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BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS TEST(细菌内毒素检验)USP40

ment can be a serious source of bias. In general, the rejection of measurements solely on the basis of their relative magnitudes

is a procedure that should be used sparingly.

Each suspected potency measurement, or outlier, may be tested against the following criterion. This criterion is based on the variation within a single group of supposedly equivalent measurements from a normal distribution. On average, it will reject a valid observation once in 25 trials or once in 50 trials. Designate the measurements in order of magnitude from y

to y

, where

is the candidate outlier, and N is the number of measurements in the group. Compute the relative gap by using Table A2-1, Test for Outlier Measurements, and the formulas below:

When N = 3 to 7:

= (y

? y

)/(y

? y

)

When N = 8 to 10:

= (y

? y

)/(y

N ? 1

? y

)

When N = 11 to 13:

= (y

? y

)/(y

N ?1

? y

)

If G

, G

, or G

, as appropriate, exceeds the critical value in Table A2-1, Test for Outlier Measurements, for the observed N, there is a statistical basis for omitting the outlier measurement(s).

Table A2-1. Test for Outlier Measurements

In samples from a normal population, gaps equal to or larger than the following values of G1, G2, and G3 occur with a probability P = 0.01, when outlier measurements can occur only at one end; or with P = 0.02, when they may occur at either end.

N34567

G10.9870.8890.7810.6980.637

N8910

G20.6810.6340.597

N111213

G30.6740.6430.617

EXAMPLE

Estimated potencies of sample in log scale = 1.561, 1.444, 1.517, 1.535.

Check lowest potency for outlier:

= (1.517 ? 1.444)/(1.561 ? 1.444) = 0.624<0.889

Therefore 1.444 is not an outlier.

Check highest potency for outlier:

= (1.561 ? 1.535)/(1.561 ? 1.444) = 0.222<0.889

Therefore 1.561 is not an outlier.

Outlier potencies should be marked as outlier values and excluded from the assay calculations. NMT one potency can be excluded as an outlier.

á85? BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS TEST

?Portions of this general chapter have been harmonized with the corresponding texts of the European Pharmacopoeia and/or the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Those portions that are not harmonized are marked with symbols (?

) to specify this fact.

The Bacterial Endotoxins Test (BET) is a test to detect or quantify endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria using amoebo-cyte lysate from the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus or Tachypleus tridentatus).

There are three techniques for this test: the gel-clot technique, which is based on gel formation; the turbidimetric technique, based on the development of turbidity after cleavage of an endogenous substrate; and the chromogenic technique, based on the development of color after cleavage of a synthetic peptide-chromogen complex. Proceed by any of the three techniques for the test. In the event of doubt or dispute, the final decision is made based upon the gel-clot limit test unless otherwise USP 40Biological Tests / á85? Bacterial Endotoxins Test 163

indicated in the monograph for the product being tested. The test is carried out in a manner that avoids endotoxin contami-nation.

APPARATUS

Depyrogenate all glassware and other heat-stable materials in a hot air oven using a validated process.?1

? A commonly used minimum time and temperature is 30 min at 250°. If employing plastic apparatus, such as microplates and pipet tips for auto-matic pipetters, use apparatus that is shown to be free of detectable endotoxin and does not interfere in the test. [NOTE —In this chapter, the term “tube” includes any other receptacle such as a microtiter well.]

REAGENTS AND TEST SOLUTIONS

Amoebocyte Lysate

A lyophilized product obtained from the lysate of amoebocytes (white blood cells) from the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphe-mus or Tachypleus tridentatus ). This reagent refers only to a product manufactured in accordance with the regulations of the competent authority. [NOTE —Amoebocyte Lysate reacts to some b -glucans in addition to endotoxins. Amoebocyte Lysate prepa-rations that do not react to glucans are available: they are prepared by removing the G factor reacting to glucans from Amoe-bocyte Lysate or by inhibiting the G factor reacting system of Amoebocyte Lysate and may be used for endotoxin testing in the presence of glucans.]

Water for Bacterial Endotoxins Test (BET)

Use Water for Injection or water produced by other procedures that shows no reaction with the lysate employed, at the de-

tection limit of the reagent.

Lysate TS

Dissolve Amoebocyte Lysate in Water for BET , or in a buffer recommended by the lysate manufacturer, by gentle stirring.Store the reconstituted lysate, refrigerated or frozen, according to the specifications of the manufacturer.

PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS

Standard Endotoxin Stock Solution

A Standard Endotoxin Stock Solution is prepared from a USP Endotoxin Reference Standard that has been calibrated to the current WHO International Standard for Endotoxin. Follow the specifications in the package leaflet and on the label for prepa-ration and storage of the Standard Endotoxin Stock Solution . Endotoxin is expressed in Endotoxin Units (EU). [N OTE —One USP Endotoxin Unit (EU) is equal to one International Unit (IU) of endotoxin.]

Standard Endotoxin Solutions

After mixing the Standard Endotoxin Stock Solution vigorously, prepare appropriate serial dilutions of Standard Endotoxin Solu-tion , using Water for BET . Use dilutions as soon as possible to avoid loss of activity by adsorption.

Sample Solutions

Prepare the Sample Solutions by dissolving or diluting drugs using Water for BET . Some substances or preparations may be more appropriately dissolved, or diluted in other aqueous solutions. If necessary, adjust the pH of the solution to be examined (or dilution thereof) so that the pH of the mixture of the lysate and Sample Solution falls within the pH range specified by the lysate manufacturer, usually 6.0–8.0. The pH may be adjusted by use of an acid, base, or suitable buffer as recommended by the lysate manufacturer. Acids and bases may be prepared from concentrates or solids with Water for BET in containers free of detectable endotoxin. Buffers must be validated to be free of detectable endotoxin and interfering factors.

?1 For a validity test of the procedure for inactivating endotoxins, see Dry-Heat Sterilization under Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles á1211?.Use Lysate TS having a sensitivity of not less than 0.15 Endotoxin Unit per mL.

164 á85? Bacterial Endotoxins Test / Biological Tests USP 40

DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM VALID DILUTION (MVD)

The maximum valid dilution is the maximum allowable dilution of a specimen at which the endotoxin limit can be deter-mined. Determine the MVD from the following equation:

MVD = (endotoxin limit × concentration of Sample Solution)/(l)

Endotoxin Limit

The endotoxin limit for parenteral drugs, defined on the basis of dose, equals K/M?2

, where K is a threshold pyrogenic dose of endotoxin per kg of body weight, and M is equal to the maximum recommended bolus dose of product per kg of body weight. When the product is to be injected at frequent intervals or infused continuously, M is the maximum total dose admin-istered in a single hour period. The endotoxin limit for parenteral drugs is specified in the individual monograph in units such as EU/mL, EU/mg, EU/Unit of biological activity, etc.

Concentration of Sample Solution

mg/mL: in the case of endotoxin limit specified by weight (EU/mg);

Units/mL: in the case of endotoxin limit specified by unit of biological activity (EU/Unit);

mL/mL: when the endotoxin limit is specified by volume (EU/mL).

l: the labeled sensitivity in the Gel-Clot Technique (EU/mL) or the lowest concentration used in the standard curve for the Turbidimetric Technique or Chromogenic Technique.

GEL-CLOT TECHNIQUE

The gel-clot technique is used for detecting or quantifying endotoxins based on clotting of the lysate reagent in the pres-ence of endotoxin. The minimum concentration of endotoxin required to cause the lysate to clot under standard conditions is the labeled sensitivity of the lysate reagent. To ensure both the precision and validity of the test, perform the tests for confirm-ing the labeled lysate sensitivity and for interfering factors as described in Preparatory Testing, immediately below.

Preparatory Testing

TEST FOR CONFIRMATION OF LABELED LYSATE SENSITIVITY

Confirm in four replicates the labeled sensitivity, l, expressed in EU/mL of the lysate prior to use in the test. The test for confirmation of lysate sensitivity is to be carried out when a new batch of lysate is used or when there is any change in the test conditions that may affect the outcome of the test. Prepare standard solutions having at least four concentrations equivalent to 2l, l, 0.5l, and 0.25l by diluting the USP Endotoxin RS with Water for BET.

