土木工程专业外文翻译建筑物的结构
外文原文
Text Structure of Buildings
Reading Material A Structural Planning and design Reading Material B Types of Loads and Types of Stress
Contents
UNIT ONE
Text Introduction to Mechanics of Materials
Reading Material A Shear Center
B Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design
UNIT TWO
Text The Tensile Test
Reading Material A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of Ductile and Brittle Materials
B Strength Theories
UNIT THREE
Text Application of Mechanics of Materials and Its Study Method
Reading Material A Stress
B Method of Sections
UNIT FOUR
Text Description of the Force and Displacement Method
Reading Material A Types of Beams
B Methods of Joints and Sections for Analyzing a Truss
UNIT FIVE
Text Structure of Buildings
Reading Material A Structural Planning and Design
B Types of Loads and Types of Stress
UNIT SIX
Text Purpose of Structural Analysis, Modeling of Structures and Relation of Analysis and Design
Reading Material A Matrix Analysis of Structures by the Stiffness Method
B Equilibrium of Single Members
UNIT SEVEN
Text Properties of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Reading Material A Property of Structural Steel
B Nature of Wood and Masonry
UNIT EIGHT
Text Building Code (Ⅰ)
Reading Material A Building Code (Ⅱ)
B Building Code (Ⅲ)
UNIT NINE
Text Early History of Cement and Concrete
Reading Material A The Hydration Reaction
B Distress and Failure of Concrete
UNIT TEN
Text Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete and Its Water-Cement Ratio Reading Material A Slump Test and Concrete Proportioning
B Curing Concrete
UNIT ELEVEN
Text Mortar
Reading Material A Water Retentively
B Cement Mortar and Lime Mortar
UNIT TWELVE
Text General Planning Considerations
Reading Material A Housing
B House
UNIT THIRTEEN
Text Factory Design
Reading Material A Modern Building Construction
B Building
UNIT FOURTEEN
Text Fundamental Objective of Structural Dynamics Analysis
Reading Material A Organization of the Text
B Methods of Discret iza tion
UNIT FIFTEEN
Text Contents of Theory of Elasticity
Reading Material A Basic Assumptions in Classical Elasticity
B Members in a State of Two-Dimensional Stress
UNIT SIXTEEN
Text Historical Development of Finite Element Method
Reading Material A General Description of the Finite Element Method
B Introduction of Displacement Approach
Appendix ⅠVocabulary
Appendix ⅡTranslation for Reference
Appendix ⅢKey to Exercises
目录
一、Foreign original UNIT FIVE
1.Text Structure of Buildings··········································1-3
信息与计算科学中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文对照外文翻译 基于拉格朗日乘数法的框架结构合理线刚度比的研究 【摘要】框架结构是一种常见的多层高层建筑结构；列的合理线刚度比研究是框架结构优化设计中的一个重要方面。本论文研究合理线刚度比时，框架梁、柱的
