2011职称英语新增文章

2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章下载

阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）

目录：

第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses

第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants

第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials

第三十四篇

Batteries Built by Viruses

What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It’s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds.

Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge，Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world’s smallest rechargeable batteries.

Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology，technology and production techniques.

Belcher’s team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries，and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. "We're working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature," says Hammond.

Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A，C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However，every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink，ordinary bakeries won’t be small enough to fit inside.

The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now，Belcher’s model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch battery. But inside，its components are very small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.

How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin，right? Although the width of each person’s hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7.

词汇：

chicken pox水痘 collaborator n.合作者，协作者

microorganism n.微生物 pluck v.拔，摘，采

metallic adj.金属的

注释：

1.no wonder：不足为奇的，难怪

2.steer clear of：避开，绕开

3.though：意思为“然而，可是”。在句中使用时通常放在句末。

4.Cambridge，Massachusetts：马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。本文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉·巴罗吉杰斯创立。这是美国的一所私立研究型大学，培养高级科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。

5.came up with：提出

6.A，C and D batteries：A、C、D均为电池型号。

7.These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。作者想表达的意思是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作电池，人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。

练习：

1.According to the first paragraph，people try to

A.kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc.

B.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.

C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.

D.cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.

2.What is Belcher’s team doing at present?

A.It is finding ways to get rid of viruses..

B.It is mass-producing microbatteries.

C.It is making batteries with viruses.

D.It is analyzing virus genes.

3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5 ?

A.Broaden.

B.Spread.

C.Extend.

D.Expand.

4.Which of the following is true of Belcher’s battery mentioned in paragraph 6?

A.It is made of metal.

B.It is a kind of watch battery.

C.It can only be seen with a microscope.

D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.

5.How tiny is one battery part?

A.Its width is one tonth of a hair.

B.It equals the width of a hair.

C.It is as thin as a piece of paper.

D.Its width is too tiny to measure.

答案与题解：

1.C 短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。这是C所表达的意思。A不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。B的后半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和D的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提到。

2.C短文的第二段明确提供了答案。

3.D 根据上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收缩"，即“缩小"。所以，它的反义词是expand(增大，扩张)。C不是正确选择，因为extend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加长"。A的意思是“加宽”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展开"，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词，但在第五段这个语境里，B不是最佳选择。

4.D 第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金属圆盘”，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。微型电池不是由金属组成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，这种电池looks like a regular watch battery，与手表里电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以B也不是正确选择。文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到，所以C也不是正确的选择。D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案。

5.A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本题的答案

第三十八篇

Longer Lives for Wild Elephants

Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals，where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators don’t exist. Without such problems，animals in zoos should live to a ripe old age1.

But that may not be true for2 the largest land animals on Earth. Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health. They develop diseases，joint problems and behavior changes. Sometimes, they even become infertile，or unable to have babies.

To learn more about how captivity affects elephants，a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands. Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care，documenting factors such as birth dates, illnesses, weight and death. These records made it possible for me researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe. The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born elephants with the life spans of thousands of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps3，over approximately the same time period.

The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9 years. Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years-more than three times as long. Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern. In zoos，they lived 18.9 years，while those in the logging camps lived41.7 years.

Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants seem to fare so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts. Georgia Mason，a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study，thinks stress and obesity may be to blame4.Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they

would in the wild，and most are very fat. Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild，where they live in large herds and family groups.

Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos. Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive.

The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos. While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations，that doesn't appear to be the case with elephants. "Currently，zoos are net consumers of elephants，not net producers," Mason says.

词汇：

predator n.食肉动物 captivity/ n.监禁;束缚

ripe adj.成熟的 fare v.过活，生活

infertile adj.不生育的 obesity n.过度肥胖;肥胖症

注释：

1.1ive to a ripe old age：这是一种固定用法，意思是live to an age that is considered to be very

old(长寿，高寿)。

2.be true for：或者be true of：对……适用。短文中第二段第一句：But that may not be true for

the largest land animals on Earth.这里，作为主语的that指的是第一段所陈述的内容。这个句子要传达的意思是：动物园对其他动物来说是一个安栖之地，而对大象来说却不然。

3.logging camps：伐木场。Logging作为名词，意思是：伐木业。

4.stress and obesity may be to blame：压力和肥胖是问题的根源。be to blame：该受责备，应承担责任。

练习：

1.According to the first two paragraphs，unlike other zoo animals，zoo elephants

A.have difficulty eating food.