Mix a volume of the Lysate TS with an equal volume (such as 0.1-mL aliquots) of one of the Standard Endotoxin Solutions in each test tube. When single test vials or ampuls containing lyophilized lysate are used, add solutions directly to the vial or am-pul. Incubate the reaction mixture for a constant period according to the directions of the lysate manufacturer (usually at

37±1° for 60±2 min), avoiding vibration. To test the integrity of the gel, take each tube in turn directly from the incubator, and invert it through about 180° in one smooth motion. If a firm gel has formed that remains in place upon inversion, record the result as positive. A result is negative if an intact gel is not formed. The test is considered valid when the lowest concentra-tion of the standard solutions shows a negative result in all replicate tests.

The endpoint is the smallest concentration in the series of decreasing concentrations of standard endotoxin that clots the lysate. Determine the geometric mean endpoint by calculating the mean of the logarithms of the endpoint concentrations of the four replicate series and then taking the antilogarithm of the mean value, as indicated in the following formula:

geometric mean endpoint concentration = antilog (S e/f)

where S e is the sum of the log endpoint concentrations of the dilution series used, and f is the number of replicate test tubes. The geometric mean endpoint concentration is the measured sensitivity of the lysate (in EU/mL). If this is not less than 0.5l and not more than 2l, the labeled sensitivity is confirmed and is used in tests performed with this lysate.

?2K is 5 USP-EU/kg of body weight for any route of administration other than intrathecal (for which K is 0.2 USP-EU/kg of body weight). For radiopharmaceutical products not administered intrathecally, the endotoxin limit is calculated as 175 EU/V, where V is the maximum recommended dose in mL. For intrathecally ad-ministered radiopharmaceuticals, the endotoxin limit is obtained by the formula 14 EU/V. For formulations (usually anticancer products) administered on a per square meter of body surface, the formula is K/M, where K = 100 EU/m2 and M is the maximum dose/m2.

USP 40Biological Tests / á85? Bacterial Endotoxins Test 165

TEST FOR INTERFERING FACTORS

Usually prepare solutions (A–D) as shown in Table 1, and perform the inhibition/enhancement test on the Sample Solutions at a dilution less than the MVD, not containing any detectable endotoxins, operating as described for Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity . The geometric mean endpoint concentrations of Solutions B and C are determined using the formula described in the Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity . The test for interfering factors must be repeated when any condition changes that is likely to influence the result of the test.Table 1. Preparation of Solutions for the Inhibition/Enhancement Test for Gel-Clot Techniques

Solution Endotoxin Concentration/Solution to Which Endotoxin Is Added Diluent Dilution Factor Endotoxin Concentration Number

Replicates A a None/Sample Solution ———4B b 2l /Sample Solution Sample Solution 12l 4 21l 4 40.5l 4 80.25l 4C c 2l /Water for BET Water for BET 12l 2 21l 2

40.5l 2

80.25l 2

D d None/Water for BET ———2a Solution A : A Sample Solution of the preparation under test that is free of detectable endotoxins.

Solution B : Test for interference.c Solution C : Control for labeled lysate sensitivity.

Solution D : Negative control of Water for BET

The test is considered valid when all replicates of Solutions A and D show no reaction and the result of Solution C confirms

the labeled sensitivity.

If the sensitivity of the lysate determined in the presence of Solution B is not less than 0.5l and not greater than 2l , the

Sample Solution does not contain factors that interfere under the experimental conditions used. Otherwise, the Sample Solution to be examined interferes with the test.

If the sample under test does not comply with the test at a dilution less than the MVD, repeat the test using a greater dilu-tion, not exceeding the MVD. The use of a more sensitive lysate permits a greater dilution of the sample to be examined, and this may contribute to the elimination of interference.

Interference may be overcome by suitable treatment such as filtration, neutralization, dialysis, or heating. To establish that the chosen treatment effectively eliminates interference without loss of endotoxins, perform the assay described above using the preparation to be examined to which Standard Endotoxin has been added and which has then been submitted to the chosen treatment.

Limit Test

PROCEDURE

Prepare Solutions A, B, C, and D as shown in Table 2, and perform the test on these solutions following the procedure above for Preparatory Testing , Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity .

Table 2. Preparation of Solutions for the Gel-Clot Limit Test

Solution *Endotoxin Concentration/

Solution to Which

Endotoxin Is Added Number of Replicates

A None/Diluted Sample Solution 2

B 2l /Diluted Sample Solution 2

C 2l /Water for BET 2

D None/Water for BET 2

* Prepare Solution A and the positive product control Solution B using a dilution not greater than the MVD and treatments as described for the Test for Interfering Factors in Preparatory Testing . The positive control Solutions B and C contain the Standard Endotoxin Solution at a concentration corresponding to twice the la-beled lysate sensitivity. The negative control Solution D consists of Water for BET.

166 á85? Bacterial Endotoxins Test / Biological Tests USP 40

INTERPRETATION

The test is considered valid when both replicates of Solutions B and C are positive and those of Solution D are negative. When a negative result is found for both replicates of Solution A, the preparation under test complies with the test. When a positive result is found for both replicates of Solution A, the preparation under test does not comply with the test.

When a positive result is found for one replicate of Solution A and a negative result is found for the other, repeat the test. In the repeat test, the preparation under test complies with the test if a negative result is found for both replicates of Solution A. The preparation does not comply with the test if a positive result is found for one or both replicates of Solution A. However, if the preparation does not comply with the test at a dilution less than the MVD, the test may be repeated using a greater dilu-tion, not exceeding the MVD.

Quantitative Test

PROCEDURE

The test quantifies bacterial endotoxins in Sample Solutions by titration to an endpoint. Prepare Solutions A, B, C, and D as shown in Table 3, and test these solutions by following the procedure in Preparatory Testing, Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity.

Table 3. Preparation of Solutions for the Gel-Clot Assay

Solution

Endotoxin Concentration/

Solution to Which Endotoxin

Is Added Diluent

Dilution

Factor

Endotoxin

Concentration

Number

Replicates

A a None/Sample Solution Water for BET1—2

2—2

4—2

8—2

B b2l/Sample Solution—12

C c2l/Water for BET Water for BET12l2

21l2

40.5l2

80.25l2

D d None/Water for BET———2

a Solution A: Sample Solution under test at the dilution, not to exceed the MVD, with which the Test for Interfering Factors was completed. Subsequent dilution of the Sample Solution must not exceed the MVD. Use Water for BET to make a dilution series of four tubes containing the Sample Solution under test at concentra-tions of 1, 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 relative to the concentration used in the Test for Interfering Factors. Other dilutions up to the MVD may be used as appropriate.

b Solution B: Solution A containing standard endotoxin at a concentration of 2l (positive product control).

c Solution C: Two replicates of four tubes of Water for BET containing the standar

d endotoxin at concentrations of 2l, l, 0.5l, and 0.25l, respectively.

d Solution D: Water for BET (negativ

e control).

CALCULATION AND INTERPRETATION

The test is considered valid when the following three conditions are met: (1) Both replicates of negative control Solution D are negative; (2) Both replicates of positive product control Solution B are positive; and (3) The geometric mean endpoint con-centration of Solution C is in the range of 0.5l to 2l.

To determine the endotoxin concentration of Solution A, calculate the endpoint concentration for each replicate by multiply-ing each endpoint dilution factor by l. The endotoxin concentration in the Sample Solution is the endpoint concentration of the replicates. If the test is conducted with a diluted Sample Solution, calculate the concentration of endotoxin in the original Sample Solution by multiplying by the dilution factor. If none of the dilutions of the Sample Solution is positive in a valid assay, report the endotoxin concentration as less than l (if the diluted sample was tested, report as less than l times the lowest dilu-tion factor of the sample). If all dilutions are positive, the endotoxin concentration is reported as equal to or greater than the greatest dilution factor multiplied by l (e.g., initial dilution factor times eight times l in Table 3).

The preparation under test meets the requirements of the test if the concentration of endotoxin in both replicates is less than that specified in the individual monograph.

USP 40Biological Tests / á85? Bacterial Endotoxins Test 167

PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES

Turbidimetric Technique

This technique is a photometric assay measuring increases in reactant turbidity. On the basis of the particular assay principle employed, this technique may be classified as either an endpoint-turbidimetric assay or a kinetic-turbidimetric assay. The end-point-turbidimetric assay is based on the quantitative relationship between the concentration of endotoxins and the turbidity (absorbance or transmission) of the reaction mixture at the end of an incubation period. The kinetic-turbidimetric assay is a method to measure either the time (onset time) needed to reach a predetermined absorbance or transmission of the reaction mixture, or the rate of turbidity development. The test is carried out at the incubation temperature recommended by the ly-sate manufacturer (which is usually 37±1°).

