文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 成本会计:管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章

成本会计:管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章

成本会计:管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章
成本会计:管理的着重点 第十版 书后习题答案第二章

CHAPTER 2

AN INTRODUCTION TO COST TERMS AND PURPOSES

2-1 A cost object is anything for which a separate measurement of costs is desired. Examples include a product, a service, a project, a customer, a brand category, an activity, and a department. 2-2Cost assignment is a general term that encompasses the assignment of both direct costs and indirect costs to a cost object. Direct costs are traced to a cost object while indirect costs are allocated to a cost object.

?Direct costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object and can be traced to it in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.

?Indirect costs of a cost object are related to the particular cost object but cannot be traced to it in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.

2-3Managers believe that costs that are traced to a particular cost object are more accurately assigned to that cost object than are allocated costs. Managers prefer to use more accurate costs in their decisions.

2-4Factors affecting the classification of a cost as direct or indirect include: ?the materiality of the cost in question,

?available information-gathering technology,

?design of operations, and

?contractual arrangements.

2-5Manufacturing-sector companies purchase materials and components and convert them into different finished goods.

Merchandising-sector companies purchase and then sell tangible products without changing their basic form.

Service-sector companies provide serices or intangible products to their customers for example, legal advice or audits.

2-6 A cost driver is a factor, such as the level of activity or volume, that causally affects costs (over a given time span).A change in the cost driver results in a change in the cost of the cost object. For example, number of vehicles assembled is a driver of the costs of steering wheels on a motor-vehicle assembly line.

2-7 A variable cost changes in total in proportion to changes in the related level of total activity or volume. An example is a sales commission that is a percentage of each sales revenue dollar.

A fixed cost remains unchanged in total for a given time period despite wide changes in the related level of total activity or volume. An example is the leasing cost of a machine that is unchanged for a given time period (such as a year).

2-8The relevant range is the band of activity or volume in which a specific relationship between the level of activity or volume and the cost in question is valid. This concept enables the use of linear cost functions when examining cost-volume-profit (CVP) relationships as long as the volume levels are within that relevant range.

2-9 A unit cost is computed by dividing some amount of total costs (the numerator) by the related number of units (the denominator). In many cases, the numerator will include a fixed cost that will not change despite changes in the denominator. It is erroneous in those cases to multiply the unit cost by activity or volume change to predict changes in total costs at different activity or volume levels.

2-10Manufacturing companies typically have one or more of the following three types of inventory.

1.Direct materials inventory. Direct materials in stock and awaiting use in the

manufacturing process.

2.Work-in-process inventory. Goods partially worked on but not yet fully completed.

Also called work in progress.

3.Finished goods inventory. Goods fully completed but not yet sold.

2-11Inventoriable costs are all costs of a product that are regarded as an asset when they are incurred and then become cost of goods sold when the product is sold. These costs are included in work-in-process and finished goods inventory (they are "inventoried") to build up the costs of creating these assets.

Period costs are all costs in the income statement other than cost of goods sold. These costs are treated as expenses of the period in which they are incurred because they are presumed not to benefit future periods (or because there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that such benefit exists). Expensing these costs immediately best matches expenses to revenues.

2-12No. Service sector companies have no inventories and, hence, no inventoriable costs.

2-13 Direct materials costs are the acquisition costs of all materials that eventually become part of the cost object ("work-in-process" or "finished goods"), and that can be traced to the cost object in an economically feasible way.

Direct manufacturing labor costs include the compensation of all manufacturing labor that can be traced to the cost object in an economically feasible way.

Indirect manufacturing costs are all manufacturing costs that are considered part of the cost object, units finished or in process, but that cannot be traced to that cost object in an economically feasible way.

Prime costs are all direct manufacturing costs.

Conversion costs are all manufacturing costs other than direct material costs.

2-14 Overtime premium consists of the wage rate paid to all workers (for both direct labor and indirect labor) in excess of their straight-time wage rates.

Idle time is a subclassification of indirect labor that typically represents wages paid for unproductive time caused by lack of orders, machine breakdowns, material shortages, poor scheduling, and the like.

2-15 A product cost is the sum of the costs assigned to a product for a specific purpose. Purposes for computing a product cost include:

? Pricing and product emphasis decisions.

? Contracting with government agencies.

? Preparing financial statements for external reporting under generally accepted accounting principles.

2-16 (10 min.) Total costs and unit costs.

1. Total cost, $4,000. Unit cost per person, $4,000 ÷ 500 = $8.00

2. Total cost, $4,000. Unit cost per person, $4,000 ÷ 2,000 = $2.00

3. The main lesson of this exercise is to alert the student early in the course to the desirability of thinking in terms of total costs rather than unit costs wherever feasible. Changes in the denominator (the level of total activity or volume in this case attendance) will affect total variable costs but not total fixed costs . In our example, it would be perilous to use either the $8.00 or the $2.00 unit cost to predict the total cost because the total costs are not affected by the attendance. Instead, the student association should use the $4,000 total cost. Obviously, if the musical group agreed to work for, say, $

4.00 per person, such a unit variable cost could be used to predict the total cost.

2-17

(15 min.) Total costs and unit costs.

1. (a) $100,000 ? 2,000 = $50.00 per package

(b) $100,000 ? 6,000 = $16.67 per package

(c) $100,000 ? 10,000 = $10.00 per package

(d) [$100,000 + (10,000 × $8)] ? 20,000

= $180,000 ? 20,000 = $9.00 per package

The unit cost to ECG decreases on a per -unit base due to the first $100,000 payment being a fixed cost. The $8 amount per package beyond 10,000 units is a variable cost. The cost function is:

10,000 20,000 30,000 Total Costs Packages Sold

Point is $260,000 and 30,000

2-17 (Cont’d.)

2.ECG should not use any of the unit costs in requirement 1 when predicting total costs. Up to 10,000 units, the total cost is a fixed amount. Beyond 10,000 units, the total cost is a combination of a fixed amount plus a per-unit (beyond 10,000 unit) variable amount. The total costs at different volume levels cannot be predicted by using the unit cost at a specific volume level. The total cost should be predicted by combining the total fixed costs and total variable costs rather than multiplying a unit cost amount by the predicted number of packages sold.

2-18 (15 min.)Computing and interpreting unit manufacturing

costs.

1.

Supreme Deluxe Regular

Direct materials costs $ 84.00 $ 54.00 $ 62.00

Direct manuf. labor costs 14.00 28.00 8.00

Indirect manuf. costs 42.00 84.00 24.00

Total manuf. costs $140.00 $ 166.00 $ 94.00

Pounds produced 80 120 100

Cost per pound $ 1.7500 $ 1.3833 $0.9400

2.The unit costs in requirement 1 includes $20 million of indirect manufacturing costs that are fixed irrespective of changes in the volume of output per month, while the remaining variable indirect manufacturing costs change with the production volume. Given the unit volume changes for August 2001, the use of unit costs from the past month at a different unit volume level (both in aggregate and at the individual product level) will yield incorrect estimates of total costs in August 2001.

2-19(20 min.) Direct and indirect costs, effect of changing the classification of

a cost item

1.Direct costs are costs that are related to the particular paper products (Supreme, Deluxe, or Regular) and can be traced to each one in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.

Indirect costs are costs that are related to the particular paper products (Supreme, Deluxe, or Regular) but cannot be traced to each one in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.

2.Energy costs of $90 million can be traced to each individual production line. This tracing will result in a more accurate assignment of costs to products than when the $150 million of indirect manufacturing costs ($20 million of which is fixed) is allocated using direct manufacturing labor costs at each line. The $90 million of energy costs do not have an identical relationship to direct manufacturing labor costs for each product line as is assumed when the direct manufacturing labor cost allocation base is used in Question 2-18:

Supreme Deluxe Regular Total

1. Direct energy costs $39.800 $40.700 $9.500 $90.000

2. Direct manuf. labor cost 14.000 28.000 8.000 50.000

3. Ratio of 1 to 2. 2.843 1.454 1.187 1.800

The Supreme product line has the most energy intensive usage vis-à-vis its direct manufacturing labor cost content. The result is that the supreme product line will be undercosted when the Exercise 2-18 unit cost numbers are used.

3.

Supreme Deluxe Regular

Direct materials costs $ 84.000 $ 54.000 $62.000

Direct manuf. labor costs 14.000 28.000 8.000

Direct energy costs 39.800 40.700 9.500

Indirect manuf. costs 16.800 33.600 9.600

Total manuf. costs $154.600 $156.300 $89.100

Pounds produced 80 120 100

Cost per pound $ 1.9325 $ 1.3025 $0.8910

The unit cost amounts are:

Supreme Deluxe Regular

1. Exercise 2-19 $1.9325 $1.3025 $0.8910

2. Exercise 2-18 1.7500 1.3833 0.9400

Ratio of 1 to 2 1.1043 0.9416 0.9479

As predicted in requirement 2, the tracing of the higher than average energy costs to Supreme results in an increase in reported unit costs for the Supreme product line.

2-20 (15 min). Cost drivers and the value chain.

1.

Business Function Representative Cost Driver Production ?Hours the Tylenol packaging line is in operation

Research and Development ?Number of patents filed with U.S. Patent office.

Marketing ?Minutes of TV advertising time

on "60 Minutes"

Distribution ?Number of packages shipped

Design of Products/Processes ?Hours spent designing tamper-proof bottles

Customer Service ?Number of calls to toll-free customer

phone line

2.

