2022年研究生入学考试英语一真题及解析

2022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was 1 around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals. 3 plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that 4 consciousness, researchers previously reported.

But such an idea is untrue, according to the authors of the new article. Plant biology is plex and fascinating, but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called 6 of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.

Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They 10 claimed that plants have ‘brain- like mand centers’ at their root tips.”

This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a plex brain, 12 it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also municate through electrical signals. 13 , the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a plex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that municate by electricity,” Taiz said.

“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of plexity and capacity is required,” he 16 . “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”

And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from18 , so investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy, according to the article.

1.[A] coined

2.[A] attributed [B] discovered

[B] directed

[C] collected

[C] pared

[D] issued

[D] confined

3. [A] unless [B] when [C] once [D] though

4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended

5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs

6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation

7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested

8.[A] adapting

9.[A] analogous [B] forming

[B] essential

[C] repairing

[C] suitable

[D] testing

[D] sensitive

10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even

11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand

12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing

13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise

14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily

15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] local

16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added

17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excused [D] assumptions

18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control

19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes

20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easy

Section II Reading prehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

People often plain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, David Bowie costumes, the first artificial heart.

Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object y ou make is already a time bomb.”

And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piao Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins,

cabbages, and watermelons. He warned viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.

Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherentl y unstable It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.

So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilaid i’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.

Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly mon.

And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve... will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”

21.According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in .

[A]maintaining their plastic items

[B]obtaining durable plastic artifacts

[C]handling outdated plastic exhibits

[D]classifying their plastic collections

22.Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are .

[A]immune to decay

[B]improperly shaped

[C]inherently flawed

[D]plex in structure

23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to .

[A]keep them from hurting visitors.

[B]duplicate them for future display.

[C]have their ingredients analyzed.

[D]prevent them from further damage.

24.The author thinks that preservation of plastics is .

[A]costly

[B]unworthy

[C]unpopular

[D]challenging

25.In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts .

[A]will inspire future scientific research

[B]has profound historical significance

[C]will help us separate the material ages

[D]has an impact on today’s cultural life

Text 2

As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.

Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles; a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.

This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but, rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.

Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more mitted and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.

For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.

It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.

Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer” or “I am a classist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t def ine them in the same way.

26.The author suggests that Generation Z should .

[A]be careful in choosing a college

[B]be diligent at each educational stage

[C]reassess the necessity of college education

[D]postpone their undergraduate application

27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect .

[A]Millennial’s opinions about work

[B]the shrinking value of a degree

[C]public discontent with education

[D]the desired route of social mobility

28.The author considers it a good sign that .

[A]Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree

[B]School leavers are willing to be skilled workers

[C]Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees

[D]Parents are changing their minds about education

29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should .

[A]make an early decision on their career

[B]attend on the job training programs

[C]team up with high-paid postgraduates

[D]further their studies in a specific field

30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?

[A]Lifelong learning will define them.

[B]They will make qualified educators.

[C]Degrees will no longer appeal them.

[D]They will have a limited choice of jobs.

Text 3

Exhilarating, challenging, enlightening, stimulating, inspiring, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an acpanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.

Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists and designers to help them to municate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning,” one respondent said.

One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Australia performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change munication Research Hub in Melbourne. The performance was a c reative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.

But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their munication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.

More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) in Cambridge to explore the role of technology in culture. Its founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the ‘visual studies’ in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.

Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to be prepared to be surprised and challenged, to invest time in getting to know one another and to trust their different expertise. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research munication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.

31.According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have .

[A]caught the attention of critics

[B]received favorable responses

[C]promoted academic publishing

[D]sparked heated public disputes

32.The reworked version of the Four Seasons is mentioned to show that .

[A]art can offer audiences easy access to science

[B]science can help with the expression of emotions

[C]public participation in science has a promising future

[D]art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations

33.Some artists seem to worry that in the art-science partnership .