Chromogenic Technique

This technique is an assay to measure the chromophore released from a suitable chromogenic peptide by the reaction of endotoxins with lysate. On the basis of the particular assay principle employed, this technique may be classified as either an endpoint-chromogenic assay or a kinetic-chromogenic assay. The endpoint-chromogenic assay is based on the quantitative re-lationship between the concentration of endotoxins and the release of chromophore at the end of an incubation period. The kinetic-chromogenic assay is a method to measure either the time (onset time) needed to reach a predetermined absorbance of the reaction mixture, or the rate of color development. The test is carried out at the incubation temperature recommended

by the lysate manufacturer (which is usually 37±1°).

Preparatory Testing To assure the precision or validity of the turbidimetric and chromogenic techniques, preparatory tests are conducted to veri-

fy that the criteria for the standard curve are valid and that the sample solution does not interfere with the test. Validation for the test method is required when conditions that are likely to influence the test result change.

ASSURANCE OF CRITERIA FOR THE STANDARD CURVE

The test must be carried out for each lot of lysate reagent. Using the Standard Endotoxin Solution, prepare at least three en-dotoxin concentrations within the range indicated by the lysate manufacturer to generate the standard curve. Perform the as-say using at least three replicates of each standard endotoxin concentration according to the manufacturer's instructions for the lysate (volume ratios, incubation time, temperature, pH, etc.). If the desired range is greater than two logs in the kinetic methods, additional standards should be included to bracket each log increase in the range of the standard curve. The abso-lute value of the correlation coefficient, r , must be greater than or equal to 0.980 for the range of endotoxin concentrations set up.

TEST FOR INTERFERING FACTORS

Select an endotoxin concentration at or near the middle of the endotoxin standard curve. Prepare Solutions A, B, C, and D as shown in Table 4. Perform the test on Solutions A, B, C, and D at least in duplicate, according to the instructions for the lysate employed, for example, concerning volume of Sample Solution and Lysate TS, volume ratio of Sample Solution to Lysate TS,incubation time, etc.Table 4. Preparation of Solutions for the Inhibition/Enhancement Test for Photometric Techniques

Solution

Endotoxin Concentration Solution to Which

Endotoxin Is Added Number of Replicates A a None Sample Solution Not less than 2

B b Middle concentration of the standard curve Sample Solution Not less than 2

C c At least three concentrations (lowest concentration is des-

ignated l )Water for BET Each not less than 2

D d None Water for BET Not less than 2

a Solution A : The Sample Solution may be diluted not to exceed MVD.

b Solution B : The preparation under test at the same dilution as Solution A, containing added endotoxin at a concentration equal to or near the middle of the standard curve.

c Solution C : The standar

d endotoxin at th

e concentrations used in the validation o

f the method described for Assurance of Criteria for the Standard Curve under Preparatory Testin

g (positive controls).d Solution D : Water for BET (negative control).

The test is considered valid when the following conditions are met.

168 á85? Bacterial Endotoxins Test / Biological Tests USP 40

1.The absolute value of the correlation coefficient of the standard curve generated using Solution C is greater than or equal

to 0.980.

2.The result with Solution D does not exceed the limit of the blank value required in the description of the lysate reagent

employed, or it is less than the endotoxin detection limit of the lysate reagent employed.

Calculate the mean recovery of the added endotoxin by subtracting the mean endotoxin concentration in the solution, if any (Solution A, Table 4), from that containing the added endotoxin (Solution B, Table 4). In order to be considered free of factors that interfere with the assay under the conditions of the test, the measured concentration of the endotoxin added to the Sample Solution must be within 50%–200% of the known added endotoxin concentration after subtraction of any endo-toxin detected in the solution without added endotoxin.

When the endotoxin recovery is out of the specified range, the Sample Solution under test is considered to contain interfer-ing factors. Then, repeat the test using a greater dilution, not exceeding the MVD. Furthermore, interference of the Sample Solution or diluted Sample Solution not to exceed the MVD may be eliminated by suitable validated treatment such as filtration, neutralization, dialysis, or heat treatment. To establish that the chosen treatment effectively eliminates interference without loss of endotoxins, perform the assay described above, using the preparation to be examined to which Standard Endotoxin has been added and which has then been submitted to the chosen treatment.

Test Procedure

Follow the procedure described for Test for Interfering Factors under Preparatory Testing, immediately above.

Calculation

Calculate the endotoxin concentration of each of the replicates of Solution A, using the standard curve generated by the positive control Solution C. The test is considered valid when the following three requirements are met.

1.The results of the control Solution C comply with the requirements for validation defined for Assurance of Criteria for the

Standard Curve under Preparatory Testing.

2.The endotoxin recovery, calculated from the concentration found in Solution B after subtracting the concentration of en-

dotoxin found in Solution A, is within the range of 50%–200%.

3.The result of the negative control Solution D does not exceed the limit of the blank value required in the description of the

lysate employed, or it is less than the endotoxin detection limit of the lysate reagent employed.

Interpretation

In photometric assays, the preparation under test complies with the test if the mean endotoxin concentration of the repli-cates of Solution A, after correction for dilution and concentration, is less than the endotoxin limit for the product.

á87? BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VITRO

The following tests are designed to determine the biological reactivity of mammalian cell cultures following contact with the elastomeric plastics and other polymeric materials with direct or indirect patient contact or of specific extracts prepared from the materials under test. It is essential that the tests be performed on the specified surface area. When the surface area of the specimen cannot be determined, use 0.1 g of elastomer or 0.2 g of plastic or other material for every mL of extraction fluid. Exercise care in the preparation of the materials to prevent contamination with microorganisms and other foreign matter. Three tests are described (i.e., the Agar Diffusion Test, the Direct Contact Test, and the Elution Test).1 The decision as to which type of test or the number of tests to be performed to assess the potential biological response of a specific sample or extract depends upon the material, the final product, and its intended use. Other factors that may also affect the suitability of a sample for a specific use are the polymeric composition; processing and cleaning procedures; contacting media; inks; adhe-sives; absorption, adsorption, and permeability of preservatives; and conditions of storage. Evaluation of such factors should be made by appropriate additional specific tests before determining that a product made from a specific material is suitable for its intended use. Materials that fail the in vitro tests are candidates for the in vivo tests described in Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vivo á88?.

1 Further details are given in the following publications of the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103: Standard test method for agar diffusion cell culture screening for cytotoxicity, ASTM Designation F 895-84; Standard practice for direct contact cell culture evaluation of materi-

als for medical devices, ASTM Designation F 813-83.

USP 40Biological Tests / á87? Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vitro 169

细菌内毒素检验操作程序

目的：规细菌毒素检验操作程序。围：适用于细菌毒素检查操作。责任：品质部组织制定，中心化验室负责实施。容 1准备工作 1.1实验设备及用具 1.1.1刻度吸管、称量瓶、镊子、安瓿瓶（2ml、5ml）、药匙、250℃烘烤1小时。 1.1.2干燥箱、恒温水浴锅、漩涡混合器、精密天平。 1.1.3剪刀、砂轮片、医用胶布、洗耳球、试管架、脱脂棉球、水银温度计、试管 1.2毒素标准品与实验试剂 1.2.1鲎试剂：在使用前应进行灵敏度测定，原则上购进一个批号测定一次。 1.2.2细菌毒素检查用水（毒素含量＜0.015Eu/mL灭菌注射用水）。 1.2.3细菌毒素国家标准品和工作标准品。 1.2.4 75%乙醇、铬酸洗液。 1.3实验用具的消毒处理：凡是参与实验样品或试剂接触的器具，在实验前必须经除细菌毒素处理，将洗净的器具经纯化水冲洗后，在250℃干热灭菌至少60分钟。 1.4恒温水浴箱水浴温度调节到37±1℃。 2鲎试剂灵敏度复核 2.1根据鲎试剂灵敏度的标示值（如：λ=0.25 EU/ml），细菌毒素工作标准品加入1ml 细菌毒素检查用水溶解，在漩涡混合器上混匀15分钟。 2.2将工作标准品制备成2λ、λ、0.5λ、0.25λ四个浓度（0.5 EU/ml、0.25 EU/ml、0.125 EU/ml、0.06 EU/ml）的毒素标准溶液，备用。