Business Function Representative Cost Driver Research and Development ?Hours of laboratory work

?Number of new drugs in development Design of Products/Processes ?Number of focus groups on alternative package designs

?Hours of process engineering work Production ?Number of units packaged

?Number of tablets manufactured

Marketing ?Number of promotion packages mailed

?Number of sales personnel

Distribution ?Weight of packages shipped

?Number of supermarkets on delivery route Customer Service ?Number of units of a product recalled

?Number of personnel on toll-free customer phone lines

2-21 (15 min.) Cost drivers and the value chain.

1.

Business Function Representative Cost Driver

Design of Products/Processes ?Hours of computer-aided design (CAD) work Customer Service ?Number of cars recalled due to defective parts Marketing ?Number of sales personnel

Research and Development ?Number of research scientists

Production ?Number of machine assembly-hours

Distribution ?Weight of cars shipped

2.

Business Function Representative Cost Driver Research and Development ?Square feet of R&D laboratory space

?Number of new models being developed Design of Products/Processes ?Number of focus groups on alternative color

combinations

?Hours of process engineering time on retooling

assembly equipment

Production ?Direct manufacturing labor-hours

?Kilowatt hours of energy consumed Marketing ?Number of advertisements on television

?Number of total mailings to existing customers

about new model

Distribution ?Number of vehicles shipped

?Number of distributors in sales area Customer Service ?Number of personnel on toll-free customer

phone lines

?Number of packages mailed about safety

complaints with existing model

2-22 (15-20 min.) Variable costs and fixed costs.

1. Variable cost per ton of beach sand mined:

Subcontractor $ 80 per ton

Government tax 50 per ton

Total $130 per ton

Fixed costs per month:

0 to 100 tons of capacity per day

= $150,000 101 to 200 tons of capacity per day

= $300,000

201 to 300 tons of capacity per day = $450,000

2. T o t a l F i x e d

C o s t s $450,000

$300,000$150,000100200300T ons of Cap acity p er Day

$975,000$650,000$325,0002,5005,000

7,500Tons Mined T o t a l V a r i a b l e C o s t s The concept of relevant range is potentially relevant for both graphs. However, the question does

not place restrictions on the unit variable costs. The relevant range for the total fixed costs is from 0 to 100 tons; 101 to 200 tons; 201 to 300 tons, and so on. Within these ranges, the total fixed costs do not change in total.

3.

Tons Mined per Day Tons Mined per Month Fixed Unit Cost per Ton Variable Unit Cost per Ton Total Unit Cost per Ton (1) (2) = (1) × 25 (3) = FC ÷ (2) (4) (5) = (3)

+ (4) (a) 180 4,500 $300,000 ÷ 4,500

= $66.67

$130 $196.67 (b) 220 5,500 $450,000 ÷ 5,500

=$81.82

$130 $211.82 The unit cost for 220 tons mined per day is $211.82, while for 180 tons it is only $196.67. This difference is caused by the fixed cost increment from 101 to 200 tons being spread over an increment of 80 tons, while the fixed cost increment from 201 to 300 tons is spread over an increment of only 20 tons.

2-23 (15-20 min.) Classification of costs, service sector.

Cost object: Each individual focus group

Cost variability: With respect to changes in the number of focus groups

There may be some debate over classifications of individual items. Debate is more likely as regards cost variability.

a

Some students will note that phone call costs are variable when each call has a separate charge. It may be a fixed cost if Consumer Focus has a flat monthly charge for a line, irrespective of the amount of usage.

b

Gasoline costs are likely to vary with the number of focus groups. However, vehicles likely serve multiple purposes, and detailed records may be required to examine how costs vary with changes in one of the many purposes served.

2-24 (15-20 min.) Classification of costs, merchandising sector.

Cost object: Video section of store

Cost variability: With respect to changes in the number of videos sold

There may be some debate over classifications of individual items. Debate is more likely

2-25 (15-20 min.) Classification of costs, manufacturing sector.

Cost object: Type of car assembled (Corolla or Geo Prism)

Cost variability: With respect to changes in the number of cars assembled

There may be some debate over classifications of individual items. Debate is more likely as regards cost variability.

2-26(20-30 min.)Inventoriable costs vs. period costs.

1.Manufacturing-sector companies purchase materials and components and convert them into different finished goods.

Merchandising-sector companies purchase and then sell tangible products without changing their basic form.

Service-sector companies provide services or intangible products to their customers—for example, legal advice or audits.

Only manufacturing and merchandising companies have inventories of goods for sale.

2.Inventoriable costs are all costs of a product that are regarded as an asset when they are incurred and then become cost of goods sold when the product is sold. These costs for a manufacturing company are included in work-in-process and finished goods inventory (they are "inventoried") to build up the costs of creating these assets.

Period costs are all costs in the income statement other than cost of goods sold. These costs are treated as expenses of the period in which they are incurred because they are presumed not to benefit future periods (or because there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that such benefit exists). Expensing these costs immediately best matches expenses to revenues.

3.(a) Mineral water purchased for resale by Safeway—inventoriable cost of a merchandising company. It becomes part of cost of goods sold when the mineral water is sold.

(b)Electricity used at GE assembly plant—inventoriable cost of a manufacturing company. It is part of the manufacturing overhead that is included in the manufacturing cost of a refrigerator finished good.

(c)Depreciation on Excite's computer equipment—period cost of a service company. Excite has no inventory of goods for sale and, hence, no inventoriable cost.

(d)Electricity for Safeway's store aisles—period cost of a merchandising company. It is a cost that benefits the current period and is not traceable to goods purchased for resale.

(e)Depreciation on GE's assembly testing equipment—inventoriable cost of a manufacturing company. It is part of the manufacturing overhead that is included in the manufacturing cost of a refrigerator finished good.

(f)Salaries of Safeway's marketing personnel—period cost of a merchandising company. It is a cost that is not traceable to goods purchased for resale. It is presumed not to benefit future periods (or at least not to have sufficiently reliable evidence to estimate such future benefits).

(g)Water consumed by Excite's engineers—period cost of a service company. Excite has no inventory of goods for sale and ,hence, no inventoriable cost.

(h)Salaries of Excite's marketing personnel—period cost of a service company. Excite has no inventory of goods for sale and, hence, no inventoriable cost.

2-27 (20-25 min.) Computing cost of goods manufactured and cost of

goods sold.

Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured

for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in thousands)

Direct materials used $ 87,000 Direct manufacturing labor costs 34,000 Indirect manufacturing costs:

Property tax on plant building $ 3,000

Plant utilities 17,000

Depreciation of plant building 9,000

Depreciation of plant equipment 11,000

Plant repairs and maintenance 16,000

Indirect manufacturing labor costs 23,000

Indirect materials used 11,000

Miscellaneous plant overhead 4,000 94,000 Manufacturing costs incurred during 2001 215,000 Add beginning work-in-process inventory, Jan. 1, 2001 20,000 Total manufacturing costs to account for 235,000 Deduct ending work-in-process inventory, Dec. 31, 2001 26,000 Cost of goods manufactured $209,000

Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold

for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in thousands)

Beginning finished goods, Jan. 1, 2001 $ 27,000

Cost of goods manufactured (above) 209,000

Cost of goods available for sale 236,000

Ending finished goods, Dec. 31, 2001 34,000

Cost of goods sold $202,000

2-28 (30-40 min.) Cost of goods manufactured.

Canesco Company

Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in thousands)

1.

Direct materials costs:

Beginning inventory, Jan. 1, 2001 $22,000

Purchases of direct materials 75,000

Cost of direct materials available for use 97,000

Ending inventory, Dec. 31, 2001 26,000

Direct materials used $ 71,000 Direct manufacturing labor costs 25,000 Indirect manufacturing costs:

Indirect manufacturing labor costs 15,000

Plant insurance 9,000

Depreciation––plant building and equipment 11,000

Repairs and maintenance––plant 4,000 39,000 Manufacturing costs incurred during 2001 135,000 Add beginning work-in-process inventory, Jan. 1, 2001 21,000 Total manufacturing costs to account for 156,000 Deduct ending work-in-process inventory, Dec. 31, 2001 20,000 Cost of goods manufactured $136,000 2.Canesco Company

Income Statement for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in thousands)

Revenues $300,000 Cost of goods sold:

Beginning finished goods, Jan. 1, 2001 $ 18,000

Cost of goods manufactured (requirement 1) 136,000

Cost of goods available for sale 154,000

Ending finished goods, Dec. 31, 2001 23,000 131,000 Gross margin 169,000 Operating costs:

Marketing, distribution, and customer service 93,000

General and administrative 29,000 122,000 Operating income $ 47,000

2-29 (25-30 min.) Income statement and schedule of cost of goods

manufactured.

