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英美文学之英国文学常识

英美文学之英国文学常识
英美文学之英国文学常识

Sonnet18

Shall I compare thee to a Summers day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summers lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimmed,

And every fair from fair some-time declines,

By chance, or nature’s changing course untrimmed

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,

Nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Rhyme scheme:the Shakespearean or English sonnet:abab cdcd efef gg

莎士比亚体十四行诗:Shakespearean sonnet

威廉~莎士比亚:William Shakespeare(1564-1616)

这首诗的格律是抑扬五音步,每行有是个音节,从是个结尾的双偶句来看,其韵式为abab cdcd efef gg.每行的结尾都构成押韵。该诗表达了人文主义主题思想:爱征服一切,美常驻人间。莎士比亚的诗歌歌颂和肯定了人的价值和力量,表扬和赞颂了人高贵的尊严和理性用深刻的语言阐释了人文主义的思想。

文艺复兴:

What are the feature of the Renaissance in England?

①.English culture was revitalize not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics

②.England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extend independent of the course of history else where inn Europe

③.Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet chawer ,the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them.

④.English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly

⑤.the Renaissance coincided with the reformation in English

Despite of different views,Shakespeare dramatic career is generally divided into 4period,what are they?

1.the first period:1590-1594 apprenticeship

2.:1595-1600.his mature period,mainly a period of …great comedies”and mature historical plays

3.1601-1607:mainly the period of “great tragedies”and “dark comedies”

4.1608-1612:a period of romantic drama

The Canterbury Tales:was a collection of short stories arranged on a framework

Why was Chaucer great:

①father of English poetry

②.the first great poet who wrote in English③.the first important realistic writer in English literature

④the messenger of Renaissance

诗歌常识:

Heroic couplet:a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic抑扬格的pentameter五音步诗行and rhyme in pairs。

Couplet:偶句在连续诗中作押韵格式 a stanza consisting of two successive lines of verse.simplest rhyme scheme(rhyme scheme:

Stanza:诗节:is one of the parts into which a poem is divided

Meter:the accent in a metrical foot of verse

Iamb 抑扬格:a metrical(有韵律的)foot consisting of two syllables,a short one followed by a long one.

Alliteration:押头韵单词开头辅音相同eg:safe and sound,night and knife

Some mammals are clammy

Assonance 押腹韵the rain is spain stays mainly in the plain

Rhyme paper:行末韵

1.perfect rhyme完全韵(以重读元音为中心,后同前不同)

eg:lake-fake(T) late-fake(F) sober-october(F) main-remain(F)dimmed-untrimmed(T) garfiled-yield(F)own-grown(T) blow-grow(T)

Imperfect rhyme不完全韵(看起来押韵)

在乔叟之前有epic史诗(Beowulf),popular ballads.民谣(robin hood )romance骑士传奇(第一部以英文完成的骑士传奇:亚瑟王之死。骑士传奇代表:sir grawain and the green knight )

How to read English poems:

1.rhyme, rhythm and meter

2.Content and theme

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ba647489.html,nguage and writing skills

没有中国的印刷术就没有文艺复兴

英国文学 整理

Term Definition: Alliteration(押头韵): Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend(亚瑟王传奇): It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet(十四行诗): A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit(夸张): From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism(新古典主义): A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance(传奇小说): It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance(文艺复兴): Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the

外国文学常识大全

外国文学常识大全 英国 作者说明 莎士比亚(1564–616)著名戏剧家诗人。文艺复兴:就是14至16世纪欧洲发生得文化革新运动。代表作:喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》;悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克佩斯》 笛福(1660–1731)长篇小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》。 斯威夫特(1667—1745))幻想小说《格列佛游记》 拜伦(1788–1824)浪漫主义诗人长篇政治讽刺诗《唐璜》 雪莱(1792—1822)浪漫主义诗人诗剧《解放了得普罗米修斯》 狄更斯(1812–1870)英国批判现实主义得重要代表。长篇小说《艰难时世》、《双城记》。 萨克雷(1811–1863)长篇小说《名利场》 夏洛蒂·勃朗特(姐)(1816–1855) 艾米丽·勃朗特(妹)(1818–1848)长篇小说《简·爱》,长篇小说《呼啸山庄》 哈代(1840–1828)长篇小说《苔丝》又名《德伯家得苔丝》 萧伯纳(1856–1950)爱尔兰人,1876移居英国,1925年获诺贝尔文学奖。《华伦夫人得职业》、《巴巴拉少校》、《苹果车》 柯南道尔(1859—1930)《福尔摩斯探案》 法国 作者说明 拉伯雷(1494–1553)长篇小说《巨人传》 莫里哀(1622–1672)喜剧名作有《伪君子》、《吝啬鬼》与《唐璜》