例：工作标准品为160 EU/ml 时 30 秒。 2.3取18支0.25 EU/ml 鲎试剂，每支中加入0.1mlBET 水，然后分别加入0.1ml2.2中制备好的4个浓度的标准液,按浓度从高到低依次加入，每个浓度加4支，；最后2支加入0.1mlBET 水作阴性对照。 2.4将上述试管用医用胶布封口，垂直放入37℃±1℃水浴锅中，保温60±2分钟。放入水浴前把水搅动几下，以使水温均匀。再次检查温度是否在所要求的围，注意保温和取放过程应避免受到振动造成的假阴性结果。 2.5保温结束后将试管轻轻取出，缓缓转到180°，若关形成凝胶，不变形、不从管壁滑落者为阳性；未形成凝胶或形成凝胶变形从壁滑落者为阴性。（注意：保温盒拿取试管过程应避免受到震动而造成的假阴性结果） 2.6 结果判定当最大浓度2λ4支管均为阳性，最低浓度0.25λ4支管均为阴性，阴性对照2支管为阴性，实验方有效。如图1

细菌内毒素检查

细菌内毒素检查 1、实验原理 2、实验试剂 3、试验器具 4、检查方法概述 5、供试品溶液的制备 6、内毒素限值的确定 7、最大有效稀释倍数（MVD）的确定 8、鲎试剂灵敏度复核 9、干扰试验 10、供试品的细菌内毒素检查 1、实验原理：利用鲎试剂与微量内毒素产生凝聚反应的现象，以判断供试品中细菌内毒素的限量是否符合规定的一种方法。细菌内毒素的量用内毒素单位（EU）表示。 2、实验试剂： ①鲎试剂：从海洋无脊椎动物“鲎”的蓝色血液中提取的变形细胞溶解物，经低温冷冻干燥精制的生物制剂。鲎试剂的生物活性以其能检出细菌内毒素的最低有效浓度表示，即鲎试剂的灵敏度，单位为EU/ml。当使用新批号的鲎试剂或试验条件发生可能影响检验结果的改变时，应进行鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验。 ②细菌内毒素国家标准品：系自大肠埃希菌提取精制得到的内毒素，用于标定细菌内毒素工作标准品和标定，仲裁鲎试剂灵敏度。 ③细菌内毒素工作标准品：系以细菌内毒素国家标准品为基准标定其效价，用于试验中鲎试剂灵敏度复核、干扰试验及各种阳性对照。 ④细菌内毒素检查用水：指内毒素含量少于0.015EU/ml（用于凝胶法）或0.005 EU/ml （用于光度测定法），且对内毒素试验无干扰作用的灭菌注射用水。 3、实验器具：刻度吸管、凝聚管（10×75mm）、三角瓶、小试管（10×100mm）、试管架、洗耳球、封口膜或金属试管帽、时钟、脱脂棉、吸水纸、剪刀砂轮。耐热器皿常用干热灭菌法（250℃，30分钟以上）去除，塑料用具应选用无内毒素并且对试验无干扰的器械（目前多为无热源的一次性用品）。 4、检验方法概述 ①凝胶法：限量法、半限量法 ②光度测定法：浊度法（终点浊度法和动态浊度法）、显色基质法（终点浊度法和动态浊度法）凝胶法：最简单、经济、应用广泛、中国药典的“仲裁”方法，对干扰相对不敏感，较光度测定法不灵敏。 5、供试品溶液的制备某些供试品需进行复溶、稀释或在水性溶液中浸取制成供试品溶液。一般要求供试品溶液的PH值在6.0～8.0的范围内。可使用酸、碱溶液或适宜的缓冲液调节PH值。 6、内毒素限值的确定一般按公式：L≡K／M 式中： L为供试品的细菌内毒素限量，以EU／ml，EU／mg、或EU／U（活性单位）表示。

Q4B 附件14 细菌内毒素测试

Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions Annex 14: Bacterial Endotoxins Test General Chapter This draft guidance, when finalized, will represent the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance. For questions regarding this draft document contact (CDER) Robert King 301-796-1242, or (CBER) Christopher Joneckis 301-827-0373.

中国药典2010年版《细菌内毒素检查法》

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式中 X为反应终点浓度的对数值（1g）。反应终点浓度是指系列递减的内毒素浓度中最后一个呈阳性结果的浓度。当λc在0.5λ-2λ(包括0.5λ和2λ)时，方可用于细菌内毒素检查，并以标示灵敏度λ为该批鲎试剂的灵敏度。干扰试验按表1制备溶液A、B、C和D，使用的供试品溶液应为未检验出内毒素且不超过最大有效稀释倍数（MVD）的溶液，按鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验项下操作。只有当溶液A和阴性对照溶液D的所有平行管都为阴性，并且系列溶液C 的结果在鲎试剂灵敏度复核范围内时，试验方为有效。按下式计算系列溶液C和B的反应终点浓度的几何平均值（Es和Et）。 Es= 1g-1(∑Xs/4) Et= 1g-1(∑Xt/4) 式中，Xs、Xt分别为系列溶液C和溶液B的反应终点浓度的对数值（1g）。当Es在0.5λ—2λ(包括0.5λ和2λ)及Et在0.5Es—2Es (包括0.5Es 和2Es)时，认为供试品在该浓度下无干扰作用。若供试品溶液在小于MVD 的稀释倍数下对试验有干扰，应将供试品溶液进行不超过MVD的进一步稀释，再重复干扰试验。表1 凝胶法干扰试验溶液的制备

细菌内毒素检验操作程序

. 目的：规范细菌内毒素检验操作程序。范围：适用于细菌内毒素检查操作。责任：品质部组织制定，中心化验室负责实施。内容1准备工作 1.1实验设备及用具小时。250℃烘烤1、药匙、1.1.1刻度吸管、称量瓶、镊子、安瓿瓶（2ml、5ml）干燥箱、恒温水浴锅、漩涡混合器、精密天平。1.1.2 剪刀、砂轮片、医用胶布、洗耳球、试管架、脱脂棉球、水银温度计、试管1.1.3 内毒素标准品与实验试剂1.2 鲎试剂：在使用前应进行灵敏度测定，原则上购进一个批号测定一次。1.2.1 灭菌注射用水）。1.2.2细菌内毒素检查用水（内毒素含量＜0.015Eu/mL 细菌内毒素国家标准品和工作标准品。1.2.3 乙醇、铬酸洗液。1.2.4 75%实验用具的消毒处理：凡是参与实验样品或试剂接触的器具，在实验前必须经除细1.3 60分钟。菌内毒素处理，将洗净的器具经纯化水冲洗后，在250℃干热灭菌至少℃。1371.4恒温水浴箱内水浴温度调节到±. . 2鲎试剂灵敏度复核 2.1根据鲎试剂灵敏度的标示值（如：λ=0.25 EU/ml），细菌内毒素工作标准品

加入1ml细菌内毒素检查用水溶解，在漩涡混合器上混匀15分钟。 2.2将工作标准品制备成2λ、λ、0.5λ、0.25λ四个浓度（0.5 EU/ml、0.25 EU/ml、0.125 EU/ml、0.06 EU/ml）的内毒素标准溶液，备用。例：工作标准品为160 EU/ml时 0.9ml 0.9ml 0.06EU/ ml 0.125EU/ ml 0.9ml 0.9ml

30注意：每稀释一步均应在混合器上混匀秒。中制0.1ml2.2取2.3180.25 EU/ml 支鲎试剂，每支中加入水，然后分别加入0.1mlBET 支加入4备好的个浓度的标准液,按浓度从高到低依次加入，每个浓度加；最后24支，水作阴性对照。0.1mlBET 分钟。放入1372.4将上述试管用医用胶布封口，垂直放入℃±℃水浴锅中，保温±260水浴前把水搅动几下，以使水温均匀。再次检查温度是否在所要求的范围，注意保温和. . 取放过程应避免受到振动造成的假阴性结果。°，若关内形成凝胶，不变形、不从管壁保温结束后将试管轻轻取出，缓缓转到1802.5（注意：保温盒拿取试滑落者为阳性；未形成凝胶或形成凝胶变形从壁滑落者为阴性。管过程应避免受到震动而造成的假阴性结果） 2.6 结果判定支管支管均为阴性，阴性对照2支管均为阳性，最低浓度0.25λ当最大浓度2λ44为阴性，实验方有效。如图1 山东天力药业有限公司标题：细菌内毒素检测操作程序编号：SOP-QM-243- B 页码：3/9