B.1ive to a ripe old age.

C.are not afraid of predators.

D.develop health problems.

2.Which of the following about the international scientists' research on the life spans of elephants is NOT true?(See paragraph 3)?

A.They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants.

B.They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care.

C.They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos.

D.The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos.

3.What do the scientist find in their research?

A.Female elephants live longer than male elephants.

B.Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts.

C.Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts.

D.Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans.

4.What are the possible causes of stress and obesity Zoo-raised elephants generally suffer from?

A.They do not like living in herds.

B.They do not get enough exercise.

C.They do not live with their families.

D.Both B and C.

5.Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph 7?

A.It may not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo.

B. Elephants are no longer an endangered species.

C.Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully.

D.Zoos should keep more animals except elephants.

答案与题解：

1.D 短文的第一段告诉我们，人们通常认为动物园内的动物没有猎食的困难，也不受其他猎食动物的威胁，所以一般寿命较长。但第一段并没有提及大象。第二段则说，动物园内的大象却不然，它们面临很多健康问题。所以，除了D以外，其他选项均不符合这两段内容。

2.B 第三段告诉我们，动物园，而不是这些研究人员，保存了所有园内动物的详细相关信息。所以应该选择B。其他三个选项均能在该段中找到相关内容。

3.C 短文的第四段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，野生的雌性大象的平均寿命是动物园里的雌性大象平均寿命的3倍还多。

4.D 短文的第五段提供了答案。该段第三句的意思是：动物园里的大象不像野生大象那样活动，因此非常肥胖。他们也不像野生大象那样过着群居的生活，即live in herds and family groups。

5.A 短文通篇陈述了大象在动物园内的生存问题，最后一段是全文的总结。该段第一句指出，对动物园大象的研究向人们提出了一个问题：是否应该将更多的大象关进动物园。该段还重复了第一、第二段的观点：其他动物在动物园能够很好地繁衍生息，而大象却不能。所以，A是正确选择。B、C、D均没有在文中被提及

第四十五篇

Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences1 food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.

Those conclusions are important because recent，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 on the study.

Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.

The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5.Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women，reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.

“Most of US like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant

tastes in food. "said Hayes." Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely，consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor，and at least for these foods，more is better，so the supertasters seem to like them more.”

However，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted. "For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronouncedo6."

Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.

“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others. called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter，"he said." Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological difterences in food preference because supertasting7 is not limited to bitterness. (476)

词汇：

publicize v.引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传 ferment v.(使)发酵

geneticist n.遗传学家

dietary adj.饮食的;规定食物的 acuity n.敏锐;尖锐

注释：

1.Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences宾州州立大学农学院。Penn是Pennsylvania的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年，在全国共有24个分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences 用作定语，修饰food scientist。

2.well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food：大力宣传减少食物含盐量的做

法

3.1eft many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others：使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare相当于food。

4.1ead investigator：研发项目负责人

5.…carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips，on multiple occasion，spread out over weeks：……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。

6.too pronounced：此处pronounced为形容词，意为very noticeable，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。

7.supertasting：超重味感

练习：

1.In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that

A.it is good to health to eat food without salt.

B.many people reject low-salt food completely.

C.many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly

D.food with reduced salt tastes better.

2.The fourth paragraph describes briefly

A.how to select subjects and what to do in the research.

B.how to identify supertasters and nontasters.

C.why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons.

D.why to select more male subjects than female ones.

3.The article argues that supertasters

A.1ike the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food. .

B.1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.

C.consume less salt because they don t like intensive tastes.

D.1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters.

4.Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?

A.They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness.

B.They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste.

C.They prefer high-salt cheese，which tastes less bitter.

D.They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health.

5.What message do the last two paragraphs carry?

A.Taste acuity is genetically determined.

B.Taste acuity is developed over time after birth.

C.Taste acuity is related to one’s eye and hair color.

D.Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science.

