主谓一致和虚拟语气

一、主谓一致

知识点总结

在英语中，句子中的谓语动词在人称和单、复数形式上必须和主语保持一致，这就是我们通常说的“主谓一致”。这一点看似简单，但在实际运用中却常常遇到麻烦。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则的支配：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。

一、语法一致

主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓

语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式.例如:

He often helps me learn English.(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形

式) .

My friends often help me learn English.(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形

式)

但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:

1、不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.

例如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大声朗读对学习英语是有帮助的。

What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.

2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓

语动词用单数.但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。

例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.

Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣.

3、表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.

例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。

4、a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.

例如: The number of workers in the factory is 400.这个工厂里工人的数量是400.

A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡

人.

5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数.

例如: On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball 海边,有些人在打排

球。

Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.

A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.

6、有些表示数量的百分数,分数等后面加名词或代词作主语时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式.如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.

例如: A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. 昨天那家商店丢失了许多

钱.

A lot of students are from England in the school.那个学校里很多学生来自英国。

二、意义一致

这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式.

1) 当主语后面接由but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including,more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.

例如: The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊.

The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.

我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语: The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.

2) 表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：

Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了。

Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.

3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.

例如: The sick here are very well cared for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好。

The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真实与虚假应加以区别。

4)由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。

但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)

The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)

5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有:army, class, club, crowd, family, government, group, people, police, public, team等.

例如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.

The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.

6)一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词,如:trousers, pants, shorts,glasses, 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数.

如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的.

但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数.

如: This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou.

三、就近原则

这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either…or …, neither…nor …,not only…but

also …等.

例如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.

Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事.

常见考法

对于主谓一致的考查，通常会以单选的形式出现，多是让我们选择合适的谓语动词。

典型例题：The factory, including its machines and buildings, __________ burnt last night.

A. is

B. are

C. were

D. was

解析：but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, as well as, rather than, like等词连接主语时，谓语动词和前面的主语保持一致,本题中就是和The factory保持一致。而这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.

答案：D

误区提醒

主谓一致这一知识点比较琐碎，在运用中常会因为考虑不全面而出错，所以我们必须把每一种用法记住，灵活运用。尤其要注意就近原则、集体名词和百分数,分数短语作主语的情况。

典型例题：Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.

A. were

B. is

C. was

D. are

解析：本题考查的是就近原则。either…or …, neither…nor …,not only…but also …连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。本题中就是和Steven保持一致。有now.可知是现在进行时，排除A和C.

答案：B

二、虚拟语气

知识点总结

虚拟，在汉语中表示一种假设的，不存在的情况，同样，英语中虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。在初中阶段，虚拟语气一般用于下列情况：

一、条件状语从句

1、与现在事实相反

若与现在事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：

If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实上我不可能是你）

If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(事实上我不知道)

2、与过去事实相反

若与过去事实相反，从句：主语+had done ，主句：主语

+should/would/could/might+have done，例如：

If I'd left sooner，I'd have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)

If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）

3、与将来事实相反

从句：①if+主语+were to do 主句：①主语+should/would/could/might+do

②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do

③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do

例如：If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去) If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）

注意与说明：对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：

一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；

二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气。如：

I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。

If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就别等我了。

二、wish 后宾语从句

1、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式。例如：

I wish I had your brains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上

你)

2、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done 例如：

I wish I had knownthe truth of the matter. 我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。（事实：那时还不知道）

3、表示将来难以实现的愿望，谓语动词：should/would（情态动词）+ 动词原形

I wish I should havea chance again. 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了）

常见考法

对于虚拟语气的考查，在单项和完形填空中出现的较多，在阅读理解中，也常会出现虚拟语气的句子。我们掌握了虚拟语气的用法，会帮助我们更好的理解短文。典型例题：Mary is ill today. If she _____，she ____ absent from school.

A. were not ill，wouldn't be

B. had been ill，wouldn't have been

C. had been ill，should have been

D. hadn't been ill，could be

解析：题干的意思是“Mary今天病了，如果她没生病，今天她就会去上学了”。因为第一句说，Mary今天病了，所以本题考查的是与现在情况相反的事情，因之，主句用would、should、could+动词原型，从句用一般过去时。

答案：A

误区提醒

1、在学习虚拟语气的时候，要对过去、现在、将来的虚拟的做出正确的判断。

2、一定要记住，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式，动词be要用were。

典型例题：I ________ him the answer ________ possible，but I was so busy then.