Howell Corporation

Income Statement for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in millions)

Revenues $950 Cost of goods sold:

Beginning finished goods, Jan. 1, 2001 $ 70

Cost of goods manufactured (below) 645

Cost of goods available for sale 715

Ending finished goods, Dec. 31, 2001 55 660 Gross margin 290 Marketing, distribution, and customer-service costs 240 Operating income $ 50

Howell Corporation

Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured

for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in millions)

Direct materials costs:

Beginning inventory, Jan. 1, 2001 $ 15

Purchases of direct materials 325

Cost of direct materials available for use 340

Ending inventory, Dec. 31, 2001 20

Direct materials used $320 Direct manufacturing labor costs 100 Indirect manufacturing costs:

Indirect manufacturing labor 60

Plant supplies used 10

Plant utilities 30

Depreciation––plant, building, and equipment 80

Plant supervisory salaries 5

Miscellaneous plant overhead 35 220 Manufacturing costs incurred during 2001 640 Add beginning work-in-process inventory, Jan. 1, 2001 10 Total manufacturing costs to account for 650 Deduct ending work-in-process, Dec. 31, 2001 5 Cost of goods manufactured $645

2-30(15-20 min.) Interpretation of statements.

1. The schedule in 2-29 can become a Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold simply by including the beginning and ending finished goods inventory figures in the supporting schedule, rather than directly in the body of the income statement. Note that the term cost of goods manufactured refers to the cost of goods brought to completion (finished) during the accounting period, whether they were started before or during the current accounting period. Some of the manufacturing costs incurred are held back as costs of the ending work-in-process; similarly, the costs of the beginning work-in-process inventory become a part of the cost of goods manufactured for 2001.

2. The sales manager’s salar y would be charged as a marketing cost as incurred by both manufacturing and merchandising companies. It is basically an operating cost that appears below the gross margin line on an income statement. In contrast, an assembler’s wages would be assigned to the products worked on. Thus, the wages cost would be charged to Work-in-process and would not be expensed until the product is transferred through Finished Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold as the product is sold.

3. The direct-indirect distinction can be resolved only with respect to a particular cost object. For example, in defense contracting, the cost object may be defined as a contract. Then, a plant supervisor’s salary may be charged directly and wholly to that single contract.

4. Direct materials used = $320,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000 units = $320 per unit

Depreciation = $ 80,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000 units = $ 80 per unit

5. Direct materials unit cost would be unchanged at $320. Depreciation unit cost would be $80,000,000 ÷1,200,000 = $6

6.67 per unit. Total direct materials costs would rise by 20% to $384,000,000, whereas total depreciation would be unaffected at $80,000,000.

6. Unit costs are averages, and they must be interpreted with caution. The $320 direct materials unit cost is valid for predicting total costs because direct materials is a variable cost; total direct materials costs indeed change as output levels change. However, fixed costs like depreciation must be interpreted quite differently from variable costs. A common error in cost analysis is to regard all unit costs as one-as if all the total costs to which they are related are variable costs. Changes in output levels (the denominator) will affect total variable costs, but not total fixed costs. Graphs of the two costs may clarify this point; it is safer to think in terms of total costs rather than in terms of unit costs.

2-31 (25-30 min.) Income statement and schedule of cost of goods

manufactured.

Chan Corporation

Income Statement

for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in millions)

Revenues $350 Cost of goods sold:

Beginning finished goods, Jan. 1, 2001 $ 40

Cost of goods manufactured (below) 204

Cost of goods available for sale 244

Ending finished goods, Dec. 31, 2001 12 232 Gross margin 118 Marketing, distribution, and customer-service costs 90 Operating income $ 28

Chan Corporation

Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured

for the Year Ended December 31, 2001

(in millions)

Direct material costs:

Beginning inventory, Jan. 1, 2001 $ 30

Direct materials purchased 80

Cost of direct materials available for use 110

Ending inventory, Dec. 31, 2001 5

Direct materials used $105 Direct manufacturing labor costs 40 Indirect manufacturing costs:

Plant supplies used 6

Property taxes on plant 1

Plant utilities 5

Indirect manufacturing labor costs 20

Depreciation––plant, building, and equipment 9

Miscellaneous manufacturing overhead costs 10 51 Manufacturing costs incurred during 2001 196 Add beginning work-in-process inventory, Jan. 1, 2001 10 Total manufacturing costs to account for 206 Deduct ending work-in-process inventory, Dec. 31, 2001 2 Cost of goods manufactured (to income statement) $204

2-32 (15-20 min.) Interpretation of statements.

1. The schedule in 2-31 can become a Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold simply by including the beginning and ending finished goods inventory figures in the supporting schedule, rather than directly in the body of the income statement. Note that the term cost of goods manufactured refers to the cost of goods brought to completion (finished) during the accounting period, whether they were started before or during the current accounting period. Some of the manufacturing costs incurred are held back as costs of the ending work-in-process; similarly, the costs of the beginning work-in-process inventory become a part of the cost of goods manufactured for 2001.

2. The sales manager’s salary would be charged as a marketing cost as incurred by both manufacturing and merchandising companies. It is basically an operating cost that appears below the gross margin line on an income statement. In contrast, an assembler’s wages would be assigned to the products worked on. Thus, the wages cost would be charged to Work-in-process and would not be expensed until the product is transferred through Finished Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold as the product is sold.

3. The direct-indirect distinction can be resolved only with respect to a particular cost object. For example, in defense contracting, the cost object may be defined as a contract. Then, a plant supervisor’s salary may be charged directly and wholly to that single contract.

4. Direct materials used = $105,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000 units = $105 per unit

Depreciation = $ 9,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000 units = $ 9 per unit

5. Direct materials unit cost would be unchanged at $105. Depreciation unit cost would be $9,000,000 ÷1,500,000 = $6 per unit. Total direct materials costs would rise by 50% to $157,500,000 ($105 1,500,000). Total depreciation cost of $9,000,000 would remain unchanged.

6. Unit costs are averages, and they must be interpreted with caution. The $105 direct materials unit cost is valid for predicting total costs because direct materials is a variable cost; total direct materials costs indeed change as output levels change. However, fixed costs like depreciation must be interpreted quite differently from variable costs. A common error in cost analysis is to regard all unit costs as one-as if all the total costs to which they are related are variable costs. Changes in output levels (the denominator) will affect total variable costs, but not total fixed costs. Graphs of the two costs may clarify this point; it is safer to think in terms of total costs rather than in terms of unit costs.

2-33 (20-30 min.) Overtime premium, defining accounting terms.

1.

Westee La Electricidad BBC

Revenues $420 $820 $480

Direct materials 250 410 270

Direct manuf. labor 40 100 60

Indirect manufacturing 80 200 120

Total manuf. costs 370 710 450

Gross margin $ 50 $110 $ 30

Gross margin percentage

2.The BBC job is the only one with overtime charges. The charge is $20 (2 hours $10 per hour overtime rate). The exclusion of this $20 from direct manufacturing labor costs will also affect indirect manufacturing labor costs allocated (at the 200% rate) to the BBC job. The revised gross margin is:

BBC

Revenues $480

Direct materials 270

Direct manuf. labor 40

Indirect manufacturing 80

Total manuf. costs 390

Gross margin $90

Gross margin percentage

The sizable increase in gross margin for BBC is due to $60 of costs being excluded--the $20 of overtime premium plus the $40 of indirect manufacturing costs allocated using the 200% rate.

3.The main pro of charging BBC the $30 per hour labor rate is that this is the actual labor cost. The BBC job was, in fact, done in overtime hours.

The main con is that it penalizes the BBC job for a factor unrelated to its manufacture. The job was brought in one week ago, and there was much flexibility when it could be scheduled. It was done in overtime due to the Westec job being a rushed one.

A preferable approach is to assign all jobs with no special "rush" requirements the same labor cost per hour. The means that differences in job scheduling will not affect job profitability. Jobs that have a "rush" requirement ("hot-hot") are given an extra expediting cost to reflect any additional costs the expedition requires.

2-33 (Cont’d)

4.The incentive payments would be :

5%

of Revenues Incentive

Westec 0.05 ? $420 $21

La Electricidad 0.05 ? 820 41

BBC 0.05 ? 480 24

$86

20% of

Gross Margin Incentive

Westec 0.20 ? $ 50 $10

La Electricidad 0.20 ? 110 22

BBC 0.20 ? 90 18

$50

EMI prefers jobs that are high gross margins rather than high gross revenues. The 20% incentive better aligns the sales representative's incentive with that of EMI.

EMI should define how revenues and costs are to be measured so that ambiguities are reduced. The revenue and cost rules should be known in advance. If a rushed job is requested by a customer, the salesperson should know the rush-job charge so that he or she knows the consequences of accepting the request.

2-34 (20-25 min.) Finding unknown balances.

Let G = given, I = inferred

Step 1: Use gross margin formula Case 1 Case 2 Revenues $ 32,000 G $ 31,800 G

Cost of goods sold A20,700 I 20,000 G

Gross margin 11,300 G C$11,800 I Step 2: Use schedule of cost of goods manufactured formula

Direct materials used $ 8,000 G $ 12,000 G

Direct manufacturing labor costs 3,000 G 5,000 G

Indirect manufacturing costs 7,000 G D6,500 I

Manufacturing costs incurred 18,000 I 23,500 I

Add beginning work-in-process, 1/1 0 G 800 G

Total manufacturing costs to account for 18,000 I 24,300 I

Deduct ending work-in-process, 12/31 0 G 3,000 G

Cost of goods manufactured $ 18,000 I $ 21,300 I Step 3: Use cost of goods sold formula

Beginning finished goods inventory, 1/1 $ 4,000 G 4,000 G

Cost of goods manufactured 18,000 I 21,300 I

Cost of goods available for sale 22,000 I 25,300 I

Ending finished goods inventory, 12/31 B1,300 I 5,300 G

Cost of goods sold $ 20,700 I $ 20,000 G For case 1, do steps 1, 2, and 3 in order.

