最新英语语言学复习资料教程文件

英语语言学复习资料

注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题.

2.未标习题的章节为一般了解.

Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview

1.1 What is language?

1.2 Features of human languages

(i) Creativity (or productivity)

Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.

_________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.

A. Duality

B. Arbitrariness

C. Creativity

D. Displacement

(ii) Duality

( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.

(iii) Arbitrariness

( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure r egarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.

(iv) Displacement

( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.

( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.

(v) Cultural transmission

(vi) Interchangeability

(vii) Reflexivity

1.3 Functions of language

(i) The ideational function

(ii) The interpersonal function

(iii) The textual function

Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by

M.A.K. Halliday?

A.Ideational function

B. Interpersonal function

C．Textual function. D. Logical function

1.4 Types of language

( ) Chinese is an agglutinating language.

1.5 The myth of language: language origin

1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language

1.6.1 Linguistics as a science

1.6.2 Branches of linguistics

(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions

(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisions

1.6.3 Features of modern linguistics

Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds

2.1 The study of speech sounds

The study of speech sounds is called ________.

A. Phonetics

B. Articulatory phonetics

C. Phonology

D. Acoustic Phonetics

2.2 The sound-producing mechanism

2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds

2.3.1 Unit of representation

2.3.2 Phonetic symbols

2.4 Description of English consonants

2.5 Description of English vowels

( ) Not all vowels are voiced.

2.6 Phonetic features and natural classes

I. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (10%) Example: vowel front high [i:]

1．bilabial nasal

2．voiced labiovelar glide

3．literal liquid

4．voiced bilabial stop

5．front high lax

II. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. (10%)

Example: heat [i:] vowel front high

1．write

2．actor

3．city

4．worry

1．yes

Chapter 3 Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns

3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns

( ) The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.

3.2 Phonemes and allophones

3.3 Discovering phonemes

3.3.1 Contrastive distribution

Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.

A. minimal pairs

B. minimal sets

C. allophones

D. phomes

3.3.2 Complimentary distribution

( ) The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.

Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? (10%)

3.3.3 Free Variation

( ) If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.

3.3.4 The discovery procedure

3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features

3.5 Phonological rules

3.6 Syllable structure

Every syllable has a(n) _______, which is usually a vowel.

A. onset

B. nucleus

C. coda

D. rhyme

3.7 Sequence of phonemes

3.8 Features above segments

3.8.1 Stress

3.8.2 Intonation

3.8.3 Tone

( ) Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.

Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?

B.Stress B. Intonation

C. Tone

D. Syllable

3.8.4 The functioning of stress and intonation in English

I.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10%)

Column I Column II

a. a bluebird a blue bird

b. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeper

II.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10%)

1. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.

2. A woman murderer

Chapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure

4.1 Words and word structure

1.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Lexicon

D. Morpheme

4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language

4.3 Classification of morphemes

4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes

( ) In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.

In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.

A. one

B. two

C. three

D. four

4.3.2. Inflectional and derivational morphemes

4.4 Formation of English words

4.4.1 Derivation

4.4.2 Compounding

( ) The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds. ( ) A greenbottle is a type of bottle.

( ) Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.

4.4.3 Other types of English word formation

Tell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (10%)

a) flu

b) OPEC

c) Nobel

d)televise

e) better (v.)

_____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.

A. Clipping

B. Blending

C. Eponym

D. Conversion

Chapter 5 Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure

5.1 Grammaticality

5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure

5.3 Different approaches to syntax

5.4 Transformational-generative grammar

5.4.1 The goal of a TG grammar

5.4.2 Syntactic categories

5.4.3 Phrase structure rules

5.4.4 Tree diagrams

Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence. (10%)

Pat found a book on Wall Street.

5.4.5 Recursion and the infinitude of language

5.4.6 Subcategorization of the lexicon

5.4.7 Transformational rules

5.5 Systemic-functional grammar

5.5.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice

5.5.2 The three metafunctions

5.5.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experience

Material processes

Relational processes

Mental processes

Verbal processes

Behavioral processes

Existential processes

Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences. (10%)

1. John washed the car.

2. John likes the car.

5.5.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction

5.5.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of message Chapter 6 Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning

6.1 The study of meaning

6.2 Reference and sense

6.2.1 Reference

6.2.2 Sense

6.3 Classification of lexical meanings

Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.

A. collocative

B. social

C. affective

D. reflected

6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning

6.3.2 Types of associative meaning

6.4 Lexical sense relations

6.4.1 Synonymy

6.4.2 Antonymy

6.4.3 Homonymy

6.4.4 Polysemy

6.4.5 Hyponymy

Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river) and bank2(the financial institute). (5%)

6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis

6.6 Words and concepts

6.6.1 Categorization

6.6.2 Prototypes

6.6.3 Hierarchies

6.7 Semantic relations of sentences

Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.(15%)

a)My uncle is male.

b)The spinster is married.

c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.

d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.

e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.

6.8 Metaphors

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The Study of Speech Sounds in Language I. Introduction Knowledge of a language includes that of the different components of the language: the morphemes,words,phrases,and sentences. It also includes knowing what sounds are in the language and how these sounds are put together to form meaningful units. Different terms can be found in describing the sound system of language. Traditional terminology puts phonetics and phonology at a paralleled level. In this terminology, phonetics is the study of separate speech sounds, while phonology is concerned with the system of combination of sounds. According to the terminology in some books, however, the study of speech sounds in a general way is termed as phonology. It is concerned with all the aspects of the speech sounds and sound systems of a language. Its subdivisions are phonemics. Phonetics deals with speech sounds in isolation, and phonemics studies the systems of speech sounds. To avoid confusion, the traditional terminology is adopted in this book. II. Analysis on ---- 2.1. Analysis of speech sounds The study of phonic medium of language in isolation is the level of phonetics, attempting to describes all the sounds that occur in human language. It’s mainly concerned with the production, transmission, and perception of the speech sounds. Analysis of speech sounds can be approached from the following 4 levels Level 1: anatomy and physiology----refers to speech organs and their functions Level 2: articulatory phonetics----studies how to produce speech sounds. Level 3: auditory phonetics---studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Level4: acoustic phonetics----studies the way speech sounds are transmitted in the air(using spectrographs, analyze sound waves). 2. 2. Process of speech production and perception 2.2.1. Articulatory phonetics studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view,how a speaker manipulates his speech organs to produce speech sounds. This branch is the longest established and the most highly developed. 2.2.2. Auditory phonetics studies the way listeners perceive the speech

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Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…

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