[A]their role may be underestimated

[B]their reputation may be impaired

[C]their creativity may be inhibited

[D]their work may be misguided

34.What does the author say about CAVS?

[A]It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.

[B]It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.

[C]Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.

[D]Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.

35.In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations .

[A]are likely to go beyond public expectations

[B]will intensify interdisciplinary petition

[C]should do more than municating science

[D]are being more popular than before

Text 4

The personal grievance provisions of the Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.

Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the mon law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against capricious or arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.

But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the

difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.

Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.

If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing underperforming managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity mission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.

Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.

Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall wellbeing.

Across the Tasman, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-ine threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-ine employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.

36.The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to .

[A]punish dubious corporate practices

[B]improve traditional hiring procedures

[C]exempt employers from certain duties

[D]protect the rights of ordinary workers

37.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that provisions may .

[A]hinder business development

[B]undermine managers’ authority

[C]affect the public image of the firms

[D]worsen labor-management relations

38.Which of the following measures would the Productivity mission support?

[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.

[B]Enforcing employment protection laws.

[C]Limiting the powers of business owners.

[D]Dismissing poorly performing managers.

39.What might be an effect of the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?

[A]Highly paid managers lose their jobs.

[B]Employees suffer from salary cuts.

[C]Society sees a rise in overall wellbeing.

[D]Employers need to hire new staff.

40.It can be inferred that the “high-ine threshold” in Australia .

[A]has secured managers’ earnings

[B]has produced undesired results

[C]is beneficial to business owners

[D]is difficult to put into practice

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and choose the correct summarizing statement for each person's opinion. There are two extra choices. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

(41)Teri Byrd

I am a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.

Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.

(42)Karen R. Sime

As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.

The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos treatment of animals with their educational potential.

(43)Greg Newberry

Emma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations mitted to connecting children to a world beyond their own.

Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.

(44)Dean Gallea

As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, disturb and even hunt them down.

Zoos are, in that sense, akin to natural history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.

(45)John Fraser

Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.

Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the natural world we live in.

A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outes for the precious creatures in their care.

C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy. Zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.

F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well- being.

G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (prising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took p lace on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.

I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when l was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, “The Scovell Ciphers.” (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. l was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.

I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?

Studying Scove ll’s papers at the Public Record Office (in Kew, west London) I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection. I realized at once that this was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.

Furthermore, Scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.

Section III Writing

Part A

51.Directions:

Write an email to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at your university. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in the e-mail; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)

Part B

52.Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should

1)describe the pictures briefly,

2)interpret the implied meaning, and

3)give your ments.

Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

2022年答案速查表

Section ⅠU se of English (10 points)

1. A

2. C

3. D

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. C

8. B

9. A 10. D

11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. A 19. D 20. B

Section ⅡReading prehension (60 points)

Part A (40 points)

Text 1 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. D 25. B

Text 2 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. A

Text 3 31. B 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. C

Text 4 36. D 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. D

Part B (10 points)

41. F 42. C 43. A 44. D 45. G

Part C (10 points)

46.这也是一场在编制和破解密码的人之间展开的战争，这一点甚至对那些熟知这一时期的人

来说都是未知的。

47.它列出了许多从西班牙法军那里缴获的密码文件，这些文件的秘密被英国总部的一位

军官乔治·斯科维尔揭露出来。

48.他无法仔细分析这位无名军官是否促成了那场国家间的伟大斗争，也无法确切地告诉

我们关于斯科维尔本人的任何事情。

49.拿破仑战争期间可能有很多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或研究的

材料。

50.正如破译密码在西班牙的斗争中有着更广泛的意义一样，所以他在晋升阶梯上的努力

也详尽说明了英国社会的情况。

Section III Writing (30 points)

Part A

51.(10 points) (略)

Part B

52.(20 points) (略)

