Anomaly in the dielectric response at the charge orbital ordering transition of crystalline
Anomaly in the dielectric response at the charge orbital ordering transition of
Pr0.67Ca0.33MnO3
Silvana Mercone, Alexandre Wahl, Alain Pautrat, Micha?l Pollet and Charles Simon Laboratoire CRISMAT, CNRS UMR 6508, ENSICAEN-CNRS
6 Bd. du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen Cedex, France
(December 24th, 2003)
The complex impedance of a Pr0.67Ca0.33MnO3 crystal has been measured. The frequency dependence is studied for a wide range of temperatures (50K-403K) and is found to be characteristic of relaxation process with a single Debye time relaxation constant, which is interpreted as a dielectric constant of the material. A strong peak is observed in this dielectric constant (up to 106) at the charge ordering transition suggesting an interpretation in terms of ordering of electric dipoles at T CO or in term of phase separation. Comparison with Pr0.63Ca0.37MnO3 - in which the phase separation is much smaller and the peak in the dielectric constant is absent - suggests an interpretation in term of phase separation between insulating and metallic states.
I.INTRODUCTION
Mixed-valent manganites have been the focus of intense scientific activity over the past several years in view of the variety of physical phenomena they display as well as their potential for utilization in magnetic sensing and spin-polarized transport applications.1 Of particular interest is the study of the behavior of the ordered state in these compounds. The competition between the charge-ordered (CO) insulating state, in which the electric charges are localized, and the charge-delocalized (CD) state, which presents a metallic-like conductivity, is of a great attention.2,3,4 The physics of this electronic phase transition are also linked to the magnetism of the system. The CO state is stabilized by an antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state while that of the CD state is ferromagnetic (FM).5-7 Moreover, many experiments have shown that the CO state is unstable under a variety of external perturbations including magnetic field,8-10 temperature, external and chemical pressure11 (i.e. degree of cation/anion doping), x-ray12 and electron13 irradiation.
Among the various mixed-valence manganites studied so far, the Pr1-x Ca x MnO3 (PCMO) system is of great interest for the study of the competition between the CO and CD states previously mentioned. Indeed, the similar ionic radii of the A-site cations limits the distortion of the perovskite lattice upon doping.
In the last few years, experiments have focused on the effects of the application of an electric field on doped manganites. Results for the system Pr1-x Ca x MnO3 with doping x=0.3, 0.33, 0.4 are similar for bulk crystals,14 single crystals,15,16 ceramic samples17 and thin films,18,19. A drop in the resistance above a threshold value of the applied DC-electric field (or DC-current) is generally observed. This electric-field-driven (or current-driven) insulator to metal transition is associated to a non-linear conductivity. The non-linearity of the I-V characteristics observed for T < T CO is explained by Guha et al.15,16 considering a percolation process due to the melting of the CO-Insulating (COI) phase into the CD-Metallic one. This interpretation is based on the opening of metallic-filament paths in a COI-matrix. Stankiewicz et al.17 have rejected this one-dimensional explanation in manganites, as it is incompatible with the magnetic data they obtained under the application of a current. A filamentary picture of conductivity should result in a change in magnetization of only 0.05%. However, they observed a much larger variation. Thus they have invoked a growing of FM-volumic-clusters along the direction of injected-current that would be at the origin of such a percolation-based scenario. A more recent paper20 has also shown the presence of the same non-linearity in a
non-charge-ordered composition (x=0.2) in which the percolation model was not applicable adding complexity to this features.