For case 2, do steps 1, 3, and then 2.

2-35 (30-40 min.) Fire loss, computing inventory costs.

1. = $50,000

2. = $28,000

3. = $62,000

This problem is not as easy as it first appears. These answers are obtained by working from the known figures to the unknowns in the schedule below. The basic relationships between categories of costs are:

Prime costs (given) = $294,000

Direct materials used = $294,000 – Direct manufacturing labor costs

= $294,000 – $180,000 = $114,000 Conversion costs = Direct manufacturing labor costs ÷ 0.6

$180,000 ÷ 0.6 = $300,000 Indirect manuf. costs = $300,000 – $180,000 = $120,000

(or 0.40 $300,000)

Schedule of Computations

Direct materials, 1/1/2001 $ 16,000

Direct materials purchased 160,000

Direct materials available for use 176,000

Direct materials, 2/26/2001 3. = 62,000

Direct materials used ($294,000 – $180,000) 114,000

Direct manufacturing labor costs 180,000

Prime costs 294,000

Indirect manufacturing costs 120,000

Manufacturing costs incurred during the

current period 414,000 Add work-in-process, 1/1/2001 34,000

Manufacturing costs to account for 448,000

Deduct work-in-process, 2/26/2001 2. = 28,000

Cost of goods manufactured 420,000

Add finished goods, 1/1/2001 30,000

Cost of goods available for sale (given) 450,000

Deduct finished goods, 2/26/2001 1. = 50,000

Cost of goods sold (80% of $500,000) $400,000

【管理课件】成本管理会计案例

【管理课件】成本管理会计案例 案例四贡献毛益 —珍珍食品加工有限公司贡献毛益案例 2000年初,财务报告显示,食品销售销量下降。 (一)基本案情 主要经营主食面包,老式酸面包和热狗面包,且分别由三个车间独立加工制作。市场占有率和盈利水平一直很好。 ,006年上半年以来,珍珍公司的销量开始下滑。热狗面包下滑更多。董事会研究,由于原有“热狗面包”车间的设备暂时无法转作它用,拟将原有的热狗面包转产“珍珍面点糕”,这样既能充分利用原有的设备,又不必重新聘请面点师(面点师工资实行计件工资制)。经市场调查,得到生产“珍珍面点糕”的相关资料如下表: 成本费用资料(单位:元) 1. 按月支付下列费用:折旧费:2000设备维修费:850管理人员工资12000办公费 2500 2. 每筐“珍珍面点糕”费用: 面粉 12 鲜鸡蛋 9 白砂糖 2.5 面点师工资 3 水、电费 2 包装袋等其他 2 销售预测(单位筐)

月份 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 销量6050 6000 5650 5580 5020 5480 5820 6100 6050 根据市场平均价位,定价39元,筐 同时董事会也掌握了3月份其余两种食品的相关资料: 3月份销售及成本资料 项目主食面包老式酸味面包销量 100000袋 80000袋单价 3.00 元 2.60元收入 300000元 208000元费用(元) 其中:面粉 100000 78000 白砂糖 50000 35000 鲜奶 10000 鲜鸡蛋 60000 其他 30000 33000 面点师工资 10000 10000 折旧费(车间) 8000 8000 维修费 1600 1600 管理人员工资 4000 4000 办公费 2500 2500 二)分析要点 1. 珍珍公司转产“珍珍面点糕”可行吗, 2. 试计算3月份其他两种食品贡献毛益总额, 3.珍珍公司如何才能使销量上升, 案例五:单品种本量利分析 —常印冰淇淋加工厂决策分析案例 (一) 常印家位于长春市外县的一个乡镇,周围方圆几十里没有一个冷制品厂,人们渴望能有一个随时批发,零售雪糕、冰淇淋的厂家。常印进行市场调查。调查显示: 1.需求量资料:周边5个乡镇,每个乡镇下约有人口8万,总计约有40万人口,按现有生活水平和消费观念估算,在3、4、5、11、12、1月淡季,每日也需40000至冰淇淋,在2、6、7、8、9、10月则日需要量达到80000—90000支,经咨询有关测算,若考虑乡间距离的远近,和其他竞争市场的因素,该加工厂若能保证冰淇淋的质量,价位合理,将占市场60,—65,的市场,即在淡季,日需求量将达到24000—26000支,旺季,日需求量将达到48000—58500支。

成本会计第二章习题与答案-工业企业成本核算的要求和一般程序

项目二工业企业成本核算的要求和一般程序 一、填空题 1.为了正确划分各月份的生产费用和期间费用的界限,应当贯彻原则。 正确地核算和。 2.企业只有按照和,选用适当的成本计算方法,才能正确 及时地计算产品成本。 3.生产费用可以按不同的标准分类,其中最基本的是按生产费用的和 的分类。 4.工业企业在生产经营中发生的费用,首先可以分为计入产品成本和直接计人当期损益的两类。 5.工业企业的期间费用按经济用途可以分为、和。 6.计入产品成本的各项生产费用,按计入产品成本的方法,可以分为 和。 二、单项选择题 1.下列各项中;属于产品生产成本项目的是( )。 A.外购动力费用' B.制造费用 C.工资费用 D.折旧费用 3.下列各项中,属于直接计入费用的有( )。 A.几种产品负担的制造费用 B.几种产品共同耗用的原材料费用 C.一种产品耗用的生产工人工资 D.几种产品共同负担的机器设备折旧费 4.为了及时、正确计算产品成本,企业应做好的各项基础工作不包括( )。 A.选择适当的成本计算方法 B.材料物资的计量、收发、领退和盘点 C.做好各项原始记录工作

D.定额的制定和修订 5.为了正确计算产品成本,可以不进行( )项目中费用界限的划分。 A.各个月份的费用界限 B.营业费用与管理费用的界限 C.各种产品的费用界限 D.生产费用与期间费用的界限 6.为了保证按每个成本计算对象正确地归集应负担的费用,必须将应由本期产品负担 的生产费用正确地在( )。 A.各种产品之间进行分配 B.完工产品和在产品之间进行分配 C.盈利产品与亏损产品之间进行分配 D.可比产品与不可比产品之间进行分配 7.正确计算产品成本,应做好的基础工作是( )。 A.正确确定财产物资的计价 C. 正确划分各种费用界限 C.确定成本计算对象 D.建立和健全原始记录工作 8.在成本核算中,必须正确核算待摊费用和预提费用,这是贯彻了会计核算的( )原则。 A.历史成本 B.权责发生制 C.配比 D.重要性 9.下列各项中,不计人产品成本的费用是( ). A.直接材料费用 B. 辅助车间管理人员工资 C.车间厂房折旧费 D.厂部办公楼折旧费 10.工资及福利费成本项目是指( ). A.全体职工的工资和按规定比例计提的职工福利费 B.直接参加产品生产的工人工资及福利费 C.计人成本的原材料节约奖 D.车间管理人员工资及福利费 11在企业已经设置了基本生产成本总账科目的情况下,不能再设置的总账科目是()。

成本管理会计作业

一、练习材料费用的分配 甲、乙两种产品共同耗用A、B两种原材料。甲产品投产200件,原材料单件消耗定额为:A材料8公斤,B材料6公斤;乙产品投产100件,原材料单件消耗定额为:A材料2公斤,B材料4公斤。原材料的计划单价为:A材料1元,B材料2元。材料成本差异率均为-1%。甲乙两种产品实际消耗A材料1836公斤,B材料1568公斤。 要求:按定额消耗量比例分配法,分配甲、乙两种产品的原材料费用。 二、练习材料费用的归集与分配 某企业2012年5月材料耗用汇总情况如下: 材料领用汇总表 基本生产车间生产A、B产品共同耗用材料,按定额消耗量比例分配,两种产品的产量资料及定额资料如下:A产品产量600件,材料单位耗用定额7.5千克;B产品产量500件,材料单位耗用定额6千克。 要求: 1、根据上述资料,编制材料费用分配汇总表。 2、根据材料费用分配汇总表,编制相应的会计分录。

三、练习存货发出计价方法的核算 1、资料:某工业企业2000年12月31日以前对发出存货计价采用先进先出法,2001年1月1日起改为后进先出法。该企业2001年1月1日存货的账面余额为112 500元,结存数量为1250;1月6日购入2000吨,每吨单价92元;1月14日发出3000吨存货;1月20日又购入1300吨存货,单价93元。该企业采用永续盘存制。 2、要求: (1)计算该企业2001年1月31日存货的账面余额。 (2)比较由于改变存货计价方法后对期末存货价值的影响。 四、资料: 某企业生产A 、B 两种产品,共同耗用燃料费用,其实际成本为29000元。两种产品的单位燃料费用定额为A 产品20元,B 产品15元;当月的实际产量为A 产品500件,B 产品300件。 要求: ①采用定额费用比例法分配燃料费用; ②编制耗用燃料的会计分录(分录中列示到明细科目及成本项目;该企业成本明细账不设“燃料及动力”成本项目;不专设“燃料“总账。 五、练习工资费用的归集与分配 某企业2012年8月基本生产车间生产工人工资为12500元,规定按定额工时比例在甲、乙两种产品之间进行分配,甲产品工时定额为20500小时,乙产品工时定额为10750小时;辅助生产车间生产工人和管理人员工资为2800元;基本生产车间管理人员工资为1900元;行政管理人员工资