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）

真题解析

Section ⅠUse of English

1.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，“植物神经生物学”这一术语是围绕这样—个观

念。由此可推知，空格处想表达“植物神经生物学”这一术语的产生。[A] 项表示“创造（新词语）”，符合此处语义，故[A] 项正确。

2.【题目分析】空格所在前半句提到，植物行为的某些方面可能与动物的智力。前文提到，植物有一定程度的意识。由此可推知，空格处想表达植物行为的某些方面和动物的智力

是相似的。[C] 项表示“与……类似”，符合此处语义，故[C] 项正确。

3.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，植物没有大脑，然而从它们的茎叶中发射的电信号

所引发的反应却意识。由此可知，前后存在让步关系。四个选项中，只有[D] 项“尽管”表示让步关系，故[D] 项正确。

4【. 题目分析】空格所在句提到，然而从它们的茎叶中发射的电信号所引发的反应却意识。由此可推知，空格处想表达“植物茎叶中发射的电信号所引发的反应”证明了“植物有意识”这一含义。[C] 项表示“暗示”，符合此处语义，故[C] 项正确。

5.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，但它（植物生物学）与动物生物学是如此巨大。前一句提到，此概念（植物有意识）就是一派胡言。由此可推知，空格处与前文提到的概念相反，空格处想表达植物生物学与动物生物学是不同的。[D] 项表示“相异”，符合此处语义，故[D] 项正确。

6.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，所谓的植物智力的尽管有趣但不能盖棺定论。前文提到，研究人员以“植物的茎叶中发射的电信号所引发的反应”来证明“植物有意识”。由此可推知，空格处需填入表示“证据”这一含义的单词。[B] 项表示“证据”，符合此处语义，故[B] 项正确。

7.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，自2006 年起，一些科学家植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的类似神经元的细胞。后文提到，他们声称植物的根尖有“类似大脑的

指挥中心”。两句皆为一些科学家想要表明“植物有意识”所做的论证。由此可推知，空格需填入与“声称”相近语义的单词。[C] 项表示“证明”，符合此处语义，故[C] 项正确。

8.【题目分析】空格所在前半句提到，植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的类似神经元的细胞，而随后提到，植物神经系统。由此可推知，空格处想表达“细胞”和“神经系统”之间的关系，而两者是“组成与被组成”的关系。[B] 项表示“组成”，符合此处语义，故

[B] 项正确。

9.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，与动物神经系统。前后文均是想要表明“植物有意识”所做的论证。由此可推知，空格处想表达植物神经系统与动物神经系统是相似的。[A] 项表示“相似的”，符合此处语义，故[A] 项正确。

10.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，他们声称植物的根尖有“类似大脑的指挥中心”。前文提到，一些科学家证明植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的类似神经元的细胞，组成“与动物神经系统类似的植物神经系统”。前后存在递进关系。四个选项中，只有[D] 项“甚至”表示递进关系，故[D] 项正确。

11【. 题目分析】空格所在句提到，如果你将一个复杂的大脑的活动方式简化，这种（才）站得住脚。空格处是对前面观点的指代，空格需填入与“观点”相近语义的单词。[C] 项表示“观点”，符合此处语义，故[C] 项正确。

12.【题目分析】空格所在前半句提到，将一个复杂的大脑的活动方式简化，而后提到空，一次次电脉冲。空格处是“将一个复杂的大脑的活动方式简化”的结果。由此可推知，空格需填入与“简化”相近语义的单词。reduce sth. to sth. 为固定搭配，表示“将……简化为”，故

[B] 项正确。

13.【题目分析】空格所在前一句提到，植物细胞也通过电信号相互作用，而后提到，植物体内的信号只是与动物复杂大脑（电信号）发射相似，其只不过是“大量细胞通过电流

相互作用”。前后存在转折关系。四个选项中，只有[A] 项“然而”表示转折关系，故[A] 项正确。

14.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，植物体内的信号只是与动物复杂大脑（电信号）发射相似，其只不过是“大量细胞通过电流相互作用”。由此可推知，植物体内的信号和动物复杂大脑（电信号）发射相似程度只是“表面上相似”。[C] 项表示“表面上”，符合此处语义，故[C] 项正确。