细菌内毒素检查法---------------操作规程

******有限公司标准操作规程目的建立细菌内毒素检查操作规程，保证检测结果的准确性。适用范围所有原料、成品的细菌内毒素检查。责任人 QC检验员内容 1 简述 1.1 本法系利用鲎试剂来检测或量化由革兰阴性菌产生的细菌内毒素，以判断供试品中细菌毒素的限量是否符合规定的一种方法。 1.2 细菌内毒素检查包括凝胶法和光度测定法两种方法。供试品检测时可使用其中任何一种方法。当测定结果有争议时，除另有规定外，以凝胶法结果为准。 1.3 本规范适用于凝胶法检查。凝胶法系通过鲎试剂与内毒素产生凝集反应的原理来检测或半定量内毒素的方法。 1.4 细菌内毒素的量用内毒素单位(EU)表示 1.5 细菌内毒素国家标准品(NSE)系自大肠埃希菌提取精制而成，用于标定、复核、仲裁鲎试剂灵敏度和标定细菌内毒素工作标准品的效价。 1.6 细菌内毒素工作标准品(WSE)系以细菌内毒素国家标准品为基准标定其效价，用于试验中的鲎试剂灵敏度复核、干扰试验及各种阳性对照。 1.7 凝胶法细菌内毒素检查用水(BET水)系指内毒素含量小于0.015Eu/ml灭菌注射用水。光度测定法用的细菌内毒素检查用水，其内毒素的含量应小于0.005Eu/ml。 1.8 鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验在本检查法规定的条件下，使鲎试剂产生凝集的内毒素

******有限公司标准操作规程的最低浓度即为鲎试剂的标示灵敏度,用EU/ml表示。当使用新批号的鲎试剂或试验条件发生了任何可能影响检验结果的改变时，应进行鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验。 1.9 供试品干扰试验项用于建立新品种细菌内毒素检查方法以及供试品的配方和生产工艺或试验环境有变化，鲎试剂来源不同或供试品阳性对照结果呈阴性时确定供试品是否存在抑制或增强作用。 1.10 检查法项为供试品细菌内毒素检查方法。阴性对照、阳性对照和供试品阳性对照必须同时进行，否则试验结果无效。 2实验材料及用具 2.1 天平供试品称量用，感量为0.1mg以下。 2.2 电热干燥箱除外源性内毒素用，温度应能维持250℃以上至少一小时。 2.3 恒温水浴箱或适宜的恒温器，应能在37土1℃保持一小时。 2.4 水银温度计或酒精温度计，精度在1℃以下。 2.5 旋涡混合器 2.6 鲎试剂(应具有国家主管部门的批准文号)及细菌内毒素检查用水(符合规定)。2.7 细菌内毒素国家标准品(NSE)，细菌内毒素工作标准品(WSE)，除另有规定外应由中国药品生物制品检定所统一发放。 2.8 实验用具移液管(或刻度吸管，定量移液器)、凝集管(103 75mm)、三角瓶、小试管(163100mm)、试管架、洗耳球、封口膜或金属试管帽、时钟、脱脂棉、吸水纸、剪刀、砂轮所用玻璃器皿须经250℃干烤至少1小时。塑料用具应使用其它适宜的除细菌内毒素方法。 2.9 试剂 75%乙醇、蒸馏水、5%重铬酸钾硫酸洗液。 3 操作方法 3.1 试验准备 3.1.1 洗液的配制配制铬酸洗液或其他适宜的细菌内毒素灭活剂。 3.1.2 玻璃器皿的洗涤将被洗涤的玻璃器皿用洗涤剂和自来水洗净并空干水分后置洗液中浸泡4小时，取出将洗液滤干，用自来水将残余的洗液洗净，再用新鲜蒸馏水冲洗干燥后置适宜的密闭金属容器中，迅速置烤箱中。

细菌内毒素定量检测临床意义

细菌内毒素定量检测的临床意义 1.细菌内毒素的本质细菌内毒素为革蓝氏阴性菌及某些阴性菌样微生物，如立克次体、螺旋体、衣原体细胞壁外膜中的一种脂多糖（Lipoplydscharide, LPS）成分，它往往在细菌生长时释放或细菌死亡时裂解出来。 2.细菌内毒素在机体内反应及临床表现微量的细菌内毒素进入机体后即可引起机体内发热、血管扩张、血管通透性增加、中性粒细胞增多、补体激活、机体血压下降等一系列病理、生理反应，严重时可导致弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）及多器官功能衰竭直至休克、死亡。细菌内毒素(内毒素)作为革蓝氏阴性菌细胞壁最外层中的脂多糖(LPS)，当严重细菌感染以及脓毒血症和多脏器功能衰竭时它在血浆中的浓度升高，而自身免疫过敏和病毒感染时内毒素水平不会升高，但局部有限的细菌感染，轻微的感染不会导致其升高。内毒素水平的升高一般出现在严重休克，全身性炎症反应综合症(SIRS)和多多脏器功能紊乱综合症(MODS)，无细菌性感染患者中水平通常低于那些有细菌性病灶的患者，而从肠道释放因子或细菌移位可能引起诱导。 3.细菌内毒素水平检测在临床上应用体液细菌内毒素水平检测是诊断和监测细菌性(尤其是革蓝氏阴性菌)疾病感染的一个重要参数，通过内毒素水平的定量快速检测可以预示： (1)作为一个急性重要参数用来鉴别诊断细菌性和非细菌性感染和炎症。(2)监测有感染危险的患者(如外科术后和器官移植后免疫抑制期以及多处创伤后)以及需要重症监护患者，用来探测细菌感染的全身影响或检测脓毒性并发症。(3)评价严重炎性疾病临床进程及预后，如腹膜炎、脓毒症、SIRS和MODS。4.体液内毒素水平测定的临床意义体液内毒素水平是严重细菌性炎症(尤其是革蓝氏阴性菌)的一个重要的特异性指，而且也是脓毒症和炎症活动有关的多脏器衰竭的可靠指标。内毒

中华人民共和国国家标准细菌内毒素检测方法

医用输液、输血、注射器具细菌内毒素检验方法中华人民共和国国家标准 GB/T14233.2—93 1993-03-16发布一、定义及适用范围:本法系列用鲎试剂与细菌内毒素产生凝集反应的机理，以判断供试品中内毒素限量是否符合规定的一种方法。用以代替家兔法对供试品进行热原初试。本法仅适用于一次性使用输液器、输血器。其他产品可参照使用。二、主要设备:超净工作台、电热干燥箱、恒温水浴。三、试剂 1、细菌内毒素国家标准品：用于仲裁鲎试剂灵敏度和试验中阳性对照。 2、细菌内毒素工作标准品：用于标定鲎试剂灵敏度和试验中阳性对照。 3、鲎试剂：灵敏度为0.25EU/ml，规格为0.5ml。 4、无热原水：内毒素含量小于0.05EU/ml。四、试验前准备 1、器具除热原:与试验液接触的所有器具均应除热原。玻璃器具置电热干燥箱内250℃干烤至少60min；塑料器具置30%双氧水中浸泡 4h，再用无热原水冲洗后于60℃烘干备用。 2、鲎试剂灵敏度测定（1）试验前应核对使用批号鲎试剂的灵敏度，应符合规定。（2）灵敏度测定：根据标示的灵敏度范围，将细菌内毒素工作标准品用无热原水以1→2等比稀释，选择能出现阳性和阴性结果的4个连续稀释液。取同一批号鲎试剂若干支，分别按标示量

加入无热原水溶解为鲎试剂溶解液。取10mm×75mm试管若干支，分别加入0.1ml鲎试剂溶解液，加入内毒素稀释液0.1ml，每一稀释液平行操作4管，轻轻振动试管混匀内容物，封闭管口，置37±1℃恒温水浴中保温60±2min观察结果。最高浓度的4管应均为阳性，最低浓度的4管应为阴性。五、试验方法 1、供试品数量 :同一批号至少3个单位供试品。 2、浸提介质:无热原水。 3、供试液制备:在无菌条件下，每套输液器内腔注入10ml，输血器内腔注入15ml浸提介质，反复荡洗5次后两端密封，置37±1℃恒温箱中保温2h，取出后将供试液汇集至一无热原具塞玻璃容器内。供试液贮存应不超过2h。 4、试验步骤:将鲎试剂和细菌内毒素工作标准品分别按标示量加入无热原水溶解。细菌内毒素工作标准品逐次稀释至0.5Eu/ml，供作阳性对热。取10mm×75mm试管6支，其中供试品管2支各加入0.1ml 内毒素工作标准品稀释液，阴性对照管2支各加入0.1ml无热原水，阳性对照管2支各加入0.1ml内毒素工作标准品稀释液，再逐一加入0.1ml鲎试剂溶解液。轻轻混匀试管内容物，封闭管口，垂直放入37±1℃水浴中保温60±2min，轻轻取出，观察结果。 5、结果判定 1)、将试管缓慢倒转180°，管内容物呈坚实凝胶者为阳性，记录为（+），不呈凝胶状或虽呈凝胶状但不能保持完整者为阴性，记录为（-）。