《成本管理会计》期末试题

成本管理会计期末试题 一、单选题(每题2分,共10分) 1、成本还原的对象是( B )。 A.产成品成本B.各步骤所耗上一步骤半产品的综合成本C.最后步骤的产成品成本D.各步骤半成品成本 2、不在“废品损失”科目核算的内容是( C ) A.修复废品人员的工资 B.修复废品耗用的材料 C.实行“三包”损失 D.不可修复废品的净损失 3、假设每个质检员最多检验500件产品,也就是说产量每增加500件就必须增加一名质检员,而且是在产量一旦突破500件的倍数时就必须增加。那么,该质检员的工资成本就属于( B ) A.半变动成本B.半固定成本 C.延伸变动成本D.变动成本 4、作业消耗一定的( D )。 A.成本B.时间C.费用D.资源 5、某企业只生产一种产品,单位变动成本为36元,固定成本总额为4000元,产品售价为56元,要使安全边际率达到50%,该企业的销售总量应达到( B )件 A.400 B.222 C.143 D.500 二、多选题(每题4分,共20分) 1.在制定标准成本时,根据所要求达到的效率的不同,所采取的标准有(BDE ) A.理想标准成本B.正常标准成本C.现实标准成本D.定额成本E.历史成本 2、构成直接材料成本差异的基本因数有(AB ) A.效率差异B.时间差异 C.用量差异D.价格差异 3、企业拥有若干辅助生产车间时,企业辅助生产费用的分配方法主要有以下几种:(AB ) A.间接分配法B.直接分配法 C.交互分配法D.代数分配法 4、完工产品与在产品之间分配费用的方法有(AB ) A.约当产量比例法B.交互分配法 C.按年初数固定成本计价法D.定额比例法 5、为实现目标利润可以采取如下措施(ABCDE )

成本管理会计案例一

案例一用完全成本法和变动成本法分别计算利润 某电视机厂连续两年亏损,厂长召集销售和生产部门的负责人开会,研究扭亏为盈的办法,会议要点如下: 厂长:我厂去年亏损500万元,比前年还糟,金融机构对于连续三年亏损的企业将停止贷款,如果今年不扭亏为盈,企业将被迫停产。 销售经理:问题的关键是我们以每台电视机1600元的价格出售,而每台电视机的成本是1700元。如果提高售价,面临竞争,电视机就卖不出去,只有降低成本这条路,否则,销售越多,亏损越大。 生产经理:我不同意。每台电视机的制造成本只有1450元,我厂的设备和工艺是国内最先进的,技术力量强,熟练工人多,控制物耗成本的经验得到同行业人士的肯定。问题在于生产线的设计能力是年产10万台,而销路打不开,去年只生产4 万台,所销售的5万台中,还有一万台是前年生产的。由于开工不足,内部矛盾增加,人心涣散。 厂长:成本到底是怎么回事? 对于销售经理和生产经理的分歧,厂长请财务经理做出具体意见,财务经理对厂长解释到:每台电视机的变动成本是1050元,全厂固定制造费用总额是1600万元,销售和管理费用总额是1250万元。并建议生产部门满负荷生产,通过扩大产量来降低单位产品所负担的固定制造费用。这样,即使不提价和扩大销售也能使企业扭亏为盈、度过危机。为了减少将来的风险,今年应追加50万元来改进产品质量,这笔费用计入固定制造费用;再追加50万元做广告宣传,追加100万元作职工销售奖励。厂长会采纳财务经理的建议吗? 1)请说明去年亏损的500万元是怎样计算出来的。 2)用完全成本法计算的利润。 3)用变动成本法计算的利润。 4)请你分析厂长若采纳财务经理的意见,今年能够盈利多少?

成本管理会计作业4

单项选择题(共 15 道试题,共 30 分。) 1. 根据顾客的不同需求,区别对待,采用不同的定价方式,属于下列哪种定价策略。( B ) A. 竞争导向的定价策略 B. 需求导向的定价策略 C. 利益导向的定价策略 D. 成本导向的定价策略 满分:2 分 2. 在项目投资决策的现金流量分析中使用的“营运成本”是指( B )。 A. 全部成本 B. 付现成本 C. 变动成本 D. 固定成本 满分:2 分 3. 下列项目中,不属于现金流出项目的是( D )。 A. 经营成本 B. 建设投资 C. 各项税款 D. 折旧费 满分:2 分 4. 现代管理会计的基本内容包括预测决策会计、业绩评价会计和( A )。 A. 规划控制会计 B. 成本会计 C. 内部会计 D. 外部会计 满分:2 分 5. 责任会计产生的主要原因是( A )的产生。

A. 分权管理 B. 集权管理 C. 跨国经营 D. 多元化经营 满分:2 分 6. 在长期投资决策的评价指标中,那个没考虑货币资金的时间价值( C )。 A. 内含报酬率 B. 净现值 C. 平均报酬率 D. 获利指数 满分:2 分 7. 经营预测的方法分为两大类,是指定量分析法和( B )。 A. 平均法 B. 定性分析法 C. 回归分析法 D. 指数平滑法 满分:2 分 8. 在其他因素不变的条件下,产品的单价越高,将导致保本点(B )。 A. 升高 B. 降低 C. 不变 D. 没影响 满分:2 分 9. 按照收入来源的性质不同,利润中心可以分为自然利润中心和( A )两类 A. 人为i利润中心

B. 独立利润中心 C. 投资性利润中心 D. 经营性利润中心 满分:2 分 10. 下列适用于销售波动较大的产品的预测方法的是( C )。 A. 算术平均法 B. 移动平均法 C. 移动加权平均法 D. 指数平滑法 满分:2 分 11. 制造成本和非制造成本是根据成本按其( B )分类的。 A. 应用情况 B. 经济用途 C. 与决策的关系 D. 发生可否加以控制 满分:2 分 12. ( B )要求在成本管理中,企业控制人员对控制标准以内的问题不需逐项过问,而是重 点关注异常的关键性问题。 A. 经济效益原则 B. 例外管理原则 C. 全面性原则 D. 权责利相结合原则 满分:2 分 13. 管理会计服务侧重于( D )。 A. 股东 B. 外部集团 C. 债权人

成本会计练习二

第二章成本核算要求、费用分类及成本核算一般程序 一、单项选择题 1.下列不属于支出的是()。 A.经营性支出 B.筹资支出 C.非经营性支出 D.偿债性支出 2.下列不属于未来成本的是()。 A.定额成本 B.计划成本 C.标准成本 D.实际成本 3.下列各项中不应计入产品成本的费用是()。 A.车间设备的修理费 B.职工的生活困难补助费 C.车间管理人员的工资 D.车间管理用房的折旧 4.下列各项中,不能或不便于直接计入产品成本的费用是()。 A.原材料 B.燃料及动力 C.生产工人薪酬 D.制造费用 5.下列各项中能直接计入产品成本的费用是()。 A.制造费用 B.直接人工 C.管理费用 D.销售费用 6.“直接人工”项目是指()。 A.全体职工的工资及福利费等 B.管理人员工资及福利费等 C.直接加工和制造产品的有关人员的工资及福利费等 D.销售机构人员的工资及福利费等 7.下列各项中属于费用按经济内容分类的项目是()。 A.原材料 B.燃料及动力 C.职工薪酬 D.制造费用 8.下列各项中属于生产费用按经济用途分类的项目是()。 A.直接人工 B.提取的职工薪酬 C.利息支出 D.外购材料

9.将生产费用分为直接费用和间接费用的分类标准是()。 A.按费用的经济内容 B.按生产费用计入产品成本的方法 C.按成本性态分类 D.按生产费用与产品的关系 二、多项选择题 1.为了加强成本审核、控制,正确、及时地计算成本,企业应做好的基础工作包括()。 A.做好定额的制定和修订工作 B.做好各项材料物资的计量、收发、领退和盘点工作 C.建立和健全原始记录 D.认真执行厂内计划价格的制定和修订工作 E.正确确定财产物资的计价和价值结转的方法 2.生产费用按与产品的关系可以分为()。 A.制造费用 B.直接费用 C.管理费用 D.间接费用 E 期间费用 3.制造费用包括企业生产单位为组织和管理生产所发生的()。 A.试验检验费 B.劳动保护费 C.季节性或修理期间的停工损失 D.生产车间机器设备折旧费 E.车间管理人员工资及福利费 4.下列税金不在管理费用中核算的有()。 A.增值税 B.营业税 C.印花税 D.城市维护建设税 E.车船使用税 5.费用按经济内容分类中的税金包括()。 A.土地使用税 B.消费税 C.印花税 D.房产税 E.车船使用税 6.下列各项中属于期间费用的有()。 A.销售费用 B.管理费用 C.财务费用 D.制造费用 E.折旧费用 7.下列各项中不能计入产品成本的费用有()。 A.车间设备的折旧费

管理会计案例分析

管理会计案例分析 集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)