司汤达(1783–1842)《红与黑》 巴尔扎克(1799–1850)九十作部作品收编为《人间戏剧》,就是世界文学史上规模最宏大得创作之一。 雨果(1802–1885)欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学得最极出代表。《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》 大仲马(1802–1870)《三个火枪手》(即《三剑客》)、《基度山伯爵》 福楼拜(1821–1880)《包法利夫人》 都德(1840–1897)代表作《伯林之围》、《小东西》 莫泊桑(1850–1893)短篇《羊脂球》;长篇小说《漂亮得朋友》一生写了300多个短篇与6部长篇,被称为“短篇小说得巨匠”。 罗曼·罗兰(1866–1944 1915年获诺贝尔文学奖《约翰·克利斯朵夫》(以贝多芬为原型) 德国 作者说明 歌德(1749–1832),诗人、剧作家书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》;诗剧《浮士德》。 席勒(1759–1805),诗人,剧作家《阴谋与爱情》 海涅(1797–1956),诗人、政论家《德国——一个冬天得童话》 意大利 作者说明 但丁(1265–1321)叙事长诗《神曲》分为《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》。但丁被恩格斯称为就是“中世纪得最后一位诗人,同时又就是新时代得最初一位诗人。” 薄伽丘(1313–1357)短篇小说《十日谈》,薄伽丘就是意大利文艺复兴时期得重要作家,人文主义得重要代表。 歌尔多尼(1707-1793)喜剧作家。一生写有250多部剧本,代表作有:《女店主》、《一仆二主》。

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡:英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡,分割英法两国,连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口:是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法:1801年英国议会通过法令,规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语:是盖尔特语言的一种,在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.

英国文学名著整理

☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗,古英语文学的最高成就,同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦,帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲;第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位,平安统治50年。后来,他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏,老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战,杀死火龙,自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ,1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层,而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格,读者广泛,对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ,1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品,其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演,并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢,创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻,历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧:《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear);四大喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外,历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲,爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇,杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事,揭露了封建制度的残酷无情,同时,歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈(Keats, 1795一1821)是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦,作过医生的学徒,后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满,希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称,在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱(Shelley ,1792一1822)是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗,也写了很多优美的抒情诗,特别是爱情诗,显示了不羁的想象,瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵,这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了,春天还会远吗?”(If Winters comes,can spring be far behind)成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯(Wordsworth,1770-1850),18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴,1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福(Daniel Defoe,1661-1731)是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后,他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、(大疫年日记)(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落

英美文学选读-英国-新古典主义时期-练习题汇总

1. The 18th-century England is known as ( ) (浙0710) A. the Age of Puritanism B. the Age of Reason C. the Era of Capitalism D. the Age of Glory 2. English Enlighteners in the 18th century held ________ as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations. (一)1 A. property B. education C. emotion D. reason 3. In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ______. (浙0810) A. to call the people to fight against poverty and hardship B. to tell people to economize and to accumulate wealth C. to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas D. to instruct people to obtain their present social status through hard work 4. As to education, the enlighteners thought that ______. (浙0310) A. human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rationality and perfection through education. B. universal education was unnecessary. C. if the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. D. most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. 5. Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and the people? ( ) (浙0710) A. Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. B. If the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. C. Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary. D. Because human beings were not capable of rationality and perfection through education. 6. About reason , the enlighteners thought _____. (浙0210) A. reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities B. reason couldn't lead to truth and justice C. superstition was above reason and rationality D. equality and science is contrary to reason and rationality 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about the tendency of ( ) A. realism B. puritanism C. neoclassicism D. romanticism 8. Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true? A. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the