细菌内毒素检查方法

细菌内毒素检查方法综述【关键词】细菌内毒素检查法；,,,机理；,,,预实验；,,,特殊值细菌内毒素检查是静脉、鞘内给药药物以及放射性药物等质量检查的一个重要方面。以前，细菌内毒素检查用家兔热原法进行，自从1980年《美国药典》第20版收载了细菌内毒素实验以来，《英国药典》《欧洲药典》《日本药局方》《中国药典》等相继收载了该方法。1995年《美国药典》第23版已收载了471种药品进行细菌内毒素检查，而《中国药典》1995年版也收载了12种药品进行细菌内毒素检查［1］，2000版更收载有47种药品利用此方法进行热原检查。细菌内毒素检查法已逐渐代替家兔热原检查法，显示出其在检查热原方面的重要性。本文对细菌内毒素检查法作一综述。 1 方法、机理及影响因素 1.1 应用的方法目前，美国药品食品管理局（FDA）承认3种鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素含量的方法，即凝胶（gelclot）法、生色（chromogenic）法和动态浊度（keniticturbidimetry）法［2］。近年来较新的方法有水箭电泳免疫法（测残余蛋白）、酶联免疫吸附法（测残余酶）。后者所需鲎试剂仅相当于凝胶法的1/100，且灵敏度更高，抗干扰能力更好。《中国药典》1995年版只采用凝胶法。凝胶法是将等体积的供试品溶液和新配制的鲎试剂（TAL）溶液在试管中混匀，一般各0.1 ml，（37±1）℃反应（60±2）min。如果被检测的溶液不含干扰凝集反应的因素，且其含有内素素浓度等于或大于所用鲎试剂的灵敏度（λ）时，就会在试管中显示阳性反应，即形成凝胶；否则呈阴性反应，即呈澄明溶液或轻度混浊，视内毒素的浓度而定［1］。该反应极其灵敏，凝胶形成速率与内毒素浓度成正比，并受温度、反应物中Ca2 /Mg2 离子浓度和pH等因素的影响［3］。同样，《中国药典》2000年版也只采用凝胶法。淘金者https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bd14757409.html, 1.2 凝胶法鲎试剂与内毒素反应的机理见图1。图1 凝胶法鲎试剂与内毒素反应的机理（略） 2 影响细菌内毒素检查的因素 2.1 检品的干扰pH值、离子浓度以及某些干扰成分，都会影响到检查结果的准确性，得到所谓“假阳性”或“假阴性”结果。只有证实检品对凝集反应无干扰之后，检查的结果才是可信的。判断检品是否有干扰要做检品的干扰实验。

中国药典版《细菌内毒素检查法》.pdf

中国药典XXXX年版《细菌内毒素检查法》 ——凝胶法凝胶法凝胶法系通过鲎试剂与内毒素产生凝集反应的原理来检测或半定量内毒素的方法。鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验在本检查法规定的条件下，使鲎试剂产生凝集的内毒素的最低浓度即为鲎试剂的标示灵敏度，用EU/ml表示。当使用新批号的鲎试剂或试验条件发生了任何可能影响检验结果的改变时，应进行鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验。根据鲎试剂灵敏度的标示值（λ），将细菌内毒素国家标准品或细菌内毒素工作标准品用细菌内毒素检查用水溶解，在旋涡混合器上混匀15分钟，然后制成2λ、λ、0.5λ和0.25λ四个浓度的内毒素标准溶液，每稀释一步均应在旋涡混合器上混匀30秒钟。取分装有0.1ml鲎试剂溶液的10mm×75mm试管或复溶后的0.1ml/支规格的鲎试剂原安瓿18支，其中16管分别加入0.1ml不同浓度的内毒素标准溶液，每一个内毒素浓度平行做4管；另外2管加入0.1ml细菌内毒素检查用水作为阴性对照。将试管中溶液轻轻混匀后，封闭管口，垂直放入37℃±1℃恒温器中，保温60分钟±2分钟。将试管从恒温器中轻轻取出，缓缓倒转180°，若管内形成凝胶，并且凝胶不变形、不从管壁滑脱者为阳性；未形成凝胶或形成的凝胶不坚实、变形并从管壁滑脱者为阴性。保温和拿取试管过程应避免受到振动造成假阴性结果。当最大浓度2λ管均为阳性，最低浓度0.25λ管均为阴性，阴性对照管为阴性，试验方为有效。按下式计算反应终点浓度的几何平均值，即为鲎试剂灵敏度的测定值(λc). λc=1g-1(∑X/4)

细菌内毒素检查标准操作规程..

细菌内毒素检查标准操作规程 1 简述 1.1 本规范适用于中国药典2005年版附录中细菌内毒素检查法一凝胶法和光度测定法。后者包括浊度法和显色基质法。供试品检测时，可使用其中任何一种方法进行实验。当测定结果有争议时，除另有规定外，以凝胶法结果为准。 1.2 供试品细菌毒素限值的确定。（一）药典中有规定的，按供试品各论中规定限值；（二）尚无标准规定的，按以下公式确定供试品内毒素限值： L=K/M 式中 L为供试品的细菌内毒素限值，以EU/ml、EU/mg、EU/U表示。 K为按规定的给药途径，人用每公斤体重每小时最大可接受的内毒素剂量，以EU/kg/h表示。其中注射剂，K=5EU/kg/h；放射性药品注射剂，K=2.5EU/kg/h；鞘内用注射剂， K=0.2EU/kg/h。 M为人用每公斤体重每小时的最大供试品剂量，以ml/kg/h、ml/kg/h、U/kg/h表示。药品人用最大剂量可参阅国家批准的药品说明书和《临床用药须知》等权威著作，中国人均体重按60kg计算，注射时间小于1小时的按1小时计。按人用剂量计算限值时，如遇特殊情况，可根据生产和临床用实际情况做必要调整，但需说明理由。 1.3 供试品最大有效稀释倍数的确定供试品的最大有效稀释倍数（MV D）按下式计算： MV D=C?L/λ L为供试品的细菌内毒素限值；C为供试品溶液的浓度。当L以EU/ml表示时，C等于1.0ml/ml；当L的单位以EU/mg或EU/U表示时，C为供试品制备成溶液后的浓度，单位为mg/ml 或U/ml。如供试品为注射用无菌粉末或原料药，则MV D取1，可计算供试品的最小有效稀释浓度C: λ/L。

细菌内毒素检查标准操作规程

细菌内毒素检查标准操作规程 1 简述 1.1 本规范适用于中国药典附录中细菌内毒素检查法一凝胶法和光度测定法。后者包括浊度法和显色基质法。供试品检测时，可使用其中任何一种方法进行实验。当测定结果有争议时，除另有规定外，以凝胶法结果为准。 1.2 供试品细菌毒素限值的确定。（一）药典中有规定的，按供试品各论中规定限值；（二）尚无标准规定的，按以下公式确定供试品内毒素限值： L=K/M 式中 L为供试品的细菌内毒素限值，以EU/ml、EU/mg、EU/U表示。 K为按规定的给药途径，人用每公斤体重每小时最大可接受的内毒素剂量，以EU/kg/h表示。其中注射剂，K=5EU/kg/h；放射性药品注射剂，K=2.5EU/kg/h；鞘内用注射剂， K=0.2EU/kg/h。 M为人用每公斤体重每小时的最大供试品剂量，以ml/kg/h、ml/kg/h、U/kg/h表示。药品人用最大剂量可参阅国家批准的药品说明书和《临床用药须知》等权威著作，中国人均体重按60kg计算，注射时间小于1小时的按1小时计。按人用剂量计算限值时，如遇特殊情况，可根据生产和临床用实际情况做必要调整，但需说明理由。 1.3 供试品最大有效稀释倍数的确定供试品的最大有效稀释倍数（MV D）按下式计算： MV D=C?L/λ L为供试品的细菌内毒素限值；C为供试品溶液的浓度。当L以EU/ml表示时，C等于1.0ml/ml；当L的单位以EU/mg或EU/U表示时，C为供试品制备成溶液后的浓度，单位为mg/ml 或U/ml。如供试品为注射用无菌粉末或原料药，则MV D取1，可计算供试品的最小有效稀释浓度C: λ/L。 λ在凝胶法中为鲎试剂的标示灵敏度，在光度测定法中为所使用的标准曲线中的最低内毒素浓度。 1.4 在使用新一批号的鲎试剂前，必须进行鲎试剂灵敏度复核实验。 1.5 药典中已有规定的品种或有其它内毒素检验标准的品种，可直接进行内毒素检查，如在检验中出现干扰的情况需再进行干扰实验的验证；其它未建立内毒素检查的品种需先进行干扰实验，确定不干扰浓度后再进行内毒素检查。 1.6 细菌内毒素检查过程中的阴性对照、阳性对照和供试品对照必须同时进行，否则实验结果无效。 2 实验材料及用具 2.1 天平供试品称量用，精度为0.1mg以下。

