2008基于主位推进模式的语篇翻译研究_李健 范祥涛

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【英语】高考英语翻译试题经典及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子

1990-2008年考研英语翻译词组汇总

深圳海天考研 历年考研英语翻译词组汇总 1990年 1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于（常做表语） 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 1991年 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能；倾向于 17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能；远非 19. head into走向；陷入（危机） 20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言 21.make…possible 使…成为可能 22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 1992年 25. refer to…提到；谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如 28.in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态 度 32. only if 只要 33.the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏 1993年 35. nothing but 只不过是 36. by means of 通过；借助于 37. by the help of 通过…的帮助 38. in a sort of sense 从某种意义上来说 39. manage to do sth. 设法做到 40. extract …from 从……提炼出 41.out of…起源；来源；根据 42. build up 建立；树立 43. by no means 绝不 44. be compared with 与……相比 45. a sort of 某种 46.set…… in motion开始； 47.differ in…在…方面不同 48. go through 经历；经受；仔细检查 49. in the one case =on the one hand 50. in the course of the day=during the day 51.a train of=a series of=an array of=a variety of 1994年 52. revolve around 围绕…转；以…为中心 53.not so much…as 与其说…不如说… 54. because of 由于 55. move forward 向前发展 56. in short 简而言之；总之 57. as we call it 我们所谓的 58. the reach of science 科学能够到达的范 围 59. a series of 一系列 60. over the years 多年以来 61.turn…on…转向，朝向 62. rather than 而不是 63. at the expense of=at the cost of 以…为代价 64. vice versa反之亦然 65. depend on 取决于 66. driving force 驱动力 1995年 67. social inequality 社会不公 68. in doing sth 在…过程中

翻译的过程

翻译基础理论（5）——翻译过程 西方七个翻译过程模式 一、奈达的逆转换模式 三个阶段: 分析(analysis) 、转换( transfer) 和结构调整(restructuring) 关于转换或换码过程，奈达逆转和简化了乔姆斯基的转换生成过程，认为翻译的转换在核心句层次上进行， 具体过程是: 原文的表层结构转换→原文的深层结构( 核心句) 转换→译文的深层结构( 核心句) 生成→译文的表层结构。 二、贝尔的“心理语言学模式”

贝尔将翻译分为两个阶段: ①通过句法、语义和语用分析( analysis) ，将源语语篇分解为“普遍的( universal) ”、“非具体语言的( non－language－specific) ”和“语义表述( semantic representation) 三部分”; ②将小句在“语义表述”中的信息依次进行语用、语义和句法综合( synthesis) ，变成译语语篇。 用简图表示为: 源语语篇分析→语义表述综合→译语语篇。 贝尔把自己的模式称作“心理语言学模式”，并曾用一个比喻来形象地解释他的翻译模式: 翻译的过程好比冰块(原作) 先融化(阅读) ，后重新凝固(翻译) 。 三、目的学派的“环形翻译模式”

“环形翻译模式( the looping model) ”是德国目的学派的代表人物诺德提出来的，其起点和终点都是译语情景。 翻译过程是: ①分析译语语篇的目的(skopos) : 译语语篇的目的由翻译的发起人(initiator) 确定，包括译语的情景和功能等; ②将源语语篇“分析(analysis) ”成“与翻译有关的源语成分(translation－relevant ST elements) ”; ③转换( transfer) ; ④综合成译语语篇(TT synthesis) 。 用简图表示为: 分析译语语篇的目的→分析源语语篇→转换→译语综合→译语语篇。