15.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，意识进化需要一个具有入门复杂性和能力的大脑。由此可推知，空格处想表达“意识进化”所需的条件，即大脑的复杂性和能力所要达到的等级。

[B] 项表示“品级”，符合此处语义，故[B] 项正确。

16.【题目分析】前一段是林肯·塔伊兹的论述，本段他继续论述。由此可推知，空格需填入与“补充说”相近语义的单词。[D] 项表示“补充说”，符合此处语义，故[D] 项正确。17.【题目分析】空格所在前半句提到，既然有神经系统的低等动物没有意识，而后半句提到，那么事实上没有神经系统的植物有意识的为零。由此可知，前后存在因果关系，前为因后为果，空格处为“果”，即植物有意识的“可能性”为零。[A] 项表示“可能性”，

符合此处语义，故[A] 项正确。

18【.题目分析】空格所在处提到，植物不能逃离。根据常识可知，植物不能逃离危险。

后半句提到，危险和感知疼痛，也对该空做了提示。[A] 项表示“危险”，符合此处语义，故[A] 项正确。

19.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，所以向一个危险和能感知疼痛的身体系统投入能量是非常的进化策略。由此可知，空格处需填入与“感知”相近语义的单词。[D] 项表示“意识到”，符合此处语义，故[D] 项正确。

20.【题目分析】空格所在句提到，因为植物不能逃离危险，所以向一个意识到危险和能感知疼痛的身体系统投入能量是的进化策略。由此可知，后者是对前者的定性，且该定性是负面的。[B] 项表示“糟糕”，符合此处语义，故[B] 项正确。

Section ⅡReading prehension

Part A

Text 1

21.[A] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Paragraph 1 和museums 可定位到第一段。

【解题思路】第一段倒数第二句指出，所有这些（指塑料的改变）都给博物馆等机构带来了巨大的麻烦，因为它们试图保存具有重要文化价值的物品。[A] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[A] 项正确。

22.[C] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Van Oosten 可定位到第二段。

【解题思路】第二段第一句提到化学家范·奥斯丁(Van Oosten)的观点：某些工艺品特别容易受到伤害，因为造型艺术的一些先驱并不总是知道如何正确混合成分。该段第二句和第三句Oosten 用烤蛋糕进行类比，指出如果原材料比例不对，蛋糕就会出错，已经是一个定时炸弹了。由此可知，某些塑料制品本身存在缺陷。[C] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[C] 项正确。

23.[D] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Museums 和Gilardi 可定位到第四段。

【解题思路】第四段前两句提到, 艺术家吉拉尔迪（Gilardi）使用的聚氨酯泡沫本身就不稳定，特别容易受到光线的破坏，而到了20 年代90 年代中期，一些雕像已经开始破裂。该段最后一句指出，博物馆把其中一些锁在了暗室中。由此可知，停止展览吉拉尔迪的某些艺术品的目的是防止这些艺术品受到进一步的破坏，故[D] 项正确。

24.[D] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息preservation of plastics 可定位到第六段。

【解题思路】第六段第一句提到，尽管有些成功案例，但保护塑料可能会变得更加困难。该段最后一句指出，更糟糕的是，设计成可分解的生物降解塑料，越来越普遍。由此可知，保护塑料是有挑战性的工作。[D] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[D] 项正确。

25.[B] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Ferreira 可定位到最后一段。

【解题思路】最后一段最后一句提到费雷拉（Ferreira）的观点：我们现在生活在一个塑料时代，我们今天决定收集的东西，我们决定保存的东西，将对我们未来的形象产生很大影响。由此可知，保护塑料艺术品具有深远的历史意义，[B] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[B] 项正确。

Text 2

26.[C] 推断题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Generation Z 可定位到第一段。