答案与题解：

1.C 根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力(struggling)去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste…good to them)。选项C有accept reluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。

2.A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。

3.B短文的第五段提供了答案。supertaster在这里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐;因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。

4.C短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶酪发酵会产生苦味，supertasters不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的苦味，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。

5.A 文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes得出的结论是，Taste acuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类

现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biological difference(生物差异)，所以A是答案。B说味觉敏度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左。C说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D的内容在最后两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案

第四十六篇

Marvelous Metamaterials

Invisibility cloaks1 would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fiction，had it not been for the development of metamaterials2.In Greek，“meta” means beyond，and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world-like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together3.If scientists ever manage to build a full-fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials.

“We are creating materials that don’t exist in nature，and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature，”says engineer Dentcho Genov.“That is the most exciting thing.”

Genov designs and builds metamaterials-such as those used in cloaking-at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana4.

An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials. Other applications are just as exciting. In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens. A lens is a device-usually made of glass-that can change the direction of light waves. Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away.

A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials. And since metamaterials can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful tool. A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable-as small as the wavelength of visible light.

Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone can mink of an idea for a new behavior for light，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials. “We need people who can imagine，”he says.

Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light. In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials.

At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain5，Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound. Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an “acoustic”cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way that’s not found in nature. In an orchestra hall，for example. an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves-so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience，without distortion.

Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak, though he doubts we’ll see one any time soon.“In principle，it is possible，”he says，but it might be impossible to make one，he adds.

Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs6 as protection from tsunamis. A tsunami is a giant, destructive wave. The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island，and the wave would resume its journey on the other side without causing any harm.

词汇：

cloak n.斗篷，披风 hyperlens n.超透镜

metamaterial n.超材料 acoustics n.声学

full-fledged adj.完全成熟的，完全合格的tsunami n.海震，海啸

注释：

1.Invisibility cloaks：隐形衣。在《哈利·波特与死亡圣器》(Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows)一书中，哈利通过邓布利多的转交继承了他父亲的隐形衣。该书是英国女作家J.K.罗琳创作的哈利·波特系列小说的第7部。

2.…had it not been for the development of metamaterials：……如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。该句使用的是虚拟过去时的倒装结构。虚拟过去时表示与过去事实相反的假设;因为是倒装结构，所以将情态动词had提到主语之前。如使用正常语序，该句可写为....if it had not been for the development of metamaterials.

3.“meta”means beyond, and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world-like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together：“meta"

的词义是“超越”，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我们在自然界看不到的事情，例如将光波移动到某个物体周围，然后将光波全部收回。

4.Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大学，位于路易斯安那州拉斯顿市。该校为公立大学，1894年建校，是美国最为重要的研究型大学之一。

5.the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain：瓦伦西亚理工大学，位于西班牙东南部的瓦伦西亚市，该校建于1968年。

6.oil rigs：石油钻塔

练习：

1.What is true for metamaterials?

A.They will always remain in science fiction.

B.They are already a reality.

C.They are nonexistent in nature.

D.Scientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks.

2.A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lens

A.as it can allow scientists to see small things.

B.as it can help photographers to capture images far away.

C. even if it is made of ordinary materials.

D.as it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light.

3.Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to invent

A.an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light.

B.an invisible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound.

C.an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound.

D.a cloak that is made of materials found in nature.

4.According to Sanchez-Dehesa，

A.it is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon.

B.it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from reality.

C.it is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak.

D.it is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak.

5.What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil rig from tsunamis?

(Read the last paragraph.)

A.Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields.

B.Stopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them.

C.Building them with larger metamaterials to keep away tsunamis.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bc12138644.html,ing the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami.

答案与题解：

1.C A不是正确答案，因为短文一开始的句子使用了虚拟语态，句子的意思是：如果超

材料尚未得到开发的话……。也就是说，科学家已经在研发超材料。短文的后面部分也进一步提到科学家正致力于超材料的开发。但是因为超材料尚未研发成功，科学家更没有开始使用超材料来制造隐身衣，所以B和D也不是正确选择。第二段的第一句提供了答案。

2.D A、B所述功效均是第三段中普通的lens能够达到的功效，所以不是正确选择。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是错误选择。短文第四段对hyperlens做了描述，

结合第四段内容可以得到D选项提供的结论。

3.C短文的第七段提供了答案。该段的大意是：瓦伦西亚理工大学的研究者Jose Sanchez-Dehesa试图研发acoustic cloak，其原理与invisible cloak相同，只是acoustic cloak移动声波(shuffle waves of sound)，而不是移动光波(shuffle waves of light)。所以，只有C是正确的选择。