细菌内毒素的检测

细菌内毒素的检测摘要:本文研究了注射用头孢哌酮钠他唑巴坦钠细菌内毒素的检测。本文是在通过调查大量的科技文献的基础上，按照中国药典2000版二部附录XI E细菌内毒素检查法所规定的试验方法而进行的。实验方案是根据注射用头孢哌酮钠他唑巴坦钠的细菌内毒素限度，并结合现有的实验条件而确定的。注射用头孢哌酮钠他唑巴坦钠(Cefoperazone Sodium and Tazuobatanna)为头孢类抗生素头孢哌酮与β-内酰胺酶抑制剂他唑巴坦钠组成的复方注射用无菌粉针，在临床上用于治疗下呼吸道感染、泌尿生殖系统感染、腹腔盆腔感染、以及其他感染。质量标准[国家食品药品监督管理局标准（试行）YBH0538 2003]中控制热原的方法仍为家兔热原法，鉴于家兔热原法有影响因素复杂、操作繁琐、检验成本高等缺点，而用细菌内毒素检查法来控制产品中的热原具有操作简便快捷、检验灵敏度高等优点[1]。为了在大范围内开展本品的细菌内毒素检查，我们对本品进行了细菌内毒素检查凝胶法的研究。本品细菌内毒素限值为0.15Eu/ml，在1.667至0.400mg/ml的浓度范围内，本品对细菌类毒素与鲎试剂的反应无干扰。我们对3批样品进行了检验，并与家兔热原法进行对比，结果一致都为阴性，认为本品可用细菌内毒素检查凝胶法代替家兔热原法。

关键词：注射用头孢哌酮钠他唑巴坦钠细菌内毒素鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验干扰预试验干扰实验热原检查 0引言细菌内毒素是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁上的一种脂多糖（Lipoply Saccharide）和微量蛋白（Protein）的复合物，它的特殊性不是细菌或细菌的代谢产物，而是细菌死亡或解体后才释放出来的一种具有内毒素生物活性的物质。其化学成分广泛分布于革兰氏阴性菌（如大肠杆菌、布氏杆菌、伤寒杆菌、变形杆菌、沙门氏菌等）及其它微生物（如衣原体、立克次氏体、螺旋体等）的细胞壁层的脂多糖，其化学成份主要是由O-特异性链、核心多糖、类脂A三部分组成。(附图1) 附图1 内毒素脂多糖结构示意图 <一>、O—特异性链：位于脂多糖分子最外层的多糖链，是由3—5个单糖（一般不多于25个）连成为一个多糖链。其单糖包括戊糖、氨基戊糖、已糖、氨基已糖、脱氧已糖等，单糖的种类、位置和排列顺序和空间构型，因菌种不同而异。因此，它决定菌体热原的特异性。

细菌内毒素检查法标准操作规程

细菌内毒素检查法标准操作规程目的：建立细菌内毒素检查的基本操作，为细菌内毒素检查人员提供正确的操作规程。 2.依据：《中华人民共和国药典》2000年版二部。 3.范围：本标准适用于细菌内毒素检查的操作。 4.职责： QC细菌内毒素检查人员对本标准的实施负责。 5.程序： 5.1. 定义： 5.1.1.细菌内毒素检查法：本法系利用鲎试剂与细菌内毒素产生凝集反应的机理，以判断供试品中细菌内毒素的限量是否符合规定的一种方法，内毒素的量用内毒素单位（EU）表示。 5.1.2.细菌内毒素国家标准品：系自大肠杆菌精制得到的内毒素，用于标定、复核、仲裁鲎试剂灵敏度和标定细菌内毒素工作标准品的效价。 5.1.3.细菌内毒素工作标准品：系以细菌内毒素国家标准品为基准进行标定，确定其重量相当效价，每1ng工作标准品效价应不小于2EU，不大于50EU。细菌内毒素工作标准品用于试验中鲎试剂灵敏度复核干扰试验及设置的各种对照。 5.1.4.细菌内毒素检查用水：系指与灵敏度为0.03EU/ml或更高灵敏度的鲎试剂24 小时不产生凝集反应的灭菌注射用水。 5.2. 实验设备：电热干燥箱（50~300±1）℃、电热恒温水温箱。实验用具：注射器(精度0.02ml)、针头、试管架、白胶布、砂轮、75%酒精棉球、金属直镊、注射器盒、时钟。试剂：鲎试剂（其标示值用λ表示）、内毒素工作标准品、内毒素检查用水。 5.3. 用具除热原：试验中所用的试管、注射器、针头、金属直镊等冲洗干净，置电热干燥箱中（注射器、针头、金属直镊等放入注射器盒中封好，再放入干燥箱中），经250℃加热30分钟，除去热原。 5.4. 检查法：

细菌内毒素检查验证方案

细菌内毒素检查验证方案文件编号：VP-QC-2015-06 起草人：审核人：批准人：

批准日期：年月日

目录 1 概述 1 2 验证目的及范围 1 3 验证小组人员组成及职责 1 4 验证依据 2 5 验证前准备 2 6 验证的实施 2 7 偏差处理 5 8 验证数据及评估 5 9验证报告及评审 5 10 再验证及周期 5 11 验证文件及归档 5 12 附件 5

1 概述细菌内毒素检查法系利用鲎试剂来检测或量化由格兰阴性菌产生的细菌内毒素，以判断供试品中细菌内毒素的限量是否符合规定的一种方法。细菌内毒素检查报告两种发放，即凝胶法和光度测定法，后者包括浊度法和显色基质法，供试品检测时，可使用其中任何一种方法进行实验。公司自行制备的注射用水需进行细菌内毒素的检查，本方案将采用凝胶法进行试验。 2 验证目的和方法本验证方案适用于注射用水的细菌内毒素的检查，通过对鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验、干扰试验及凝胶限度试验，建立该产品的细菌内毒素检查方法，并对其有效性进行评价，确保检测方法的专属性、灵敏度，保证检测结果可符合质量标准要求。 3.验证小组人员组成及职责： 3.1验证小组由以下部门人员组成：质量部、QC、生产部。 3.2 验证小组组成及职责列表

4 验证依据《中华人民共和国药典》2015版1143 细菌内毒素检查法 5.验证前准备 5.1验证人员培训：验证报告起草人有责任在方案批准后（且在验证实施前）对本次验证相关人员进行培训。培训人员记录见附件1。 5.2 确认仪器仪表设施经过确认和校验，并填写确认记录。 6 验证的实施 6.1实验材料及用具 6.1.1电子天平 6.1.2. 电热干燥箱

细菌内毒素检查操作规程

GMP管理文件一、引用标准：中华人民共和国S药典（2005年版）一部。二、目的：本标准规定了细菌内毒素检查法标准操作规程。三、适用范围：适用于细菌内素毒素的检查。四、责任者：质检人员。五、正文： 1、简述本法系利用鲎试剂来检测或量化由革兰氏阴性菌产生的细菌内毒素，以供试吕中细菌内毒素的限量是否符合规定的一种方法。细菌内毒素检查包括两种方法，即凝胶法和光度测定法，后者包括浊度法和显基质法。供试品检测时，可使用其中任何一种方法进行试验。当测定结果有争议时，除另有规定外，以凝胶法结果为准。细菌内毒素的量用内毒素单位（EU）表示。细菌内毒素国家标准品系自大肠杆菌提取精制而成，用于标定、复核、仲裁鲎试剂灵敏度和标定细菌内毒素工作标准品的效价。细菌内毒素工作标准系以细菌内毒素国家标准品为基准标定其效价，用于试验中的鲎试剂灵敏度复核、干扰试验及各种阳性对照。凝胶法细菌内毒素检查用水系指内毒素含量含量小于ml的灭菌

