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第10章语言和计算机

10.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. Computer-assisted language learning

计算机辅助语言学习

2. Machine translation

机器翻译

3. Corpus linguistics

语料库语言学

4. Computer mediated communication

计算机中介交际

常考考点：

CALL的定义；CALL和CAI、CAL的区别；机器翻译的定义；计算机语料库的定义；计算机中介交际的定义及其形式等。

本章内容索引：

I. Introduction to Computational Linguistics

1. Computer Literacy

2. Computational Linguistics

II. Computer-assisted Language Learning

1. CAI/CAL vs. CALL

2. Phases of CALL Development

3. Technology

III. Machine Translation (MT)

1. Definition and Categories

2. History of Development of MT

3. Research Methods

(1) The linguistic approach

(2) The transfer approach

(3) The interlingual approach

(4) The knowledge-based approach

4. MT and the Internet

5. Speech Translation

6. MT and Human Translation

IV. Corpus Linguistics

1. Corpus and Corpus Linguistics

2. Criticisms and Revival

3. Concordance

4. The Roles of Corpus Data

I. Introduction to Computational Linguistics (计算机语言学简介)

1. Computer Literacy (计算机操作能力)

It refers to people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.

特指那些能使用计算机并具有大量计算机软件知识和技巧的人。

2. Computational Linguistics (计算机语言学)

It can be regarded as a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language. It includes the analysis of language data so as to establish the order in which learners acquire various grammatical rules or the frequency of occurrence of some particular items；it includes electronic production of artificial speech and the automatic recognition of human speeches; it includes research on automatic translation between natural languages; and it also includes text processing and communication between people and computers.

可以看作是应用语言学的分支，即通过计算机处理人类语言。计算机语言学包括：对语言数据的分析，建立一个序列，通过它，语言学习者可以获得各种语法规律或某一特定词项的出现频率；人工言语的电子生成和人类语言的自动识别；它也包括不同自然语言之间的自动翻译和语篇处理；人与计算机的交流。

II. Computer-assisted Language Learning (计算机辅助语言学习)

1. CAI/CAL vs. CALL

(1) CAI: computer-assisted instruction, the use of a computer in a teaching program on the part of teacher.

(2) CAL: computer-assisted learning, emphasizing the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learners to achieve educational objectives through their own reasoning and practice.

(3) CALL: computer-assisted language learning. If CAI or CAL deals with teaching and learning in general, then CALL deals with teaching and learning in particular. CALL especially refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.

【考点：名词解释；CALL与CAI/CAL的区别】

（1）计算机辅助教学(CAI) ，就是在教学过程中使用计算机。

（2）计算机辅助学习(CAL) ，强调在教和学两方面使用计算机，通过学生自己的推理和实践，帮助学习者达到教学目标。

（3）计算机辅助语言学习(CALL) ：如果说CAI或CAL是处理一般的教和学，那么CALL 则是用来处理语言教学的。CALL特别是指将计算机运用到第二语言或外语的教学中去。

2. Phases of CALL Development (CALL的发展阶段)

(1) Phase I: Computers were large mainframe machines kept in research institutions. They were developed.

(2) Phase II: Small computers appeared and cost cheaper than before. This made a generation of programs possible.

(3) Phase III: The computer was used as a trigger for interactions among the students. As a result, the computer was no longer an individual resource for each student, it came to be considered as the focal point for group work, this allowing

some activities, such as role-play interaction, to be carried out.

(4) Phase IV: Instead of writing specific programs for language teaching, word-processing has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.

（1）阶段1：在这个阶段，计算机限制在研究机构中运用，其主机非常大。

（2）阶段2：小型计算机出现了，比以前的要便宜。这使得新一代程序的产生变为可能。

（3）阶段3：计算机被用作学生之间交流的激发点。结果，对每个学生而言，计算机不再是个人资源，它逐渐被视为小组学习的焦点，这就使得许多被称为“交流性”的活动变得可行，例如，交互的多角色游戏。

（4）阶段4：文字处理不再是为语言教学编写具体的程序，而是适应语言教学，使学生用一种非永久性形式写作并能修改它们的作品。

3. Technology (技术)

(1) Customizing, template, and authoring programs (定制、模块和编程)

The greatest flexibility for teachings by using CALL is in the area of authoring programs. Teachers can use these programs to create simple or elaborate software programs with their own materials. Authoring programs from simple template programs to more complicated authoring languages. This allows the functioning of multimedia capabilities as well as less complicated authoring possibilities.

使用CALL进行教学的最大弹性在于编程的领域。教师们能够就他们自己的材料，运用这些程序来创造简单的或精心制作的软件程序。编程的范围是从简单模块程序到十分复杂的编程语言。这使得多媒体有了发展的潜能，也使不太复杂的编程成为可能。

(2) Computer networks (计算机网络)

In addition to those individual programs, computers linked together in networks are expanding the way we teach and learn foreign languages. Local area networks (LAN) are computers linked together by cables in a classroom, lab, or building. They offer teachers a new approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with the target language.

除了单独的程序以外，计算机通过网络连在一起，扩大了外语教学的途径。局域网就是指在教室、实验室或其他建筑里，计算机通过光缆连接在一起。它们为教师们提供了一种新颖的方式，来创造新的活动，就学生而言就是创造更多的活动，能提供更多目标语言的时间和经验。

(3) Compact disk technology (软盘技术)

Compact disk technology has many applications in foreign language education, including information retrieval, interactive audio and interactive multimedia programs. The compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) allows huge amounts of information to be stored on one disk with quick access to the information.

软盘技术在外语教育中用处很多，包括信息检索，交互音频和交互式多媒体程序。由软盘发展起来的光盘（CD-ROM）使得大量信息可以储存在一张磁盘上，以便快速获取信息。

(4) Digitized sound (数字化语音)

A new dimension has been added to many programs—digitized sound. Compact disks that use digitized sound give quick random access to information as well as superior sound quality. With such programs, students can then listen to the original recording as well as their own and compare the two, until they feel their

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