adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌 air preheater 空气预热器 air register 空气调节器airflow 气流 alkali 碱 allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金 alternating current 交流电 angle 角度，角 apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用 artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配 atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体 automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流 baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量 bearing 轴承 bellow 波纹管 belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片 blower 鼓风机 boiler 锅炉

bolt 螺栓 bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉 brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器 bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积 carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳 cast 浇铸 catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数 coil 盘管，线圈 coking 结焦，焦化 column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合 combustion 燃烧，氧化 component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分 compressor 压缩机 concentration 浓度 concentric 同轴的，同心的

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译6

Reading Material 6 Stainless Steel Stainless steels do not rust in the atmosphere as most other steels do. The term "stainless" implies a resistance to staining, rusting, and pitting in the air, moist and polluted as it is, and generally defines a chromium content in excess of 11 % but less than 30%. And the fact that the stuff is "steel" means that the base is iron. Stainless steels have room-temperature yield strengths that range from 205 MPa (30 ksi) to more than 1725 MPa (250 ksi). Operating temperatures around 750 C (1400 F) are reached. At the other extreme of temperature some stainless steels maintain their toughness down to temperatures approaching absolute zero. With specific restrictions in certain types, the stainless steels can be shaped and fabricated in conventional ways. They can be produced and used in the as-cast condition; shapes can be produced by powder-metallurgy techniques; cast ingots can be rolled or forged (and this accounts for the greatest tonnage by far). The rolled product can be drawn, bent, extruded, or spun. Stainless steel can be further shaped by machining, and it can be joined by soldering, brazing, and welding. It can be used as an integral cladding on plain carbon or low-alloy steels. The generic term "stainless steel" covers scores of standard compositions as well as variations bearing company trade names and special alloys made for particular applications. Stainless steels vary in their composition from a fairly simple alloy of, essentially, iron with 11% chromium, to complex alloys that include 30% chromium, substantial quantities of nickel, and half a dozen other effective elements. At the high-chromium, high-nickel end of the range they merge into other groups of heat-resisting alloys, and one has to be arbitrary about a cutoff point. If the alloy content is so high that the iron content is about half, however, the alloy falls outside the stainless family. Even with these imposed restrictions on composition, the range is great, and naturally, the properties that affect fabrication and use vary enormously. It is obviously not enough to specify simply a "stainless steel.” Classification the various specifying bodies categorize stainless steels according to chemical composition and other properties. However, all the stainless steels, whatever specifications they conform to, can be conveniently classified into six major classes that represent three distinct types of alloy constitution, or structure. These classes are ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, manganese-substituted austenitic, duplex austenitic ferritic, and precipitation-hardening. Each class is briefly described below. (1) Ferrous stainless steels: This class is so named because the crystal structure of the steel is the same as that of iron at room temperature. The alloys in the class are magnetic at room temperature and up to their Curie temperature (about 750 C; 1400 F). Common alloys in the ferrous class contain between 11% and 29% chromium, no nickel, and very little carbon in the wrought condition. (2)Martensitic stainless steels: Stainless steels of this class, which

各专业课程英文翻译

各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理) 生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表 应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology 细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine 生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery 海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology 医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy 口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine 寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine 心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology 放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing 野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics 运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology 有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences 生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences 生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry 生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology 生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology 生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics 生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy 生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia 生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science 生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology 细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing 力学专业 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity 流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics 机械制图 Machining Drawing 力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics 气体力学 Gas Dynamics 计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates 粘性流体力学 Viscous Fluid Flow 弹性力学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method 塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity

信息系统项目管理师专业英语简写

1、ABC Activity Based Costing 基于活动的成本核算 2、ABM Activity Based Management 基于活动的管理 3、ACWP Actual Cost of Work Performed 已完成工作实际成本 4、ADM Arrow Diagram Method 箭线图方法 5、ADP Automated Data Processing 自动化数据处理 6、ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution 替代争议解决方案 7、AF Actual Finish Date 实际完成日期 8、AFE Application for Expenditure 支出申请 9、AFE Authority for Expenditure 开支权 10、ALAP As-Late-As-Possible 尽可能晚 11、AMR Advanced Material Release 材料提前发布 12、AOA Activity on Arc 弧线表示活动双代号网络 13、AOA Activity on Arrow 箭线表示活动双代号网络 14、AON Activity on Node 节点表示活动单代号网络 15、AOQ Average Outgoing Quality 平均出厂质量 16、AOQL Average Outgoing Quality Limit 平均出厂质量限度 17、APMA Area of Project Management Application 项目管理的应用领域 18、APR Acquisition Plan Review 采购计划评审 19、AQL Acceptable Quality Level 可接受质量水平 20、AS Actual Start Date 实际开始日期 21、ASAP As-Soon-As-Possible 尽快 22、ATP Acceptance Test Procedure 验收测试过程 23、AUW Authorized Unpriced Work 批准的未定价工作 24、BAC Budget at Completion 完工预算 25、BAC Baseline at Completion 完成/完工基线 26、BATNA Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement 协议外最佳方案 27、BCM Business Change Manager 商业变更经理 28、BCWP Budgeted Cost of Work Performed 已完工作预算成本 29、BCWS Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled 计划工作的预算成本 30、BEC Elapsed Cost 计划工作的预算成本 31、BOOT Build, Own, Operate, Transfer 建造拥有经营转让 32、BPA Blanket Purchase Agreement 一揽子采购协议 33、BSA Balanced Scorecard Approach 平衡记分卡方法 34、C/SCSC Cost/Schedule Control System Criteria 成本控制系统标准? 35、C/SSR Cost/Schedule Status Report 成本/进度状态报告 36、CA Control Account 控制帐目 37、CAD Computer Aided Drafting/Design 计算机辅助制图/设计 38、CAM Cost Account Manager 成本帐目经理 39、CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造 40、CAM Control Account Manager 控制帐目经理 41、CAP Cost Account Plan 成本帐目计划 42、CAP Control Account Plan 控制帐目计划 43、CAR Capital Appropriation Request 资本划拨请求 44、CBD Component-Based Development 基于构件的开发