【解题思路】第一段后半句提到，学位的意义、目的和价值发生了怎样的改变，以及Z 世代开始第三阶段教育学习的时候，他们需要考虑什么，这些问题是值得思考的。由此可推断出，作者建议Z 世代重新评估大学教育的必要性，故[C] 项正确。

27.[B] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息UK、graduates 和non-graduate roles 可定位到第二段。

【解题思路】第二段最后一句提到，今天，英国 28%的毕业生从事非大学毕业生工作；这一比例是经合组织国家平均水平的两倍。而在前面第二句提到，随着学位变得普遍，它的价值也降低了。由此可知，28%这个数字反映了“学位贬值”这件事。[B] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[B] 项正确。

28.[C] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息sign 可定位到第四段。

【解题思路】第四段首句提到，值得庆幸的是，有一些好的迹象。第二、三句提到，雇主们早就看到了雇佣非大学毕业生的好处，这些雇员往往证明是更尽心尽力、更忠诚的员工。许多雇主也看到了取消某些职位的学位要求的好处。由此可知，雇主们对于学位的态度，变得更加务实，作者认为这是好事。[C] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[C] 项正确。

29.[D] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Paragraph 5 和those with one degree 可定位到第五段。

【解题思路】第五段最后一句提到，当我们中有越来越多的人拥有一个学历时，拥有两个学历是明智的。[D] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[D] 项正确。

30.[A] 推断题

【题干定位】根据题干信息the last two paragraphs 可定位到第六、七段。

【解题思路】第七段最后一句提出，Z 世代的人已经知道他们不会像他们的父辈那样由学位来定义。第六段给出了原因：Z 世代需要在职业生涯中不断提高技能来保住工作；他们预计会从事多种不同事业，受雇于多个雇主；教育将是Z 世代事业道路上的核心部分；由此可推断出，定义他们的将是终身学习，故[A] 项正确。

Text 3

31.[B] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Paragraph 1 和art-science collaborations 可定位到第一段。【解题思路】第一段第三句提到，大约350 人中有近40%的人对附带的民意调查作出了回应，说他们曾与艺术家合作；几乎所有人都说他们会考虑在未来这样做。[B] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[B] 项正确。

32.[A] 例证题

【题干定位】根据题干信息reworked version of the Four Seasons 可定位到第三段。

【解题思路】reworked version of the Four Seasons 出现在第三段第一句。该句提到，上个月，澳大利亚悉尼交响乐团演奏了安东尼奥·维瓦尔第的《四季》，这是艺术家和科学家共同震撼感官的一个例子。例证题需要找到例子所支撑的观点。第二段第三句指出，艺术家帮助科学家接触到更多的观众，并建立促进学习的情感联系。这正是题干例子The reworked version of the Four Seasons 要支撑的观点。[A] 项是对观点的同义转述，故[A] 项正确。

33.[A] 推断题

【题干定位】根据题干信息partnership 可定位到第四段。

【解题思路】第四段第一句指出，真正的伙伴关系必须是双向的。该段第二、三句提到，一些受访者指出，艺术家并不只是协助科学家满足他们的交流要求。他们的工作也不应该只被视为研究对象。由此可推断出，在艺术和科学的伙伴关系中，艺术家的作用可能被低估了，故[A] 项正确。

34.[B] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息CAVS 可定位到第五段。

【解题思路】第五段第一句提到，半个多世纪以前，麻省理工学院（MIT）在剑桥开设了高级视觉研究中心（CAVS），探索技术在文化中的作用。该段第三句指出，光线是艺术家和科学家都感兴趣的事物，因此可以构成合作的基础。该段最后一句点明，随着科学和技术的进步，并分化为更多的子学科，该中心同时也在期待着这样一个时代，即最杰出的研究人员也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人，反之亦然。[B] 项是对原文的概括总结，故[B] 项正确。

35.[C] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息the last paragraph 可定位到最后一段。