To add to this scenario of differing views, recent spectroscopy experiments21,22 have suggested the development of a charge-density-wave (CDW). This is supported by the quasi-one-dimensional electronic structure proposed by Asaka et al.23 in the light of their low-temperature TEM measurements. A.Wahl et al.24 have also proposed the CDW theory in order to explain the I-V behavior of Pr0.63Ca0.37MnO3. This phenomenological model was originally limited to the compound NbSe3, 25-30 but was later generalized to a number of transition-metal compounds31 in order to explain the non-linear effects observed in their ac and dc transport properties. To complete the panorama of studies on this competition between the COI-AFM and CD-FM states, Yamada et al.32 have studied the dielectric spectra for different doping and as a function of the frequency for the low temperature range (40K The aim of this report is to elucidate the nature of the electric-field induced conducting states of PCMO. We report complex impedance measurements of Pr0.67Ca0.33MnO3 crystal over four orders of magnitude of frequency and over a large range of temperatures (50K-400 K). The real part of the ac resistance (ReZ) shows a broad decrease at a crossover frequency which is highly dependent on temperature and at which the imaginary part of the impedance (ImZ) exhibits a peak. We have succeeded in reproducing this typical relaxation behavior using a Debye model. The relaxation time is strongly dependent on temperature, and the corresponding dielectric constant displays an anomaly at T CO. II. EXPERIMENTAL Using the floating-zone method with feeding rods of nominal composition Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3, a several cm-long single crystal was grown in an image furnace. The sample for measurement was cut from the middle part of this crystal. The electron diffraction (ED) investigation showed the existence of twinning domains. Therefore, all physical measurements performed on such samples are averaged over the six oriented domains coexisting in the Pnma phase. Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis found the cationic composition to be x=0.33. Magnetization and dc-transport measurements were carried out in a SQUID magnetometer and in a PPMS-Quantum Design cryostat, respectively. Under zero magnetic field, the transport measurements show a classical insulating behavior with a resistivity up to 109 ?cm at 5 K. A change of slope can be observed at the onset of the charge ordering state. The characteristic temperatures are: T CO about 225 K, T C about 100 K and T N about 115 K.35 The low temperature complex impedance (T<250K) was measured by means of a lock-in amplifier in the frequency range (1Hz-105Hz). Two different circuits were used depending on the investigated range of temperature (below and above 100K). With this experimental set up no relevant frequency dependence of the complex impedance could be put in evidence for T>130K. This point is developed in the following. In the high temperature range (210K using a LCR Bridge (Flucke 6306). Due to the limits of the setup, the lowest possible temperature for these measurements was 210 K. The sample was painted on both faces with In-Ga paste, and a 1 V AC-voltage was applied in the (50-1*106) Hz range. The contributions of the measured impedance, the air permittivity, the contacts and the cables (resistive and inductive effects) were carefully removed in order to obtain the actual permittivity of the sample. III.RESULTS In Figure 1, the modulus of 22Im Z ReZ Z +=as a function of temperature is shown for frequencies ranging from 10 to 105 Hz. As previously mentioned, the impedance of the sample varies strongly (several orders of magnitude) over the investigated range of temperatures; thus two circuits, depending on the temperature range, were used to carry out our measurements. The limit of validity of each circuit is denoted by the dashed line. The inset on the left side of Figure 1 shows the circuit for the range 80K-120K. A constant voltage is applied and saturates when the resistance of the sample falls below R (R represents the saturation value of the circuit, R=100M ?). The inset on the right side of Figure 1 shows the circuit used in the range 120K-250K . In this case a constant value of the current can be injected only if the resistance of the sample remains much lower than R. Solving in both cases the equivalent circuit, it is possible to extract the complex impedance of the sample. This kind of behavior has already been observed by J. Sichelschmidt et al.36 on a related material.However, no interpretation was given to account for the data.Figure 2(a) shows the modulus 22Im Z ReZ Z +=of the complex impedance Z within the range 80K-120K as a function of frequency. A decrease of many orders of magnitude occurs when the frequency is increased. Both the crossover frequency νC (defined as the frequency where DC R Z 2 1=) and the low-impedance value (Z(ω→0)=R DC ) are clearly temperature-dependent. As it can be seen in figure 2(a), the frequency range explored is not sufficientlly large to detecte the crossover frequency for highest temperature. This is the reason why we can not show data between 140K and 210K. Above 210K up to 403K, we used the LCR Bridge. Figure 2(b) displays the frequency dependence of Z investigated at high temperature (210K-403K). Several features are noteworthy. The most important is the appearance of an inductive term (Z proportional to ω) nearly independent from temperature that we will interpret in term of induction in the wiring. IV.ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION The above results are characteristic of a relaxational process 32,33,34. The real and imaginary parts of Z present a crossover frequency at which the former starts to decrease and the latter exhibits a concurrent peak (Figures 3 and 4). This type of behavior has been quantitatively explained in CDW systems (such as NbSe 3 or the “blue bronze”) as a consequence of the excitation of a collective mode (CM) 25-31 , but can be also observed in presence of a large dielectric constant which is often fitted by a resistance and a capacitor in parallel in the equivalent circuit. 24-34 In all these measurements, the ac current intensity was chosen small enough to prevent any non linear or heating effects often observed in DC measurements. In light of these considerations it is possible to model the observed ac-response with the equivalent electronic circuit shown in Figure 5(a). The overall sample Z can be represented using a circuit where the resistance R N is in parallel with an additional element that defines the capacitive response of the sample. In the limit 0→=N CM R R β, we obtain the new linear-equivalent-circuit shown in Figure 5(b). The real and imaginary parts of the sample impedance are: ()() ()()[] ()2*110220ωτωωωτωreal imaginary N real Z Z R Z ?=+=where C R N =0τFrom the above expressions, one can note that the response obtained is that of a Debye relaxation process where the equivalent linear circuit is given by an RC one. At low frequency, the limit is a constant value (R ) and in the high frequency limit, it is 1/C ω, as it is clearly observed on figure 2 (a).Using Equation (1), we fit the real part of Z (ω) at various temperatures and then plug the obtained fit parameters (R N and C) into Equation (2) to reproduce the imaginary part of Z (ω). As seen in Figures 4 and 5 there is a good agreement between the model and the experimental data and this is observed within the whole temperature range. The open circles in Figure 6 represent the relaxation time τ0=R N C as calculated by using the obtained fitting parameters, R N and C, within the Debye model description. Contrary to Yamada et al.32 no empirical statistical distribution is needed to adjust the model to the experimental data. At high temperature (T>250K) an inductive term is necessary to account for the data (see figure 2). This inductive contribution, arising from contact leads (usually observed at higher frequency 37 (>10 MHz)), is constant in the whole range of temperature (L ≈5.57 μHenry). For T>250K the capacitive term decreases so the inductive L starts to be relevant to account for the experimental data. When the temperature decreases below 250K, the value of C increases so the inductive term starts to be negligible and the analysis by RLC circuit gives the same capacitance values as the one done by using the classical RC circuit. This allows to say that this change in the circuit used for the analysis cannot cause the observed anomaly at T CO . In order to obtain more information about the temperature dependence of τ, let us return to Equation (1) and use the Z measured at different frequencies as a function of the temperature. Rearranging the Equation (1) and applying it for frequency ωHF >>ωLF results in: ()()() 11 ,0?=T Z T R T HF real N HF ωωτ (3)Through Equation (3) it is possible to reconstruct the low temperature dependence of the relaxation time (open circles in Figure 6). The high temperature dependence (T>160K) of the relaxation time curve cannot be obtained this way since Equation (3) is only valid for ()() 1≠HF real LF real Z Z ωω. As seen in Figure 6, the resulting values (closed squares) are in good agreement with the parameters of the fit in the same range of temperature (open circles within 50K and 120K). From the semi-log scale in Figure 6, it is apparent that the observed process does not exhibit the same temperature-activated law through the whole range of T. In the temperature regime 210 K-400 K, the Arrhenius law is obeyed with the activating energy E a ≈31.14 meV, which is of the same order of magnitude as that found by Rivadulla et al. for the same temperatures.33,34 In the low temperature region (80 K-170 K), the relaxation time does not follow an activated law and a peak at the charge ordering temperature is observed. At low temperature (T<100K) the relaxation time starts to saturate. The behavior shown in figure 6 dramatically illustrates the strong temperature dependence of the relaxation time constant which is not a trivial feature. In order to shine light on the role of the magnetic