4.B 短文的第八段提供了答案。工程师Sanchez-Dehesa认为，成功开发acoustic cloak在理论上是可能的，但他对是否能成功表现出怀疑。

5.A 短文的最后一段告诉我们，科学家也在研究如何将超材料应用于抵御海啸的袭击。可以在岛屿周围使用超材料作为防护(shields)，因为超材料可以让海啸改变行走方向(redirect tsunami)。A表达了这层意思，所以是答案。文章没有说，在海啸到达之前数小时用超材料

将海啸档住，B不是答案。文章没有建议用超材料建造海岛和石油钻塔，C不是答案。D的内容是用超材料制作海啸预警器，文章中没有提及，也不是答案

完型填空新增文章（共3篇）

目录：

第三篇(C级)：What Is Coolest Gas in the Universr?

第十二篇(B级)：Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens

第十五篇(A级)：Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores

第三篇

What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?

What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was-91℃，which （1） in Antarctica in 1983.

We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in （2 ）.

Temperatu res in Earth orbit actually range from about+1200℃to-120℃.The temperature depends upon （3 ）you are in direct sunlight or shade.Obviously，-120℃ is colder than our body can safely endure.Thank NASA science for well-designed space （4 ）that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes.

The space temperatures just discussed affect only our areal of the solar （5 ）.Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun.Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about-210℃.Ho w cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your （6） .We are taught it is supposedly （7 ）to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move.Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely （8） absolute zero.They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work-not a discovery，in this case2.

Why is the two scientists’ work so important to science?

In the 1920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting （9） about special light particles we now call photons.Bose had trouble （10 ）other scientists to believe his theory, （11 ）he contacted Albert Einstein.Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms （12）behave as Bose thought-but only at very cold temperatures.

Scientists have also discovered that （13 ）atoms can help them make the world’s atomic clocks even more accurate.These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose3 one second （14 ）six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4(d=v×t).With5 the long distances involved in space （15 ），we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.

词汇：

Antarctica n.南极洲 photon n.光子

orbit n.轨道 theorize v.推理，使理论化

NASA 美国国家航空和航天管理局 velocity n.速度

Astronomer n.天文学家

Pluto n.冥王星

注释：

1.our area：我们的这个区域。指的是太阳系中环地球的宇宙空间。

2.in this case：在这个案例中。诺贝尔物理奖一般是授予创立某种重大理论或有着重大发现的科学家。在这一案例中，两位科学家不是由于有重大科学发现而得奖，而是由于成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度而得奖。

3.These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second…：这些钟如此精确，……

才慢1秒钟。they would only lose one second是结果状语，they之前省略了连接词that。

4.velocity times time：速度乘以时间。times是介词，意为“乘以”。

5.With：由于

练习：

1.A opened B occurred C opposed D operated

2.A Earth B space C planet D star

3.A whether B where C what D when

4.A foods B beds C tools D suits

5.A wind B energy C system D rays

6.A education B status C knowledge D location

7.A reasonable B wonderful C impossible D necessary

8.A above B below C within D beyond

9.A invention B theory C paper D experiment

10.A convincing B begging C ordering D forcing

11.A and B though C but D so

12.A will B would C must D can

13.A ultra-small B ultra-fast C ultra-hot D ultra-cold

14.A any B each C every D some

15.A travel B research C walk D station

答案与题解：

1.B本段叙述地球上记录到的最低温度是-91℃，本段最后一句的后半句显然是交代这一最低温度是在南极洲出现的。所以，occurred(发生，出现)是正确的选择。其他三个选项的词义与上下文的意思相去甚远。

2.B 通观本段，内容是叙述宇宙空间的温度。选项B的space是“宇宙空间”的意思，所以是答案。其他三个选项Earth(地球)、planet(行星)、star(恒星)在词义上都不合适。

3.A上下文的意思是：地球轨道上的温度是介乎+120℃至-120℃之间。温度的变化取决于是向阳还是背阳。whether是“是否"的意思，所以是本题的答案。

4.D上文说-120℃是宇航员无法忍受的温度，下文说美国国家航空和航天管理局生产出某种装置以protect astronauts from these temperature extremes(保护宇航员不受极端温度的侵害)。很明显，这一装置就是“space suits”。