英文课程翻译解析

The weight men carry 男人背负的重担 1 When I was a boy growing up off the grid in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the men I knew labored with their bodies from the first rooster crow in the morning to sundown. They were marginal farmers, shepherds, just scraping by, or welders, steelworkers, carpenters; they built cabinets, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms thick with muscle. They trained horses, stocked furnaces, made tires, stood on assembly lines, welding parts onto refrigerators or lubricating car engines. In the evenings and on weekends, they labored equally hard, working on their own small tract of land, fixing broken-down cars, repairing broken shutters and drafty windows. In their little free time, they drowned their livers in beer from cheap copper mugs at a bar near the local brewery or racecourse. 当我还是个小男孩时，我住在弗吉尼亚州一个偏远的地区，那时我所认识的男人们从清晨的第一声公鸡啼鸣一直劳作到日落。他们都是些不起眼的农民、牧羊人，勉强度日，或是焊接工、钢铁工或木匠；他们制作橱柜、挖掘沟渠、开采煤炭，或驾驶卡车，这使他们拥有肌肉结实的上臂。他们训练马匹、填塞炉膛、制造轮胎，站在装配线上将零件焊接到冰箱，或是给汽车发动机上润滑剂。到了傍晚或周末，他们也要同样辛苦地劳作，在自己的一小片土地上耕作，修理出了问题的汽车，修复坏掉的百叶窗和漏风的窗户。在仅剩的闲暇时间里，他们会在当地的啤酒作坊或赛马场附近的酒馆里用盛在廉价铜杯中的啤酒将自己灌得烂醉。 2 The bodies of the men I knew were twisted and wounded in ways visible and invisible. Heavy lifting had given many of them spinal problems and appalling injuries. Some had broken ribs and lost fingers. Racing against conveyor belts had given some ulcers. Their ankles and knees ached from years of standing on concrete. Some had partial vision loss as the glow of the welding flame damaged their optic receptors. There were times, studying them, when I dreaded growing up. All around us, the fathers always seemed older than the mothers. Men wore out sooner, being martyrs of constant work. Only women lived into old age. 我所认识的那些男人的身躯遭受着种种看得见或看不见的扭曲和伤痛。搬运沉重的物品给他们很多人造成了脊柱病和可怕的伤痛。有些人断了肋骨，掉了手指。在传输带上不停地工作使他们有些人患了溃疡。他们的脚踝和膝盖由于经年累月站立在水泥地上疼痛不已。有些人由于焊接火光损伤视觉感官而遭受部分视觉缺失的折磨。有些时候，打量着他们，我会害怕长大。在我们周围的人中，父亲们看上去总是比母亲们要老。男人衰老得更早，长期遭受着因持续劳作带来的病痛。只有女人才活到年老。 3 There were also soldiers, and so far as I could tell, they scarcely worked at all. But when the shooting started, many of them would die for their patriotism in fields and forts of foreign outposts. This was what soldiers were for —they were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw. 还有士兵也是男人的工作。据我所知，他们几乎不工作，但当战争一打响，他们很多人都会出于爱国热情而战死在疆场或异域前哨的堡垒前。这就是士兵的作用——他们就像工具，如同扳钳、锤子或螺丝一样。 4 These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and from watching television. But the men on television —the news

lecture 16 语篇衔接与连贯及翻译

●英语与汉语在指代衔接手段的运用方面确实存在差异。英语中，为了实现衔接，在某 一意义名词出现后，除非是要达到某种修辞效果，一般尽量采用代词指代。这样，一方面避免语篇的累赘，繁复；同时也可以使语篇主题鲜明，读起来逻辑清晰。 ●相比之下，汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”（胡壮麟1994： 64-66），省略主语。请看下例： 幻灯片9 ● A green caterpillar was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge) 幻灯片10 ●[参考译文1] 一条绿色蠕虫正慢慢地从生菜下面爬出来，很大，很肥，显然吃得 很好。它在旅途中停下来以观察周围的环境，亨利气得脸色发紫，话都差点说不出来。 ●或者重复前面的名词，将其译为： ●[参考译文2] 一条绿虫子正慢吞吞地从生菜底下爬出来。那虫子又大又肥，显然吃 得很好，在途中还停下来审视周围的环境。亨利此时气得脸色发青，话都差点说不出来了。 幻灯片11 ●为了更加清楚地看出英汉两种语言在行文上的差异，我们再看两个汉译英的例子： ● 1. 朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座房子时，孩子们还上着学，如今都成家立业了。 ●My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. ● 2. 杨志取路，不数日，来到东京。入得城来，选个客店，安歇下。 ●Yang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capital and he came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to rest. 幻灯片12 ●由此可见，代词是现代英语语篇中的重要衔接手段，在某一意义名词出现后，英语中 一般使用代词指代前面出现的名词。 ●汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者省略主语。 ●因而，在英汉互译中我们要注意两种语言在衔接手段使用上的差异，使译文更加符合 译入语语篇的行文习惯。 幻灯片13 7.1.2省略 ●省略指某结构中未出现的词语可从语篇的其他小句或句子中找回（胡壮麟，1994）。 ●一般来说，省略的内容可以从篇章语境中推知，这就要求在翻译时要考虑全文框架， 把握具体语境。 ●根据韩礼德和哈桑（1976）的解释，这种省略也可以认为是“零式指称”（zero