过控专业英语英语考试词汇

To sum up总而言之 Dosums算术 Safety protectionof crane起重机的安全保护Productive maintenance生产维修 Equipment service specification设备维修规程Periodic service of equipment 设备的定期检查Regional service of equipment设备的区域维修Dropping your pants降低产品价格求购 Lose face 失面子 Green light 可行的 Save one's neck免受处罚 Stare from scratch白手起家 Keep a good house受到好的招待 For a song 便宜的 Never say under不肯承认 Put onair摆架子 Encroach upon染指 Get snubbed碰钉子 Show magnanimity更高姿态 Dawdle a long待工 Small a rot 感到不妙 Covet money 贪财 Not reveal one's silver in pocket 财不外露Make a humble fortune 理财有方 Regard money as one's life 爱财如命 A mass great fortune 一大笔财富 Unit 2 Commodity inspection商品检测 Plant model selection设备模具的选择(设备选择) Investment plan of plant设备投资计划 Plant renewal 设备的更新 Open-case inspection 开箱检查 Claim for equipment 索赔(设备) Cross over structure 跨越结构 Static strength 静力强度分析 The lion share 最大的分量 Think tank 智能团 Anoutright majority 绝大多数 Live up to a promise 实现，守诺言 Chief Representative行政专家 Chief executive行政主管 Department manager 部门主管

电子信息类专业英语翻译

1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence． 电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。 2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word 因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。 3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency． 渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素 4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound. 声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。 5.The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band． 该滤波器的衰减近于恒定, 整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。 6.At present, the state of most semiconductor device technology is such that the device design and process technology must be supplemented by screening and inspection procedures, if ultimate device reliability is to be obtained and controlled． 目前, 大多数半导体器件的技术尚未十分完善, 以至若要获得并控制器件最终的可靠性, 就必须辅以筛选和检验, 以弥补设计和工艺技术之不足 7.Bandwidth of transistor amplifiers vary from about 250 MHz in the L band to 1000 MHz in the X band． 晶体管放大器的带宽在L波段约为250 MHz, 在X波段为1000 MHz。 8.The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit’s output stage via an offset-compensation network, which causes the op-amp’s output to center at zero volts. The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower, and provides a low-impedance output. 差动放大级的输出通过一个失调补偿网络与输出级相连, 目的是使运放的输出以0 V为中心。输出级采用互补的射极跟随器的形式以使输出阻抗很低 9.Because of the very high open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp, the output is driven into positive saturation (close to +V) when the sample voltage goes slightly above the reference voltage, and driven into negative saturation (close to-V) when the sample voltage goes slightly below the reference voltage. 由于运放的开环电压增益很高, 当取样电压略高于参考电压时, 输出趋向于正向饱和状态(接近+V)。当取样电压低于参考电压时, 输出趋向于负向饱和状态(接近-V)。 10.If the signal source were direct connected instead of capacitor coupled, there would be a low resistance path from the base to the negative supply line, and this would affect the circuit bias conditions. 如果信号源和电路不是用电容耦合而是直接相连，从基极到负电源线就会一个低阻通路，并且这将影响到电路偏置状态 11.The differential amplifier has a high-impedance (constant-current)“tail”to give it a high input impedance and a high degree of common-mode signal rejection. It also has a high-impedance collector (or drain) load, to give it a large amount of signal-voltage gain (typically about 100 dB). 差动放大极有一个高阻抗的“尾巴”（恒流源）以提供高输入阻抗和对共模信号的深度抑制，同时，它还具有一个高阻抗和集电极或漏极负载以提供高的信号电压增益（典型的数据是100dB). 12.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system, as in Figure 3.6(b), is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level. 另一方面, 如图3.6(b)所示, 把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平, 较高的电压状态记为0电平, 这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。 13.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0, 1, 2, …, 9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s. Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bite are required in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters. 例如，要表示0～9十个数字和英文字母表中的26个字母，就需要0和1的36种不同的组合。因为25<36>26,