注射用水。光度测定法用的细菌内毒素检查用水，其内毒素的含量应小于ml。试验所用的器皿需经处理，以去除可能存在的外源性内毒素。常用的方法是在250℃干烤至少60分钟，也可采用其他确证不干扰细菌内毒素检查的适宜方法。若使用塑料器械，如微孔板和与微量加样器配套的吸头等，应选用标明无内毒素并且对试验无干扰的器械。试验操作过程应防止微生物的污染。供试品溶液的制备某些供试品需进行复溶、稀释或在水性溶液中浸提制成供试品溶液。一般要求供试品溶液的PH值在～的范围内。对于过酸、过碱或本身有缓冲能力的供试品，需调节被测溶液（或其稀释液）的PH值，何使用酸、碱溶液或鲎试剂生产厂家推荐的适宜的缓冲液调节PH值。酸或碱溶液须用细菌内毒素检查用水在已去除内毒素的容器中配制。缓冲液必须经过验证不含内毒素和干扰因子。最大有效稀释倍数（MVD）的确定最大有效稀释倍数是指在试验中供试品被允许稀释的最大倍数，在不超过此稀释倍数的浓度下进行内毒素限值的检测。用以下公式来确定MVD： MVD＝Cl/λ C为供品溶液的浓度，当L以EU/ml表示时，则c等于ml，当L 以EU/mg或EU/U表示时，c的单位需为mg/ml或U/ml。如供试品为注射用无菌粉末或原料药，则MVD取1，可计算供试品的最小有效稀

细菌内毒素检查验证方案设计

细菌毒素检查验证方案文件编号：VP-QC-2015-06 起草人：审核人：批准人：批准日期：年月日

目录 1 概述 1 2 验证目的及围 1 3 验证小组人员组成及职责 1 4 验证依据 2 5 验证前准备 2 6 验证的实施 2 7 偏差处理 5 8 验证数据及评估 5 9验证报告及评审 5 10 再验证及周期 5 11 验证文件及归档 5 12 附件 5

1 概述细菌毒素检查法系利用鲎试剂来检测或量化由格兰阴性菌产生的细菌毒素，以判断供试品中细菌毒素的限量是否符合规定的一种方法。细菌毒素检查报告两种发放，即凝胶法和光度测定法，后者包括浊度法和显色基质法，供试品检测时，可使用其中任何一种方法进行实验。公司自行制备的注射用水需进行细菌毒素的检查，本方案将采用凝胶法进行试验。 2 验证目的和方法本验证方案适用于注射用水的细菌毒素的检查，通过对鲎试剂灵敏度复核试验、干扰试验及凝胶限度试验，建立该产品的细菌毒素检查方法，并对其有效性进行评价，确保检测方法的专属性、灵敏度，保证检测结果可符合质量标准要求。 3.验证小组人员组成及职责： 3.1验证小组由以下部门人员组成：质量部、QC、生产部。 3.2 验证小组组成及职责列表 4 验证依据《中华人民国药典》2015版1143 细菌毒素检查法 5.验证前准备 5.1验证人员培训：验证报告起草人有责任在方案批准后（且在验证实施前）对本次验证相关人员进行培训。培训人员记录见附件1。 5.2确认仪器仪表设施经过确认和校验，并填写确认记录。

6 验证的实施 6.1实验材料及用具 6.1.1电子天平 6.1.2. 电热干燥箱 6.1.3. 恒温恒湿箱 6.1.4.水银温度计 6.1.5. 旋涡混合器 6.1.6. 鲎试剂（具有国家主管部门的批准文号） 6.1. 7.细菌毒素工作标准品(由中国药品生物制品检定所统一发放的标准品) 6.1.8.细菌毒素检查用水：应符合灭菌注射用水标准，其毒素含量小于0.015EU/ml，且对毒素试验无干扰作用。 6.1.9. 实验用具:移液管、凝集管、三角瓶、试管、试管架、洗耳球、时钟、75%酒精棉、剪刀、砂轮。 6.2实验准备 6.2.1玻璃器皿的洗涤将玻璃器皿放入铬酸洗液或其他热原灭活剂或清洗液中充分浸泡，然后取出将洗液空干，用自来水将残留洗液彻底洗净，再用蒸馏水反复冲洗三遍以上，空干后放入适宜的密闭金属容器中或用锡箔纸包好后再放入金属容器，放置入烤箱。

细菌内毒素检测标准操作

细菌内毒素检测（凝胶法）标准操作目的：规范细菌内毒素的检测操作，保证细胞质量。范围：适用于所有从治疗中心发放的细胞（包括CIK、DC、干细胞等）内毒素限量检测。责任人：质量检测人员材料：一、电热干燥箱除外源性内毒素用，温度应能达到180℃。二、恒温水浴箱或适宜的恒温器（37℃±1℃）。三、水银温度计，精度在1℃以下，量程不小于50℃。四、旋涡混合器。五、可调式移液器六、0.25EU/ml鲎试剂。七、细菌内毒素工作品。八、凝胶法细菌内毒素检查用水。九、实验用具无热原吸头（1000μl、200μl）、带铝盖的凝集管（10mm×75mm）、试管架、计时器、75%酒精棉球、封口膜、剪刀、镊子、砂轮。所用玻璃器皿使用前须经250℃干烤至少1小时或180℃干烤至少4小时。操作方法一、取样 1、细胞发放前3天，取细胞培养液约2ml，分装于2个带铝盖的凝集管中各约1ml左右，如不立即试验4℃存放（可存放多长时间）。 2、细胞发放当天，取细胞生理盐水混悬液约2ml，分装于2个带铝盖的凝集管中各约1ml左右，如不立即试验4℃存放。（可存放多长时间）。 3、取样应以无菌操作技术取样，所用器材在使用前应无热原或已去除热原。二、鲎试剂灵敏度复核鲎试剂灵敏度复核的目的是考察鲎试剂的灵敏度是否正确、考察检验人员操作方法是否正确及实验条件是否符合规定。在使用一批新的鲎试剂或试验条件发生了任何可能影响检验结果的改变时，应进

行鲎试剂灵敏度复核实验。（一）实验操作 1、细菌内毒素工作品溶液的制备取细菌内毒素工作品一支，轻弹瓶壁，使粉末落入瓶底，然后用砂轮在瓶颈上部轻轻划痕，75%酒精棉球擦拭后启开，开启过程中应防止玻璃屑落入瓶内。按照工作品说明书，加入规定量的细菌内毒素检查用水溶解其内容物，用封口膜将瓶口封严，置旋涡混合器上混合15分钟。然后用倍倍稀释方式进行稀释，即0.5ml各浓度工作品溶液+0.5ml检查用水（以下稀释方式同此法），制备成4个浓度的细菌内毒素标准溶液，即2.0λ、0.5λ、0.25λ（λ为所复核的鲎试剂的标示灵敏度），每稀释一步均应在旋涡混合器上混合30秒钟。 2、待复核鲎试剂的准备取0.1ml/支的鲎试剂18支，轻弹瓶壁，使粉末落入瓶底，用砂轮在瓶颈轻轻划痕，75%酒精棉球擦拭后启开备用，防止玻璃屑落入瓶内。每支加入0.1ml检查用水溶解，轻轻转动瓶壁，使内容物充分溶解，避免产生气泡。若待复核鲎试剂的规格不是0.1ml/支时，取若干支按其标示量加入检查用水复溶，充分溶解后将鲎试剂溶液混合在一起，然后每0.1 ml分装到10mm×75mm凝集管中，要求至少分装18管备用。 3、加样将已充分溶解的待复核鲎试剂18支（管）放在试管架上，排成5列，其中4列4支（管），1列2支（管）。4支（管）4列每列每支分别加入0.1ml的2λ、λ、0.5λ和0.25λ的内毒素标准溶液；另2支（管）加入0.1ml检查用水。 4、加样结束后，将鲎试剂用封口膜封口，轻轻振动混匀，避免产生气泡，连同试管架放入37℃±1℃水浴或适宜恒温器中，试管架保持水平状态，保温60±2分钟。 5、观察并记录结果。将试管架从水浴或适宜恒温器中轻轻取出，避免振动，将每管拿出缓缓倒转180°观察，管内形成凝胶，并且凝胶不变形，不从管壁滑脱者为阳性，记录为（＋）；未形成凝胶或凝胶不能保持完整并从管壁滑脱者为阴性，记录为（－）。（二）实验结果计算