管理会计案例分析 第三章变动成本法 例:一家化工厂为了保持其所有产品的市场方向,雇用了一些产品经理。这些经理在销售及生产的决策上都扮演很重要的角色。以下是一种大量生产的化学品的资料: 原材料及其他变动成本 60元/千克 固定制造费用每月 900000元 售价 100元/千克 10月份报告的销售量比9月份多出14000千克。因此,产品经理预料10月份的利润会比9月份的多,他估计会增长560000元。 但将9月份和10月份的财务结果互相比较,该产品10月份的利润竟然由9月份的340000元下降了100000元,只有240000元。 产品经理被这些差别困扰着,所有他找你帮忙。经过详细的研究后,你发现该公司采用完全成本计算系统:把固定制造费用根据生产数量每月按30000kg来分摊。所有分摊过低或过高的固定制造费用会在当月的损益表上调整。 9月份的期初存货为10000kg,生产为34000kg,而销售为22000kg。10月份的期末存货为12000kg。 要求:1、把该产品9月份及10月份的生产、销售及存货量列示出来。然后利用这些数字计算出题中所示的9月份和10月份利润。

2、解释100000元的利润减少和经理预期560000元的增加之间660000元的差别。 第四章本量利分析 例1、在一个小镇中有一个加油站,油站内设有一所卖报纸和杂货的商店,该商店在本地社区的销售每周达到3600元。除此之外,来买汽油的顾客也会光顾这商店。 经理估计,平均每100元花费在汽油上的车主便另花费20元在商店的货品上。在汽油销售量波动时,这比率仍维持不变。本地社区的销售与汽油的销售是独立的。 汽油的贡献边际率是18%,而货品的贡献边际率是25%。现行的汽油销售价是每升2.8元,而每周的销售量是16000升。 场地每周的固定成本是4500元,而每周工人薪金是固定的2600元。 经理非常关心将来的生意额。因为一个近期的公路发展计划将会夺去油站的生意,而汽油销售量是利润最敏感的因素。 要求:1、计算(1)现行每周的利润 (2)汽油销售的保本量 (3)如果汽油销售跌到8000升,会有多少利润(损失) 2、如果由于公路发展,汽油销售跌到8000升,但又想保持在1(1)部分的利润水平,假设成本没有改变,那么每升的汽油售价应该是多少 3、根据1、2的回答,以及案例中的资料,对加油站的前景提出建议。

管理会计试题及答案

管理会计学》模拟试题及参考答案 一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共20分) 1.在管理会计中,狭义相关范围是指( B )。 A.成本的变动范围。B.业务量的变动范围 C.时间的变动范围D.市场容量变动范围 2.下列各项中,能反映变动成本法局限性的说法是( D )。 A.导致企业盲目生产B.不利于成本控制 C.不利于短期决策D.不符合传统的成本观念 3.在变动成本法下,销售收入减变动成本等于(D )。 A.销售毛利B.税后利润 C.税前利润D.贡献边际 4.如果本期销售量比上期增加,其它条件不变,则可断定变动成本法计算的本期营业利润( B )。 A.一定等于上期B.一定大于上期 C.应当小于上期D.可能等于上期 5.在计算保本量和保利量时,有关公式的分母是( A )。 A.单位贡献边际B.贡献边际率 C.单位变动成本D.固定成本 6.在其它因素不变时,固定成本减少,保本点(B )。 A.升高B.降低 C.不变D.不一定变动 7.经营杠杆系数等于1 ,说明(A )。 A.固定成本等于0 B.固定成本大于0 C.固定成本小于0 D.与固定成本无关 8.已知上年利润为10万元,下一年经营杠杆系数为1.4,销售量变动率为15%,则下一年利润预测数为( C )。 A.14万B.15万C.12.1万D.12.5 9.在管理会计中,单一方案决策又称为( A )。 A.接受或拒绝方案决策B.互斥方案决策 C.排队方案决策D.组合方案决策 10.下列各项中,属于无关成本的是(A )。 A.沉没成本B.增量成本 C.机会成本D.专属成本 11.属于长期投资决策分析的方法是(A )。 A.净现值法B.贡献边际法 C.差别损益分析法D.边际贡献法 12.下列各项中,属于非折现指标的是(A )。 A.投资回收期法B.净现值法 C.内含报酬率法D.现值指数法

成本管理会计教学案例答案

成本管理会计教学案例 答案 Corporation standardization office #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8

实践环节 管理成本会计课程实验系财务会计与经济系 专业财务管理 班级一班 学号姓名 指导教师赵红莉

目录 案例一光大公司成本核算案例【包敏慧】 (1) 案例二胜利公司变动成本法与完全成本法比较案例【陈一斐】 (8) 案例三天成化工本量利分析案例【陈悦婷】 (14) 案例四北方制药厂全面预算管理案例【方莎】 (18) 案例五北方制药厂标准成本管理案例【傅艺佳】 (27) 案例六蓝鸟公司经营决策案例【何晓美】 (33) 上机报告 (37)

案例一光大公司成本核算案例 【案例资料】 光大公司生产的A产品,需要经过第一,第二和第三个基本生产步骤(车间),第一生产步骤完工产品为甲半成品,完工之后全部转入第二生产步骤继续加工。第二生产步骤完工产品为乙产品,完工之后全部转入第二生产步骤继续加工。第三生产步骤完工产品为A产品。生产A产品的原材料在第一生产步骤开始时一次投入,各个生产步骤的工资与费用的发生比较均衡,月末在产品完工程度都是50%。2013年6月有关成本计算资料如下: 生产数量如表1所示: 表一 光大公司生产数量资料 产品:A产品 2013年6月 (2)生产费用资料如表2所示: 表2 光大公司生产费用资料 产品:A 2013年6月

【案例要求】 根据资料采用逐步结转分步法(综合结转)计算A产品及其半成品成本(月末在产品成本采用约当产量法计算),编制结转完工产成品的会计分录,并登记下列产品生产明细表(见表1-1~1-3)。 对第三个生产步骤所生产的A产品总成本中的自制半成品进行成本还原,并填入表1-4。 【相关知识点概要】 1、逐步结转分步法:按产品生产步骤先后顺序,分步骤逐步计算并结转各步骤半成品成本,直到算出产成品成本。适用于大量大批多步骤生产企业,分为综合结转分步法和分项结转分步法。 综合结转分步法:指上一生产步骤的半成品成本转入下一生产步骤时,是以“半成品”或“直接材料”综合项目记入下一生产步骤成本计算单的方法。 综合结转分步法的分类: (1)半成品按实际成本综合结转采用这种方法结转时,“自制半成品”综合项目,在半成品全部从上步骤直接转入下步骤的条件下,就按本月上步骤完工半成品总成本登记,在半成品从上步骤不全部直接转入下步骤或通过半成品仓库收发的条件下,就要根据所耗半成品的数量乘以半成品的单位成本计算。库存半成品单位成本可以采用先进先出法、先出法以及加权平均法等方法确定。 (2)半成品按计划成本综合结转采用这种结转方法,自制半成品日常收发的明细核算均按计划成本计价,在半成品实际成本计算出来后,再以实际成本与计划成本对比,计算半成品成本差异额和差异率,调整领用半成品的计划成本。采用这种方法,自制半成品的“收入”、“发出”和“”栏以及从第二步骤开始的产品成本计算单中的“自制半成品”项目都设置了“计划成本”、“实际成本”和“成本差异”专栏。 3.逐步分项结转分步法与综合结转分步法的区别: (1)结转方式不同。逐步分项结转分步法是将各步骤所耗用的上一步骤半成品成本,按照成本项目分项转入各该步骤产品成本明细账的各个成本项目中。而综合结转分步法是将

成本会计的基本原理 成本会计习题及答案

第二章成本会计的基本原理 一、单项选择题 1. 生产性成本和服务性成本是成本按()的分类。 A.成本与特定对象关系 B.成本与业务量关系 C.经营目标不同 D.成本在经济工作中的作用 2.在采用分摊法分配间接成本时,所选择的分配标准应满足()原则。 A.合法性原则 B.权责发生制原则 C.一贯性原则 D.受益原则 3.成本分配方法中,其结果最准确的是()。 A.直接追溯法 B.动因追溯法 C.分摊法 D.配比法 4. 在编制损益表和资产负债表时,首先要区分()。 A.产品成本和期间成本 B.资本化成本与非资本化成本 C.变动成本固定成本 D.可计入存货的资本化成本和不可计入存货的资本化成本 5.成本会计的对象可以概括为()。 A.产品的生产成本 B.商品的采购成本 C.经营管理费用 D.各行业企业生产经营业务的成本和经营管理费用 6.在选择成本计算方法时,应遵循()原则。 A.成本—效益原则 B.历史成本原则 C.分期核算原则 D.权责发生制原则 7.洁云制造公司在第1年初预付三年的保险费3000元。其中75%是用于车间财产物资的保险,其余的用于企业管理部门财产物资的保险。第一年的保险费中应计入产品成本和期间成本的分别是()元。

产品成本期间成本 A. 750 250 B. 1500 500 C. 2250 750 D. 3000 0 8.洁云制造公司的直接人工占加工成本的30%。上年度发生的制造费用为49000元,直接材料成本为20000元。上年度发生的直接人工成本是()元。 9.下列表述中正确的是()。 A.差量成本仅包括变动成本 B.差量成本仅包括固定成本 C.差量成本既包括固定成本也包括变动成本 D.差量成本就是增量成本 10.下列各项中构成制造费用的是()。 A.所有的直接材料、直接人工和管理费用 B.除了直接人工之外的所有制造成本 C.除了直接材料和直接人工之外的所有的制造成本 D.所有的营销和管理费用 二、多项选择题 1.成本按与特定对象的关系可分为()。 A.变动成本 B.固定成本 C.直接成本 D.间接成本 E.混合成本 2.财务成本在企业中有多种多样的表现形式。在生产性企业中,财务成本还可进一步分为()。

企业成本管理会计试卷

企业成本管理会计试卷 The final edition was revised on December 14th, 2020.