外国文学常识20题

外国文学常识20题 1 以下那项对家喻户晓的《哈利.波特》和《少年维特之烦恼》的作者与国籍的描述是正确的?A JK罗琳,法国;歌德,英国 B JK罗琳,英国;歌德,奥地利 C JK罗琳,英国;歌德,德国 D JK罗琳,美国;歌德,德国 2 被称为欧美三大短篇小说巨匠的是 A 法莫泊桑、美欧·亨利、俄契诃夫 B 法莫泊桑、美欧·亨利、美马克吐温 C 法莫泊桑、美马克吐温、法福楼拜 D 美马克吐温、法福楼拜俄契诃夫 3十九世纪俄罗斯现实主义长篇小说《罪与罚》的作者是: A托尔斯泰 B 陀思妥耶夫斯基 C 普希金 D 冈察洛夫 E 屠格涅夫 4 “幸福的家庭都是相似的,不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。”这一名句出自以下的哪一部作品?A A安娜·卡列尼娜 B 复活 C 死魂灵 D 战争与和平 E 少年 5 美国作家海明威的名言:“一个人并不是生来要被打败的,你尽可以把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他。” 出自他的名著。 A 老人与海 B 在我们的时代里 C 太阳照常升起 D 永别了,武器 E 第五纵队 6 以下哪位作家没有得过诺贝尔文学奖? A 马克.吐温 B海明威 C泰戈尔 D罗素 7不是英国浪漫主义诗风的诗人是: A雪莱B华兹华斯C荷马D司各特 8《唐吉诃德》的作者是 A塞万提斯B巴尔扎克C托尔斯泰D大仲马 9“悲剧之父”是以下哪位作家 A埃斯库罗斯B莎士比亚C福柯D托尔斯泰 10 以下外国文学常识描述不正确是的 A《神曲》分为《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》三部。 B莫里哀是十七世纪英国最重要的喜剧作家。 C法国后期人文主义作家的代表是蒙田,代表作:《随笔集》。 D《十日谈》是用当时的意大利俗语写成的,作者是薄伽丘。 11以下外国文学常识描述不正确是的 A波德莱尔是象征主义的奠基人,代表作:诗集·《恶之花》。 B《卡门》的故事发生在巴西,主人公是卡门。 C笛福发表《鲁滨逊飘流记》,标志着英国现实主义小说的产生。 D湖畔诗人”:华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞。因他们隐居于昆布兰湖区,被称为“湖畔诗人”。 12 以下文学常识描述不正确的一项是 A南欧作家安徒生写作过《卖火柴的小女孩》、《皇帝的新装》、《野天鹅》、《丑小鸭》、《海的女儿》。

自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容

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英美文学选读翻译(英语专业自考) 第一部分:英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

外国文学常识

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英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound(头韵) Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400 (首创“双韵体”,英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ①坎特伯雷故事集: first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③声誉之宫 Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)

英国文学梳理

英国文学 The middle ages中古英语文学 449-1066 The Anglo-Saxon period(The Old English) 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期Northumbrain School&Wessex literature诺森伯兰和西撒克斯文学 Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf 贝奥武蒲 1066-1350 The Norman period: Middle English Religious literature The influence of French literature: Romance 骑士传奇 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士 Sir Thomas Malory(马洛礼) e Mort d’Arthur(The death of Arthu r)

Early English plays The Renaissance period文艺复兴时期 1485-1558 The beginning of the English Renaissance: Thomas More: Utopia Wyatt and Haward 1558-1603 The Elizabethan Age(The Age of Shakespeare) Poetry: Edmund Spencer:The Faerie Queene John Lyly Sir Philip Sidney Drama: The “University Wits”&Christopher Marlowe: The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus The passionate Shepherd to His Love Ben Jonson:Song to Celia

英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照

e to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。 5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实,当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。 6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿,亚历山大.蒲柏,约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔(这两位是现代散文的先驱),乔纳森.斯威夫特,丹尼尔.迪福,理查.B.谢立丹,亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。 8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序,逻辑,确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。 9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅,充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。 10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。 11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter r hymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should b e strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and t ype characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧(抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗)写就;时间,地点,事件三要素必须要

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