5.C现在讨论的内容是有关太阳系的宇宙空间的温度。本段第二句就说到太阳对温度的影响：靠近太阳的温度高一些，远离太阳的温度就低一些。所以，本题要选system。

6.D整个宇宙空间的温度是多少度呢?温度的高低取决于哪个因素呢?从四个选项分析，温度不会取决于你的education(教育)，你的status(地位)或你的knowledge(知识)，因为这不合乎逻辑。只有选location(位置)才符合上下文的意思。

7.C科学常识告诉我们，绝对零度是宇宙中的最低温度。impossible是答案。

8.A本段前面的句子说到最低温度不会低于-273℃，所以，below、within、beyond都有悖于上述论述。只有above(高于)才与上文的意思相符。

9.B 本段第二句说，Bose没有办法使其他的科学家“believe his theory”，所以第一句的studying an interesting之后缺失的词应该是“theory”。

10.A Bose一筹莫展，只好求助于爱因斯坦，后者通过计算证实了Bose的理论。本题选convincing(说服)最恰当。ordering(命令)或forcing(强迫)都不合逻辑。begging(恳求)也太低三下四了。

11.D本段的第二句的前半句与后半句是因果关系，连词要选so。

12.B 本句的主句中的谓语动词用的是过去时helped，根据“主句为过去时态，宾语从句一般也要用过去时态"这一时态一致的原则，本题要选would。

13.D Cornell and Wieman荣获诺贝尔物理奖，是因为他们成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度。本文最后两段以实际例子说明他们的成就推动了科学的发展。因此，ultra-small，ultra-fast和ultra-hot 都与Cornell and Wieman的研究无关联，不会是答案。只有ultra-cold才是合乎逻辑的选择

14.C 从句子“These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second six million Years !”推断，原子钟如此精确，每隔600万年才慢1秒。“每隔”的英语用词是every。

15.A 从地球飞向其他星球的宇宙航程很长，计时越精确，测算宇宙飞行器的即时距离就越精确。本段讲的是精确计时对宇宙航行的重要性。所以，选travel是正确的。本题不能选walk，因为space walk是“太空行走”，指的是宇航员离开飞船在宇宙空间中活动，与space travel是两个不同的概念。

第十二篇

Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens

While some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to“self-medicate” against the blues，scientists at the University of Toronto1 and the University of Montreal2 have found that smoking may actually （1） depressive symptoms in some teens.

“This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived （2 ）benefits of smoking among teens，"says lead researcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate3 at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto.“ （3 ）cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating （4 ）or to improve mood，in the long term4 we found that teens who started to smoke reported5 higher depressive symptoms."

As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires （5 ）their use of cigarettes to affect mood.Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools （6 ）in high， moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods6.

Participants were divided into three （7 ）：never smokers;smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical （8 ）;smokers who used cigarettes to

self-medicate.Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things;had （9 ）going to sleep or staying （10 ）;felt unhappy，sad，or depressed;felt hopeless about the future;felt vexed，antsy or tense;and worried too much about things.

"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood （11） had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked，"says co-researcher Jennifer O’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine7.“Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of （12 ）depressive symptoms.”

The（13） between depression and smoking exists （14 ）among teens that use cigarettes to feel better.“It’s （15） to emphasize that depressive symptom scores8 were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,” says Dr.Chaiton.

词汇：

puff v.遇到 antsy adj.坐立不安的，烦躁的

self-medicate v.自我治疗 blues n.抑郁

vexed adj.烦虑的

注释：

1.the University of Toronto：(加拿大)多伦多大学

2.the University of Montreal：(加拿大)蒙特利尔大学

3.research associate：助理研究员

4.in the long term：从长远看

5.reported：用的是主动态，是自我“报告”的意思。研究人员用问卷的方式进行调查。被调查的青少年自我填写问题的答案。

6.High, moderate and，low socioeconomic neighbourhoods：高档、中档和低档社区

7.the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine：蒙特利尔大学社会和预防医学系。此处the University of Montreal是定语，修饰Department of Social and Preventive Medicine。