全国2015年5月 企业成本管理会计试题 (课程代码:11751) 第一部分必答题 (本部分包括一、二、三题,共60分) 一、单项选择题(每小题1分,共5分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均不得分。 1.不考虑过去业务信息而进行的预算属于(D) A.固定预算 B.弹性预算 C.增量预算 D.零基预算 2.某企业的部分财务信息包括:本期销售收入460 000美元,期初存货48 000美元,本期购货280 000美元,期末存货60 000美元。该企业的存货周转天数为(B) 天天 天天 3.下列关于投资评价内部报酬率法的描述正确的是(C)。 A.不考虑货币时间价值 B.根据会计净收益计算 C.忽略投资规模 D.不以比率形式表示 4.某企业生产储藏盒,单位成本美元,完工产品40 000个,期末存货8 000个完工程度为40%,该企业的期末存货为(A) 680美元 B. 11 520美元 200美元 D. 38 400美元 5.下列反映直接材料价格差异的描述正确的是(A)

A. 实际成本-实际耗用量×标准价格 B. 实际成本-标准耗用量×标准价格 C. 实际产量×(实际单位成本-标准单位成本) D. 预算产量×(实际单位成本-标准单位成本) 二、简答题(每小题5分,共15分) 6.说明安全边际的含义及其对管理决策的意义。 含义: 安全边际是指预计销售收入与损益平衡点销售额之差; 可以表示为销售量、预计销售量的百分比或预计销售收入的 百分比。 意义: 安全边际意味着企业在发生亏损之前,销售收入可以下降 的程度。 7.解释缺货成本的含义以及包括的内容。 含义: 缺货成本是指企业存货耗尽而发生的成本。 内容: 企业销售量受到损失而发生的成本; 不得不紧急订货以补充存货而发生的成本; 生产停工损失,例如机器不得不进行额外维护的成本; 工人停工带来的成本; 企业声誉和形象受损所带来的成本。 8.解释战略信息和战术信息的含义并举例说明。

沃尔玛管理会计案例

中华女子学院2014——2015学年第2学期《成本管理会计模拟实验》课程论文 论文题目沃尔玛管理会计案例 课程代码 1050042002 课程名称成本管理会计模拟实验 学号 120301032 120301033 姓名张小雨蔡素烟 院系管理学院 专业会计学 考试时间 2015年6月23日 考试成绩

沃尔玛管理会计案例 沃尔玛成立于1962年。出身草根,白手起家,没有高科技外衣,没有高端战略,只是以特有的企业文化、企业精神和突出的“低成本”战略,成为零售业的龙头老大。沃尔玛主要涉足零售业,是世界上雇员最多的企业,连续三年在美国《财富》杂志世界500强企业中居首位。 而对比中国的零售老大---华联发现,华联需要走的路还很长。2003 年华联超市国内加盟店总数达到 1100 家,是沃尔玛的 24% 左右。但是,华联超市的销售收入、净利润和每股收益分别仅为沃尔玛的 0.2% 、 0.09% 和 2.67% 。2003 年沃尔玛的毛利率为 21.55% ,比华联超市 15.53% 的毛利率高出 6 个百分点。 2003 年沃尔玛的净资产是华联超市的 881 倍,但是,其净资产增长速度仍然超过 12% 。下列各表列举近3年的部分数据、流动比率、销售净利润率。 表1 沃尔玛2013年至2015年部分数据表单位:百万美元 表2 华联2013年至2015年部分数据表单位:万元

表3 沃尔玛、华联2013年—2015年的主要财务指标 除了华联,沃尔玛对于另一劲敌---家乐福,仍处于领先地位。2014年,沃尔玛在500强排名首位,而家乐福排名39名。截取其中某种数据可发现:家乐福(2010年)全年总收入为926.85亿欧元(不含汽油业务);2009年为873.79亿欧元;沃尔玛 (2010年)全年总收入为2953.26亿欧元;2009年为2924.16亿欧元;近5年平均毛利率:率家乐福:21.16%、沃尔玛:23.95%。 而为什么沃尔玛能够在零售业称霸?这主要归功于沃尔玛独具特色的“低成本”战略和企业文化。 (1)沃尔玛的一个经理一语道破了其中的天机,她说其实采购、办公、差旅、人力资源省下的成本永远只是小头,而运营和物流费用才是最大的一块。(2)沃尔玛三大特色:天天低价、物流配送、增值服务。天天低价源于成功的成本控制。在沃尔玛有五项竞争能力,最为核心的是成本控制能力,其他的业态创新能力、快速扩张能力、财务运作能力和营销管理能力,都是围绕着成本控制能力来运行的,这五个能力最终都在不同的方面节省了沃尔玛的整个运营成本,都是为运营成本服务的,为竞争优势服务的;成本控制的另一优点:物流配送。沃尔玛的配送中心在全球建立了62个,为450多家店铺进行配送,配送半径最远为500公里。沃尔玛大约80个店铺需要建立一个配送中心,10万平方米的店铺面积一般有1万平方米左右的配送中心,配送中心有6个,比如有服装的配送中心、进口商品的配送中心、退货的配送中心等;沃尔玛的增值服务已经成为企业的一种文化,沃尔玛的员工对顾客提倡的是忠于顾客。忠于顾客的内涵就是提供有价值的商品给顾客,忠于顾客的外延就是实行天天低价,为顾客节省每一分钱。 (3)沃尔玛的“吝啬”与“慷慨” 虽然可能对沃尔玛的节俭有所耳闻,但是你所见到的绝对会超乎你的想象。

成本管理会计课后习题答案

第四章 习题二:练习产品成本计算的分批法 (1)本月人工费用分配率=18700÷(1240+1660+500)=5.5 #101:1240×5.5=6820 #201:1660×5.5=9130 #301:500×5.5=2750 本月制造费用分配率=20400÷(1240+1660+500)=6 #101:1240×6=7440 #201:1660×6=9960 #301:500×6=3000 (2)101#产品成本=8台成本+12台成本=8台计划成本+(1月份投入成本+2月份投入成本-8台计划成本+3月份投入成本)=(1月份成本+2月份成本+3月份成本)=12000+38000+2200+8800+1980+6020+20000+6820+7440=103260 101产品单位成本=103260÷20=5163 本月完工12台成本=1月份投入成本+2月份投入成本-8台计划成本+3月份投入成本=103260-27600-7100-6160=62400元 201#完工产品成本=(9300+1060+1100+15000+9130+9960)=45550 单位成本=45550÷30=1518.3 (3)借:库存商品——A产品62400 ——B产品45550 贷:生产成本——基本生产成本107950 习题三成本计算的简化分批法 采用简化分批法,要累积三个数字:累积制造费用、累积每个批次产品的总工时、累积全部批次的总工时,要注意简化分批法只和分配间接费用有关系 1、直接材料成本的分配 (1)701七月份投产,八月全部完工,原材料成本=12400+10600=23000元 (2)702原材料成本七月投入30800元,一次性投入,完工3件的成本=30800元÷8件×3件=11550元 (3)703投入原材料25000元 2、累积工时的计算 701累积工时=1020+1780=2800 702累积工时=4140+5560=9700 703累积工时=1200 各批次累积生产工时=2800+9700+1200=13700小时 3、直接人工的分配 累积工资薪酬=24800+36850=61650元 工资薪酬的累积分配率=61650÷13700=4.5元/小时 701应负担工资薪酬=2800×4.5= 12600元 702完工的3件产品应负担工资薪酬=6800×4.5= 30600元 703未完工,不计算 4、制造费用的分配 累积工资薪酬=27920+48800=76720元

成本会计第一章、第二章练习题

第一章 判断题: 1.从理论上讲,商品价值中的补偿部分,就是商品的理论成本。 2.成本的经济实质,是企业在生产经营过程中所耗费的资金的总和。 3.在实际工作中,确定成本的开支范围应以成本的经济实质为理论依据。 4.总括地讲,成本会计的对象就是产品的生产成本。 5.提供有关预测未来经济活动的成本信息资料,是成本会计监督职能的一种发展。 6.以已经发生的各项费用为依据,为经济管理提供真实的、可以验证的成本信息资料,是成本会计反映职能的基本方面。 7.成本会计的监督职能,就是通过对实际成本信息资料进行检查和分析,来评价、考核有关经济活动。 8.成本会计的监督,包括事前、事中和事后的监督。 9.成本会计的任务,包括成本的预测、决策、计划、核算、控制、考核和分析。 10.成本预测和计划是成本会计最基本的任务。 11.企业主要应根据外部有关方面的需要来组织成本会计工作。 单项选择题 1.()构成商品的理论成本。 A.已耗费的生产资料转移的价值 B.劳动者为自己劳动所创造的价值 C.劳动者为社会劳动所创造的价值 D.已耗费的生产资料转移的价值和劳动者为自己劳动所创造的价值 2.成本的经济实质是()。 A.生产经营过程中所耗费生产资料转移价值的货币表现 B.劳动者为自己劳动所创造价值的货币表现 C.劳动者为社会劳动所创造价值的货币表现 D.企业在生产经营过程中所耗费的资金的总和 3.一般来说,实际工作中的成本开支范围与理论成本包括的内容()。 A.是有一定差别的 B.是相互一致的 C.是不相关的 D.是可以相互替代的 4.从现行行业企业会计制度的有关规定出发,成本会计的对象是()。 A.各项期间费用的支出及归集过程 B.产品生产成本的形成过程 C.诸会计要素的增减变动 D.企业生产经营过程中发生的生产经营业务成本和期间费用 5.成本会计的首要职能是()。 A.反映的职能 B.反映和监督的职能