【解题思路】最后一段第二句指出，艺术与科学合作的范围需要超越研究交流的必要目的，参

与者不能落入对彼此抱有成见的陷阱中，[C] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[C] 项正确。

Text 4

36.[D] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息The personal grievance provisions of the ERA 可定位到前两段。

【解题思路】第二段第一句提到，个人申诉程序旨在保护普通工人的工作免受“无理

解雇”。[D] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[D] 项正确。

37.[A] 推断题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Paragraph 3 可定位到第三段。

【解题思路】第三段第一句提到，当这些规定适用于高薪的经理和高管时，给企业带来了困难。该段倒数第二句指出，C 级和 A 级经理人之间的区别很可能是企业成功或失败的区别。由此可推断出，这些规定有可能会阻碍企业的发展，故[A]项正确。

38.[D] 推断题

【题干定位】根据题干信息Productivity mission 可定位到第五段。

【解题思路】第五段最后一句提到，在“从国际角度看新西兰的生产力悖论”中，

生产力委员会特别指出，管理能力的低质量是该国生产力增长记录不佳的原因之一。由此

可推断出，生产力委员会支持解雇表现不佳的管理人员，故[D] 项正确。

39.[B] 细节题

【题干定位】根据题干信息ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures 可定位到第六段。

【解题思路】第六段最后一句提到，公司支付给员工的工资少了，因为公司要承担就

业安排出错的责任。[B] 项是对原文的同义转述，故[B] 项正确。

2022考研英语一真题答案及解析（解析版）

2022考研英语一真题答案及解析（解析版）National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM) 2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following te某t. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” _1_ helping you feel close and _2_ to pe ople you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a _3_ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you _4_ getting sick this winter. In a recent study _5_ over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania e某amined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs _6_ the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being _7_ to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come _8_ with a cold ,and the researchers _9_ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging _10_ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. _11_ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe _12_ . “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the _13_ risk for colds that’s usually _14_ with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps _15_ the feeling that others are there to help _16_ difficulty.” Some e某perts _17_ the stress-reducing , health-related benefits

2022考研英语(一)真题答案及解析

SectionI Use of English 【解析】此处考察介词的用法。it's a necessary condition many worthwhile things(信任是一个必要条件许多重要事情)此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。B选项for(对..来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;A 选项from(来自于),C 选项like(像. ),D 选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。 【解析】此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原那么。第一段首句提出主题句：trust is atricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand,it's a necessary condition for many worthwhile things: child care,friendships,etc.(一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比方照看孩子，友谊等),这句话在说信任的好处。On the other hand,putting your in the wrong place often carries a high.(另一方面，把..放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...),显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust",只有C 选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust 属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C] faith。

【解析】此处考察词义辨析。第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand,it's a necessary condition for__many worthwhile things: child care,friendships,etc.(一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比方照看孩子，友谊等),这句话在说信任的好处。On the other hand,putting your in the wrong place often carries a high. (另一方面，把..放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大..),显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”,并且根据空格所在句中的关键词wrongplace",本句应该在说信任不当的弊端，所以空格处应该填入一个负向感情色彩的词，故A 入之后语义不当，故正确答案为[B] price(代价)。 【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。上段讲述的是信任的好处和信任不当的弊端。第二段段首提出问题： 66 我们为什么要信任”。只有D选项then(那么)填入后能形成顺畅的语义和逻辑关系。故正确答案为Dthen(那么)。A选项again(再次)表示强调;B选项instead(但是、然而)表示转折;C 选项therefore(因此)表示结果，不符合要求，故排除。 【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。空格所在句含义为： 人们信任一个人或一个组织机构，他们的大脑会释放催产素。

2022考研英语一真题试卷及答案(完整版)

2022考研英语一真题试卷及答案(完整版) 2022考研真题答案：2022考研英语一真题试卷及答案（完整版）2022年全国硕士讨论生入学统一考试英语(一)试题+【答案】 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support andCohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is abenefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But

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