8.scores：得分。指问卷的统计数字。

练习：

1·A examine B increase C decrease D diagnose

2·A social B financial C emotional D political

3.A Whatever B Although C Whenever D what

4· A effects B methods C steps D directions

5.A beside B beyond C in D about

6.A exposed B expanded C located D detected

7·A groups B sets C species D versions

8·A wo rld B activity C state D beauty

9·A time B courage C energy D trouble

10.A asleep B awake C still D silent

l 1.A reducers B improvers C creators D removers

l 2·A changing B identifying C developing D overcoming

1 3.A difference B association C cooperation D agreement

l 4·A occasionally B scarcely C probably D principally

1 5 A illogical. B unscientific C meaningless D important

答案与题解：

1.B本文的重点是介绍借抽烟缓解抑郁情绪的青少年到后来他们的depressive symptoms (抑郁症状)反而加重了。第二、第五、第六段都明确提到这一点。所以B(increase)是答案。其他三个选项的词义与上下文的意思搭不上。

2.C 抽烟缓解抑郁是一种情绪上(emotional)的得益，不会是social(社会上的)、financial(经济上的)或polotical(政治上的)得益。所以答案是C。

3.B 空格所在的句子虽然缺字，意思还是清楚的，前半句的意思与后半句的意思是相反的。前半句说香烟看上去有助于改善心情，后半句说从长远角度看，depressive symptoms的风险反而会增加。四个选项中只有选项B的Although能将前半句和后半句连接起来，并赋予“让步"的意思o

4.A句中的or是“即”，也就是说，to have self-medicating加上填入的词之后的意思相当于to improve mood。四个选项中只有选项A的effects(效果)是填人空格的最合适的词。to improve mood是自我治疗的效果。其他三个选项methods、steps、directions与self-medicating连用，意思分别为“自我治疗的方法"、“自我治疗的步骤”、“自我治疗的指导”，与句子的意思不相配。

5.D 本题要填人的词是介词。分析下来，their use of cigarettes to affect mood应该是questionnaire(问卷)所要了解的内容。所以，about是正确的选择。

6.C.科学家在选择问卷对象时注意了代表性，人选的青少年既有讲法语的，也有讲英语的，他们就读的学校有城市的，也有农村的。接下来的问题是：在schools和in high，moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods(高档社区、中档社区和低档社区)之间选哪个词才符合上下文的意思呢?很明显，这些学校有位于高档社区的，也有位于中档和低档社区的。所以选项C的located是答案。

7.A本句的意思很明显，问卷的参与者被分成三组或三类。groups是正确的选择。再看其他三个选项：three sets是“三套"，three species是“三个物种”，three versions是“三个版本”，没有一个是合适的。“

8.C科学家将参与者分成三组，其中一组的参与者不采用吸烟作为自我调节情绪的手段。填人的词应与情绪、身体等有关，荇选A、B、D，组成的词组physical world(物质世界)、physical activity(体育活动)、physical beauty(形态美)均与上文的意思接不上，所以A、B、D不会是答案。由C的state组成的词组physical state(身体状况)与上文的意思连贯。因此C是答案。

9.D本段介绍了问卷包含的问题。作者罗列的问题都是负面的，如乏力、失眠、烦躁等。所以填入空格的词也应该是负面的。trouble符合这个要求，是本题的答案。 .

10.A 第九题选了trouble，空格所在的句子是“…had trouble going to sleep or staying ”。or 是“即"的意思，也就是说，had trouble going to sleep意思上就相当于staying 。根据这一判断，填入空格的词非awake莫属。

11.B。第一段和第二段都说到，抽烟缓解抑郁心情最终导致更抑郁。本句“Smokers who used cigarettes as mood had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked”表达的是同样的意思。文章第二段和第三段都出现improve mood，所以，mood后面要填入的词应该是improvers。选项A、C、D的意义均不符合上下文。

12.C本句又重复了上题所表达的意思。只有developing的意义才符合上下文，因此是答案。ehlonpgin;是z depression掣燃某妻薹害磊曼徽

13.B从上下文判断，本句指的是depression和smoking之间的联系，不会是它们之间的差异(difference)、合作(cooperation)或一致性(agreement)。Association的词义是“联系”，所以是答案。

14.D调查的对象是青少年，所以不可能是occasionally(偶尔)、scarcely(几乎不)或probably(很可能)在青少年之中，而是principally(主要)在青少年之中。

15.D 从通篇文章判断，“to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke"是做这项调

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