《成本管理会计》期末试题

成本管理会计期末试题 一、单选题 (每题 2分,共 10 分) 1、成本还原的对象是 ( B )。 A.产成品成本 B ?各步骤所耗上一步骤半产品的综合成本 C.最后步骤的产成品成本 D .各步骤半成品成本 5、某企业只生产一种产品,单位变动成本为 36 元,固定成本总额为 4000元, 产品售价 为 56 元,要使安全边际率达到 50%,该企业的销售总量应达到 ( B ) 件 A.400 B.222 C.143 D.500 二、多选题 (每题 4分,共 20 分) 1、 在制定标准成本时,根据所要求达到的效率的不同, 所采取的标准有( BDE ) A.理想标准成本 B .正常标准成本 C .现实标准成本 D.定额成本 E .历史成本 2、 构成直接材料成本差异的基本因数有( AB ) A.效率差异 B .时间差异 C.用量差异 D .价格差异 3、 企业拥有若干辅助生产车间时,企业辅助生产费用的分配方法主要有以 下几种:( AB ) A.间接分配法 B .直接分配法 C ?交互分配法 D .代数分配法 4、 完工产品与在产品之间分配费用的方法有( AB ) A.约当产量比例法 B .交互分配法 C ?按年初数固定成本计价法 D .定额比例法 5、 为实现目标利润可以采取如下措施( ABCDE ) A.提高单价 B .降低单位变动成本 C .增加销售量 2、 不在“废品损失”科目核算的内容是 A.修复废品人员的工资 C .实行“三包”损失 3、 假设每个质检员最多检验 加一名质检 员, 而且是在产量 检员的工资成本就属 于( A.半变动成本 C.延伸变动成本 4、 作业消耗一定的 A.成本 B D .时间 B. C ) 修复废品耗用的材料 不可修复废品的净损失 D. 500 件产品,也就是说产量每增加 500件就必须增 旦突破 500件的倍数时就必须增加。 那么,该质 ) .半固定成本 .变动成本 ) C .费用 D .资源

福师《成本管理会计》在线作业答案

一、单选题(共 20 道试题,共 40 分。) 1. 逐步结转分步法,按照半成品成本在下一步骤成本明细账中的反映方法,可分为( ) A. 综合结转法和平行结转法 B. 平行结转法和分项结转法 C. 综合结转法和分项结转法 D. 实际成本结转法和计划成本结转法 2. 混合成本的成本模型为y=a+bx,其中a表示( ) A. 固定成本部分 B. 总成本额 C. 单位变动成本 D. 变动成本部分 3. 若销售利润率为20%,变动成本率为40%,则安全边际率应为( ) A. 33.33% B. 35% C. 12% D. 18% 4. 区别产品成本计算方法的最主要标志是( ) A. 产品成本计算对象 B. 产品成本计算期 C. 完工产品与在产品之间的费用分配 D. 要素费用的归集与分配 5. 由于变动成本法可以提供创利额的资料,因此它有利于正确地进行( ) A. 价格决策 B. 长期决策

C. 有关短期决策 D. 长、短期决策 6. 在影响利润变动的各因素中,一般情况下,以下列哪种的敏感性最大( ) A. 单位变动成本 B. 销量 C. 单价 D. 固定成本总额 7. 企业为筹集资金而发生(支付)的手续费等,应借记( ) A. “制造费用”科目 B. “财务费用”科目 C. “管理费用”科目 D. “销售费用”科目 8. 作业成本计算法把企业看成是为最终满足顾客需要而设计的一系列( ) A. 契约的集合 B. 作业的集合 C. 产品的集合 D. 生产线的集合 9. 按照产品批别计算产品成本,往往就是按照下列哪种计算产品成本( ) A. 订单 B. 品种 C. 车间 D. 生产工艺过程 10. 以下哪个是负责完成某一项特定产品制造功能的一系列作业的集合( ) A. 作业中心

成本会计课后题

第一章 1.如何理解成本的内涵 在生产经营过程中所耗费的生产资料转移的价值和劳动者为自己劳动所创造的价值的货币表现,也就是企业在生产经营中所耗费的资金总和。 2.试述理论成本与实际工作中所应用到的成本概念的联系和区别。 联系:理论成本是指导我们进行成本会计研究的指南,是实际工作中制定成本开支范围,考虑劳动耗费的价值补偿尺度的重要理论依据。 区别:(1)在实际工作中,成本的开支范围是由国家通过有关法规制度加以界定的。(2)上述一题的成本的概念是就企业生产经营过程中所发生的全部耗费而言的,即是一个“全部成本”的概念,在实际生活中,是将其全部对象化,从而计算产品的全部成本,还是将其按一定的标准分类,部分计入产品成本,部分计入期间费用,则取决于成本核算制度。 3.试述成本会计演进发展的历程和成本会计的学科定位P4~7 成本会计演进发展的历程请看书并理解 学科定位:早期隶属于财务会计体系。现代成本会计是会计总体框架下的一部分总体相对独立的内容,既服务于财务会计,又服务于管理会计,而且有越来越偏重于管理会计的趋势。 4.试述成本会计的职能和任务 职能:反映职能和监督职能 反映职能就是从价值补偿的角度出发,反映生产经营中各种费用的支出,以及生产经营业务成本和期间费用等的形成情况,为经营管理提供各种成本信息的功能。 监督职能就是按照一定的目的和要求,通过控制,调节,指导和考核等,监督各项生产经营耗费的合理性,合法性和有效性,以达到预期的成本管理目标的功能。 任务: ①进行成本预测,参与经营决策,编制成本计划,为企业有计划地进行成本管理提供基本依据 ②严格审核和控制各项费用支出,努力节约开支,不断降低成本

成本管理会计期中考试试题与答案

成本管理会计期中考试试题与答案广西财经学院2009——2010 学年第 2 学期 《成本管理会计》课程期中考试试卷 适用班级:08 东盟会计班 一、单项选择题(本题型共 20 题,每题 1 分,共 20 分。每题正确答案只有一个,请从备 选答案中选出正确的答案。) 1.所谓理论成本,就是按照马克思的价值学说计算的成本,它主要包括(D): A.已耗费有生产资料转移的价值 B.劳动者为自己劳动所创造的价值 C.劳动者为社会劳动所创造的价值 D.已耗费的生产资料转移的价值和劳动者为自己劳动所创造的价值 2.成本管理会计的对象是(D): A.各项期间费用的支出及归集过程 B.产品生产成本的形成过程 C.诸会计要素的增减变动 D.各行业企业经营业务的成本和有关的经营管理费用 3.某企业每月固定成本 2,000 元,单价 20 元,计划销售产品 500 件,欲实现目标利 润 1,000 元, 其单位变动成本为( C )元。 A. 12 B. 13 C. 14 D. 15 4.巳知某产品的单位变动成本为 10 元,固定成本为 15000 元,销售量为 5000 件,目标利润为 5000 元,则实现目标利润的单价为( D ) A.6 元 B.11 元 C.13 元 D.14 元 5. .在盈亏临界图中,盈亏临界点把正常销售分为两部分,即( B) A.边际贡献和变动成本 B.盈亏临界点销售量(额)和安全边际 C.安全边际和变动成本 D.销售收入和总成本 6. 企业去年生产某亏损产品的贡献毛益 3000 元,固定成本是 1000 元,假定今年其他条件不变,但生产该产品的设备可对外出租,一年的增加收入为(B)元时,应停产该种产 品。 A.2001 B.3100 C.1999 D.2900 7. 某企业现有生产能力为 10000 机器小时,目前状况生产能力只利用了 60%,固定成本总额为 30000 元,现准备利用剩余生产能力开发甲产品或乙产品,则对当前决策而言,30 000 元固定成本属于(C) A.相关成本 B.重置成本 C.无关成本 D.沉没成本 8.企业经营业务预算的基础是(C)。 A.生产预算 B.现金预算 C.销售预算 D.成本预算 9.根据预算期内正常的可能实现的某一业务活动而编制的预算是(D)。 A.零基预算 B.滚动预算 C.弹性预算 D.固定预算 10.预算在执行过程中自动延伸,使预算期永远保持在一年的预算成为(B)。 A.固定预算 B.滚动预算 C.弹性预算 D.概率预算 11.为了克服固定预算的缺陷,可采用的方法是(C)。 A.定期预算 B.滚动预算 C.弹性预算 D.增量预算 12.为区别传统的增量预算可采用的方法是(A)。 A.零基预算 B.滚动预算 C.定期预算 D.固定预算 13 分配辅助生产费用时,不考虑辅助生产车间之间相互提供劳务的方法是(C)。 A、代数分配法 B、交互分配法 C、直接分配法 D、按计划成本分配法 14.采用辅助生产费用分配的交互分配法,对外分配的费用总额是(D)。

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档