专四语法常考结构(精)

一、主句单一原则

任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。

例1:___, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.

(A They occur where they are (B Occuring where (C Where they occur (D Where do they occur

分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。(C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方。

例2: ___Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center

(A Fort Wayne (B Although Fort Wayne (C For wayne is in (D Fort Wayne, in

分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B中although能引导从句,故选(B。

二、谓语动词专一原则

任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词。

例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ___an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with social issues.

(A covers (B covers it (C which covers (D which it covers

分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;(C构成正确的定语从句

例2:In copper engravings and etchings, ___caused by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on the paper.

(A the impression is (B if the impression is (C impressions (D the impression

分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择(D,caused.... 修饰impression

三、平行结构

技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: A and B, A , B, and C

例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and___is known as accounting.

(A an enterprise's transactions summary (B the summarizing of an enterprise's transactions

(C transactions of an enterprise are summarized (D summarizing the transactions of an enterprise

分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。四个选项中只有(D符合条件,故选(D。

例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ingenious orthopedic braces, ___, and supervised the first use of Aureomycin on human patients. (A treating skull fractures that he pioneered in (B pioneered in treating skull fractures

(C which pioneered in treating skull fractures (D he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull fractures

分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B。

四、宾语从句结构

宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构:state(陈述,表明+that indicate(指明,表明+that

例1:The quantum theory states ___, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or photons.

(A energy that (B that it is energy (C it is energy (D that energy

分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此(D正确。

例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate___yield when unusual weight is placed on them.

(A although its crust and mantle (B its crust and mantle to (C that its crust and mantle (D for its crust and mantle to

分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A和(D不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D,构成宾语从句。

五、介词+ which结构

许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以

告诉大家。“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子,因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子,因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。

例1:In the United States, a primary election is a method ___voters select the nominees for public office.

(A that (Bby which (Cis that (Dby those

分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。B是介词+which, 引导定

语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….,因此(B正确。

例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players hit wooden balls through wire arches called wickers.

(A when (B which (C is when (D in which

分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A和(C。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定

选择(D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。

六、in that结构

在表示“原因”概念的引导词中,because of +名词,consequently

是副词而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。

例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals ___ it is a liquid.

(A whereas (B in that (C because of (D consequently

分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。

例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ___travel over land and water on a layer of air.

(Athey (Bin they (Cthat they (Din that they

分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C

一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that 为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……,故选(D

这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。

例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place___great inspiration for her poems.

(A that she drew (B by drawing her (C from which she drew (D drawn from which

分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项(C就是答案。

七、what 结构

what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: what=the thing that

例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on___best in its climate and soil.

(A it grows (B what grows (C does it grow (D what does it grow

分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D的语序有问题,从句不能用

特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B正确。

例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became___is now Indiana and Ohio.

(A there (B where (C that (D what

分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有(D符合条件。

八、同位语结构

同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号

例1:The tongue , ___, is an important aid in chewing and swallowing .

(A is the chief organ of taste (B tasting the organ chiefly (C the chief organ of taste (D the organ chiefly tastes

分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B 不合题意,故也可排除。(C是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C。

同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词

___, ___ (注意是一个逗号

例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ___of Native Americans in her novel, Century of Dishonor.

(A Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause (B the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson

(C was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause (D the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up.

分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A。

例3:Often very annoying weeds ,___and act as hosts to many insect pests.

(A that crowd out less hardy plants than goldenrods (B crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods (C the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy plants (D goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants

分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods

和谓语动词crowd,故选(D

同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语

例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately___from Marathon to Athens.

(A the distance is (B that the distance is (C is that the distance (D the distance

分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。

A,B,C 均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除.D 是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D. 九,比较结构比较结构中要注意两点:1,倒装性;2,对称性例 1:Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than___eastern Nebraska. (A does (B in (C it does in (D in it does 分析:than 引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句

的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A符合条件,故选(A.注意 than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装. 例 2: Hot objects emit___do cold objects. (A rays more than infrared (B rays are more infrared than (C more than infrared rays (D more infrared rays than 分析:emit 为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的 than, 只有(D符合条件.注意空格后为倒装形式,do 代替 emit 以避免重复.此题为常考的句子结构. 比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物例例 3:The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than___. (A the domestic marketer has (B the domestic marketer does (C those of the domestic marketer (D that which has the domestic marketer 分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词 are, 故先排除与其不对应的以 has 和 does 结尾的(A和(B.选项 D 则语义不清,也可排除.C 中 those 代替前面提到的 activities 以避免重复,those 一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是 activities,谓语动词 are 因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略, 因此(C为正确答案. 例 4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than ___. (A that of its mining and farming combined (B mining and farming combination (C that mining and farming combined (D of its combination mining

and farming 分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物.句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方.(B,(C,(D均无法与 the annual worth 相对应,故可以排除. (A中代词 that 代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A. 十,定语从句省略结构关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略例 1:Most crocodiles will eat anything___capture and overpower. (A can (B they can (C which can (D and 分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语, 由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语.(A,(D没有从句引导词,可首先排除.(C有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语.正确答案(B看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词 that, 故选(B.that they can capture, that 引导定语从句在句子中做 capture 的宾语. 例 2:A majority of people in the United States can get all the calcium their bodies from the___food they eat.