and/or charge ordered state on the capacitive intrinsic response of PCMO, we have transformed the complex impedance into a dielectric constant. The analysis developed above gives the values of the capacitance of the PCMO as a function of the temperature. The permittivity is calculated through the relation 0εεs Ce = , e being the thickness of the sample, ε0 the vacuum dielectric constant (8.85 pF/m)and s the electrode surface. The obtained dielectric constant is shown as a function of the temperature in Figure 7. The first important feature of these curves is that there is a peak in the ()T ε at T CO =225 K. The second one is the absence of any large anomaly in ()T ε at the magnetic transitions (T N =115K, T C =100K). It can be also noticed that the dielectric constant is not zero in the low temperature phase, whereas it is vanishingly small in the high temperature limit. All these features strongly suggest that we are in presence of a electric dipolar transition at T CO with a diverging permittivity at the phase transition. Let us now come back on the exact nature of the superstructure of such compounds. Up to now the CO state was considered only as a site-centered ordering (or metal-centered or Mn-centered) (Figure 8 (a)). This interpretation is the classical one in which one consider the alternation of electron occupancy on Mn ions and which, for the half-doped material, presents the well-known CE-type magnetic structure38,39. However, in recent papers40,41, this picture was questioned, since another type of structure was found to be more consistent with the experimental data. The CO state is considered in this case as an oxygen-centered ordering (or bond ordering as it concerns the bonding interaction Mn-O-Mn). In this model, the Mn oxidation state is constant (+3,5) and the supernumerary electron associated to the Double Exchange (DE) Zener mechanism, ferromagnetically couples the Mn ions in the pair originating in the so-called Zener Polaron (Figure 8 (b)). Komskii et al.42 suggested that this Zener polaron state may be favored in certain part of the phase diagram of PrCaMnO systems. In this case, a net polarization would appear favoring a ferroelectric state (Figure 8 (c)). Within such a scenario, an anomaly on the dielectric constant at the charge ordering temperature is expected. On the contrary, recent analysis of the diffraction data44, in agreement to what was previously published40, state that no ferroelectric dipole exists in this structure, letting the possibility of electric antiferroelectric transition with a divergence of the dielectric constant45. This should be more impressive in the Pr1/2Ca1/2MnO3 (where no single crystal exists) or in Pr0.63Ca0.37MnO3 in which the distortion due to the Zener polarons is larger. Our measurements on Pr0.63Ca0.37MnO3 failed to exhibit any measurable dielectric constant at low temperature (the drop of the resistivity does not occur up to the largest studied frequency). This rather suggests that the origin of the dielectric constant is due to the mixing of metallic and insulating phases which was evidenced in Pr0.66Ca0.33MnO3 in zero magnetic field by different techniques below 100K35. The present results also suggest that the phase separation also exists above the magnetic transitions temperatures 100K up to T CO, since another important feature in Figure 7 is the absence of any anomaly on the permittivity behavior at these magnetic transition temperatures. The colossal capacitive response is due in this model to the presence of a very large interface between the two phases as is was observed by small angle neutron scattering35. If one tries to estimate the capacitance from this specific surface (C=ε0S/t), one can calculate the capacitance per unit of volume V: C/V =ε0(S/V)/t = =ε0/t2 . The thickness t of the insulating phase extracted from neutron data is about 1nm, so C/V can be really colossal, up to 109 F/m3. Moreover, the quantity of interface strongly increases near T CO, as it was recently observed by neutron small angle scattering46 and this can explain the peak in the capacitance. However, there are many difficulties to apply such a simple formula in such a nanoscopic phase separation proposed in reference 35. V. CONCLUSION In conclusion the complex impedance has been measured in a Pr0.67Ca0.33MnO3crystal. Its frequency dependence, observed under zero magnetic field for a wide range of temperatures, is characteristic of a relaxation process with a single Debye time relaxation constant. On the one hand, this type of behavior can be interpreted in the framework of a CDW condensate depinning as the equations generally used to explain the transport in a CDW system are very general and can be used for any kind of system which present a strong capacitive response. On the other hand this kind of behavior is exactly the same observed in the polarized systems where the condensate is due to electric dipoles or to the presence of a very large interface between insulating and metallic parts. The anomaly observed in the dielectric constant at T CO and the absence of any