A. could tell，if it had been

B. must have told，were it

C. should have told，had it been

D. should have told，should it be

解析：先分开看此题，由于设空处在主句，所以先看主句，因为由主句看不出题目所表达的具体时间，所以再看从句，此从句是由but引导的转折句，所表达的时态是一般过去时，意为“我那时很忙”，所以，主句发生的事情是与过去事情相反的事情，因之，主句用could、should、would+动词原形，从句用过去完成时。

答案：C

虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句常见用法总结

虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句常见用法 先看一道高考题： ____ more attention，the trees could have grown better． A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given （答案是A） 句中"．．．the trees could have grown better"是一个表达虚拟语气的句子。题中要求选择的是如何表达假设条件的形式。如果我们把这个句子用另一种形式"If they had been given more attentio n ，the trees could have grown better．"来表示，就不难理解了。很多情况下，在表示假设的虚拟语气中，有时假设的条件并不以条件从句的形式表达，而是通过上下文或句中内在的逻辑关系，或用其它形式表达出来，我们称之为"含蓄条件句"。 含蓄条件句主要通过名词、连接词、不定式、分词、动名词短语、介词短语及分句来暗示。这些表达形式在句中实际起着虚拟条件从句的作用。现分述如下： 一、介词短语 常用来表示虚拟条件的介词有with，without，in，under，but for等等，它们表示的虚拟条件都可以被if从句替换。 （1）without，with without表示否定的条件，意为if．．．not；with与without意义相反，表示肯定的条件。如：Without air，there would be no living things．（without air ＝if there were no air）没有空气，便没有生物。 With her help（＝If I had her help），I would do the experiment well．假如有她帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。 （2）under Under the leadership of a less experienced person，the experiment would have failed．（u nder．．．＝If there had been the leadership of a less experienced person）假设在一个缺少经验的人领导下进行实验，实验准会失败。 （3）in I would have lost my head in that position．（in that position ＝if I had been in that po sition）我处在那种情况下，是会丧失理智的。 （4）but for

虚拟语气讲解和专项练习题

虚拟语气 一．虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中 以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式： 条件状语从句主句 与现在事实相反一般过去时(be用were) should /would/could/might +动词原形与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would/should/could/might +have done 与将来事实相反一般过去时(be用were) should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形 would/should/cold/might + 动词原形 1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果 如：If I were a boy, I would join the army. If she had time, she should go with you. 2.表示与过去的事实相反的假设和结果 如：If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition. 3.表示与将来事实相反的假设和结果 如: If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. 4.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时（表示错综 时间的虚拟语气），动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如： If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night. If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.(从句---用过去,主句---用现在) 5. 虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: (1)用介词代替条件状语从句, 常见的介词有with , without, but for(若/要不是) 有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。 如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have do ne it. What would you do with a million dollars (if you had a million dollars?) (2) 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。 如: I was busy that day.Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) I would have finished the work, but I was ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。 6. If虚拟条件句的倒装 省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或should，可 把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。 如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. Had he taken my advice(If he had taken…), he would have succeeded. 二．虚拟语气用于名词性从句①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示 现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望， 从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中 的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如： I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. ②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词insist、command、order、suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、request、等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如:She suggested we (should)leave here at once. The doctor ordered she (should) be operated. 2.虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。 作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful. My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars. 3.虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。 在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、 不相信、理应如此等。如： It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless. It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：It is pity that you can’t swim. 三．虚拟语气在其它场合的运用 1.虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：He did it as if he were an expert. Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem. 2. 虚拟语气用于定语从句中。 这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“(现在)该……”。如：It’s time that I picked up my daughter.It’s high time we should go / went to school. 3. 虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如： If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice. 4. 在一些习惯表达中如：would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型。从句 的谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。其意为“宁愿……,还是……好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。 如：I’d rather you left right away.

英语语法——独立主格

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If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句：If+主语+had+done 主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示与将来事实相反的情况

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解析虚拟语气练习题(简单含答案和解释)

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6. If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____. A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours C. have lied there for two hours D. have lain there for two hours 7. I wish that I _____ with you last night. A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone 8. Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel? A. will you B. should you C. would you D. do you 9. I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything. A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known 10. _____ the fog, we should have reached our school. A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for 11. If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport.

英语语法——独立主格

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必考英语语法——独立主格

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4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式 Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构： Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised. 5.独立主格的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

完整虚拟语气用法表格归纳图

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