(A require require (B requires (C requiring (Dto 分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C和(D.(B为第三人称单数形式, 与主语 bodies 相矛盾, 故也可排除,因此选择(A . their bodies require from the food they eat 是定语从句修饰 calcium, 省略了 that;

实际上 they eat 也是定语从句省略了 that 修饰 the food"介词+名词"在定语从句中

做表语时,关系代词和 be 动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语. 十一, 十一,状语从句省略结构 Metals expand when they are heated. Metals expand 是

主句;when they are heated 是状语从句.但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉 they are, 句

子变成: Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略. 这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 两个条件: 两个条件

第一,从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; 第二,从句的谓语必须是 be 动词,主语和 be 动词同进同出,比如上面的 they 和 are 要么同时省略,要么同时保留. 例

1:Although___rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. (A apparently (B are apparently (C apparently their (D are they apparently 分析:连词 although 通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同,从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A. Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意 bones 和 are 必须同时省略. 因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: though, although, even thought, while, If, when 等为引导状语从句的词; 这些词后面一定+形容词(分词,主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句 All 例 2: marble is composed of crystals of the minerals calcite or dolomite, ___, are perfectly white. (A when, pure which (B when, which pure (C which, pure when (D which, when pure 分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语.(A,(B不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除.(C中的 pure 和 when 位置错了,故选(D.注意 when pure 是插入语, 同时也是省略用法 when they are

pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, ___relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs 例 3: ___ servicing infrequently (A Even (B It is (C Even though (D There is 分析:B 和 D 填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though 则引导状语从句, even though it is, 这里 it is 已经省略. 十二, ing+名词的复数作主语结

构这是一个比较难的结构名词的复数作主语结构这是一个比较难的结构, 十二,动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词

和现在分词. 现在分词相当于形容词, 经常混淆动名词和现在分词. 现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词, 饰与被修饰的关系;动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系. 宾关系. 那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子:Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯.The starring troops have to surrender. 第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此 do 是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾

关系,那么这个 do 就是动名词; 第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是 troop,starring 是来修饰 troop 的, 因此 starring 是现在分词. ing+名词的复数作主语结构的句子中, 名词的复数" 在"动词 ing+名词的复数"作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词 is 例 1:___by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating. (A Eliminate problems 题 (C Eliminating problems (B The eliminated problems(被消除的问 (D Problems are eliminated 分析:空格处缺主语.(A不能作主语,(B的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D使句子出现两个谓语,故排除.(C构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C.这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊. 例 2:___wooden buildings helps to protect them from damage due to weather. (A Painting (B Painted (C The paint (D By painting 分析:从谓语动词 helps 可判断出主语不可能为 buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词.四个选项中只有动名词 painting 符合这一条件,故选(A.(B构成复数名词短语,(C无法与后面的名词连接,(D 构成介词短语, 不能作主语, 三个选项都可排除. painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是 buildings, 后面 help 不能用单数 painting wooden buildings 油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting. 例 3:Scientists think ___helps some tree to conserve water in the winter. (A when losing leaves (B leaves are lost (C that losing leaves (D the leaves losing 分析:这道题目大家都能够选择(C, 但是我们必须彻底理解(C为什么正确, think that 后面是宾

语从句.losing 是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分, 要注意不是树叶来帮助保持

水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分.丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此 losing 是动名词.

四六级考试常考重点英语语法汇总

四六级考试常考英语语法 一．定语从句 引导定语从句的有关系代词as，who，whom，whom，which，that和关系副词when，where，why等。 1.as引导定语从句 （1）as引导定语从句，相当于which。 如I am from shanghai，as/which you know。 但as引导的定语从句可以放在句首，而which不能； 例：As you know，I am from shanghai。 } （2）as可作为关系代词来引导定语从句，既可以单独引导从句，又可以与主句中的the same 或such 相呼应，从句中的谓语动词常省略。 2.关系代词that与which用法区别： （1）which可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，that则不能； （2）which之前可以有介词，that之前则不能； （3）只能用that，而不能用which的主要情形： ——当先行词是all，anything，few，little，much，none，nothing，something 等不定代词时； ——当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时； ——当先行词被the very，the only等词修饰时。 ; 例：Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems to which they have not found solutions so far。 二．状语从句 1. 让步状语从句

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