similar peak in non phase separated systems, is in agreement with an interpretation in term of phase separation. This opens a new research area in the domain of colossal dielectric constant materials47. VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge L. Hervé and M. Strebel Morin for sample preparation and D. Khomskii, M.B. Weissman and V. Caignaert for useful discussions we had the opportunity to have with them. S. Mercone acknowledges support from European Community. We thank our referee for pointing out the influence of the inductive term on the analysis of the temperature dependence of the relaxation time, which makes the present version of the paper much clear. We acknowledge the "région basse Normandie" for financial support of the experimental setup. 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Shapiro, S. Wakimoto, M. A. Subramanian, A. P. Ramirez, Phys. Rev. B 67, 092106 (2003). FIGURE CAPTIONS Figure 1: The modulus 22Im Z ReZ Z += of the complex impedance of the sample as function of temperature at different frequencies. Left inset: the circuit used at low temperature, which applies at constant voltage and saturates when the resistance of the sample and R are of the same order of magnitude. Right inset: the circuit used at high temperature,which applies at constant current if the resistance of the sample is lower than R. Figure 2: The modulus Z of the complex impedance as a function of the frequency at (a) low T (b) and high T. The threshold frequency and the impedance in the DC limit (Z(ω→0))clearly change as a function of temperature. The behavior of Z changes drastically between 253 K and 273 K. Figure 3: Real part of the complex impedance Z as a function of the pulse ω at T=80 K.Open circles are the experimental data and line corresponds to the fit from Equation (1).The values of the parameters found are: τ0=(1.6*10-4) sec -1 and R N ≈(3.6*105) ?. Figure 4: Imaginary part of the complex impedance Z as a function of the pulse ω at T=80K. Open circles are the experimental data and the line corresponds to the simulation by Equation (2) using the parameters from the fit of the Z real (ω) (figure 3). Figure 5: (a) Equivalent circuits used to simulate the electrical response of the sample : R N =resistance of the normal electrons, R CM and C CM =, resistance and capacity respectiveley.(b) The same equivalent circuit within the limit 0→=N CM R R β.Figure 6: Relaxation time, τ , as a function of the reciprocal temperature. Open squares are obtained from the fit (Equation (3)) and open circles from the Equation (1). The solid line is obtained by the product of the fitting functions describing R N (T) and C(T). Figure 7: Permittivity of PCMO as a function of temperature. Figure 8 : Schematic drawing of: (a) Charge Ordering; (b) Orbital Ordering; (c) Dipole Ordering. The circles point the atomic positions and the crosses the charge ones. R s a m p l e V m es sample R V mes Figure 1 S.Mercone et al.0 30609012015018021024010110 210 310 410 510610 710 8High Temperature Low Temperature 100KHz 50KHz 500Hz 100Hz 1KHz 5KHz 10KHz 10Hz Z (?)T(K) 103104105106110T=403 K T=323 K T=293 K T=273 K T=253 K T=233 K T=213K Z (?) Frequency (Hz) 100101102103104105 104 105T=80 K T=100 K T=120 K Z (?) Frequency (Hz) (a) (b) Figure 2 S.Mercone et al. Figure 3 S.Mercone et al.101102103104105106 0.0 5.0x1041.0x10 51.5x10 52.0x105 2.5x105 3.0x10 53.5x10 54.0x10 5T=80K R e Z (?)ω (rad/s) Data Fit Figure 4 S.Mercone et al.101102103104105106 -2.0x105 -1.5x105-1.0x105 -5.0x104 0.0 5.0x104T=80K I m Z (?)ω (rad/s) Data Fit Figure 5 S.Mercone et al.(b) R N R CM C CM (a) R N C CM The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中 定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way... “tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法 不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke. 表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法 The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started. way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3； t h e-w a y-的用法 The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。 way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句 t h e_w a y的用法大全 The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课. The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。 一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle. 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. “the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。 The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。 定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如： The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子 Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线 He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边） way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D thatThe way常见用法
The way的用法及其含义(二)
(完整版)the的用法
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法
way 用法
The way的用法及其含义(一)
way 的用法
the-way-的用法讲解学习
way的用法总结大全
the_way的用法大全教案资料
the way 的用法
The way的用法及其含义(三)
way的用法
the way的用法大全
“the-way+从句”结构的意义及用法知识讲解
定冠词the的12种用法
Way的用法
way与time的特殊用法