侧移刚度根据拉格朗日乘数法结构优化的理论和在框架梁、柱的总物质的量一定的前提下，取得最高值。与传统的估计方法和试算梁柱截面尺寸不同，梁、柱的合理的截面尺寸可以在初步设计阶段由派生的公式计算。这种方法不仅作为计算框架梁、柱的截面尺寸基础，确认初步设计阶，而且也被用做类似的结构梁柱合理线刚度比研究的参考。此外，在调整帧梁、柱的截面尺寸的方法的基础上，降低柱的轴向的压缩比，从而达到剪切压缩比和提高结构的延展性。 【关键词】拉格朗日数乘法框架结构刚度比截面尺寸 1 引言 在混凝土框架结构初步设计的期间，通常，框架梁截面高度通过跨度来估算，和截面宽度根据高宽比估算; 框架柱的截面尺寸是根据柱轴压缩的支持柱的面积的比率估算[1]。然而，在估计过程中，初步设计阶段中的一个重要的链，未考虑到柱侧移刚度的影响[2]。列侧移刚度越大，结构层间位的刚度越大，剪切型框架结构的层间位移将越较小。所以，总结构越小的侧向位移将减少地震灾害[3] 所造成的损失。论文的核心是如何得到列侧移刚度的最大值。 同时，列侧移刚度的值与框架梁-柱线刚度直接相关。本论文的目的是为了得到一个合理的框架梁 - 柱的线刚度比，在某个控制范围内获得列侧移刚度的最大值。 计算列横向位移的方法有两种方法：刚度拐点点法和修改拐点法。拐点的方法假定关节的旋转角度为0（当梁柱线性刚度比是大于或等于3时，柱的上端和下端的关节的旋转角度可以取为0，因为它实际上是相当小），即梁的弯曲刚性被视为无穷大。拐点的方法主要是应用于具有比较少层的框架结构。但对于多层、高层框架结构，增加柱截面会导致梁柱线刚度比小于3，在水平荷载作用下，框架结构的所有关节的旋转角度的横向位移会发生不可忽视。因此，一位日本教授武藤提出修改拐点法[4]，即D-值方法。本文采用D-值列侧移刚度的计算法，因为它着重于多层、高层框架结构。 少数在国内外对框架梁柱合理线刚度比的研究，只有梁七黹，源于列侧移刚度的计算方法，比D-值法更加应用广泛；申得氏指出在多层、高层框架结构的柱侧向刚度计算中存在的问题，补充和修改底部和顶部层的列侧向刚度计算公式;
高层建筑结构设计题
填空题 1一般而论，高层建筑具有，，，的特点。 2. 从受力角度来看，随着高层建筑高度的增加，对结构起的作用将越来越大。 3. 现代高层建筑所采用的材料，主要是，两种。 4. 高层钢结构具有，，等优点。 5. 不同国家、不同地区、不同结构形式所采用的结构材料不同，大致有以下几种形式：，，。 6. 钢筋混凝土梁的破坏形态有两种形式：和。 7. 一般用途的高层建筑荷载效应组合分为以下两种情况：，。 8. 剪力墙中斜裂缝有两种情况：一是，二是。 W（KN/m2）可按下式计算：10. 9. 垂直于建筑物表面的单位面积上的风荷载标准值K 剪力墙配筋一般为：、和。 11. 影响柱子延性的因素主要是、和。 二．选择题 1. 关于高层建筑考虑风荷载的概念，下列何项正确？（） [A] 高层建筑的风荷载是主要荷载，其基本风压值的采用与多层建筑相同，按30年一遇的最大10 分钟平均风压来确定； [B] 高层建筑计算风振系数及风压高度变化系数时，都要考虑地面粗糙程度的影响； [C] 高层建筑的风振系数，与建筑物的刚度有密切关系，一般来说，刚度越大，建筑 物的风振影响就越大； [D] 所有的高层建筑，都要考虑风振系数>1.0的风振影响。 2. 下列高层建筑中，计算地震作用时何者宜采用时程分析法进行补充计算？( ) [1] 建筑设防类别为乙类的高层建筑； [2] 建筑设防类别为甲类的高层建筑； [3] 高柔的高层建筑； [4] 刚度和质量沿竖向分布特别不均匀的的高层建筑。 [A] [1] [2]； [B] [1] [3]； [C] [2] [4]； [D] [3] [4]； 3. 框架结构在竖向荷载作用下，需要考虑梁塑性内力重分布而对梁端负弯矩进行调幅，下列调幅及组合中哪项是正确的？( ) [A] 竖向荷载产生的弯矩与风荷载及水平地震作用产生的弯矩组合后进行调幅； [B] 竖向荷载产生的弯矩与风荷载作用产生的弯矩组合后再进行调幅，水平地震作用产生的弯矩不调幅； [C] 竖向荷载产生的梁端弯矩应先调幅，再与风荷载及水平地震作用产生的弯矩组合； [D] 对组合后的梁端弯矩进行调幅，跨中弯矩将相应加大。 4. 在对一、二级抗震等级的框架体系中的框架柱进行截面设计时，往往需将其内力乘以一个增大系数，现有以下这些因素：( ) [1] 在梁柱节点以保持强柱弱梁和截面设计中的强剪弱弯的要求； [2] 加强短柱（柱净高与柱截面尺寸之比小于4）受力的要求； [3] 提高角柱的抗扭能力； [4] 保证底层柱的下端处不首先屈服； [5] 考虑柱在整个框架结构中的重要性，宜适当扩大安全度的需要。
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
框架结构毕业设计任务书和指导书范本
框架结构毕业设计任务书和指导书 1 2020年4月19日
毕业设计基本要求 1目的 （1）综合运用所学专业理论知识与设计技能，处理建筑设计中有关方针、政策、功能、经济、安全、美观等方面的问题。解决总体、单体、空间等关系，以创造富有时代气息的优美建筑形象与环境。依据建筑设计完成结构体系的布置、结构在各种荷载工况下的计算、构造和施工图。 （2）掌握一般建筑工程的设计思路，进而举一反三熟悉有关建筑工程的设计、施工、预算等建设过程。为即将走上工作岗位奠定基础。 （3）学以致用，学习科学技术和技能的目的是应用。一个工程师在设计、建设实际工程中应具备的知识，都是我们在毕业设计中应予以加强的。因此深切领悟总体概念设计、掌握具体理论设计和实际工程技术处理措施的结合作为重点来训练。 （4）树立正确的设计思想，全面对待建筑与结构的关系， 2 2020年4月19日
培养勤奋、严谨、认真的工作作风及分析解决一般工程技术问题的能力。 （5）掌握调查研究、理论联系实际的学习方法，养成既能独立思考，又能相互配合密切合作的工作态度。 （6）使学生对一般工业与民用建筑的土建设计的内容和构成有比较全面的了解，并熟悉有关设计标准、规范、手册和工具书，增强毕业后到生产第一线工作的适应能力。 2成果形式及要求 （1）计算书和说明书： 字数应不少于1万字，书写要工整，字迹要清楚，可采用计算机打印。计算书内容要阐明设计依据或标准，方案构思、特点、必要的经济指标，结构选型、构造处理、材料特点及计算上的主要问题，还应包括结构计算全过程，计算要正确、完整、思路清晰、简图明了。计算书格式：应严格按照毕业设计手册中的要求。 （2）图纸： 3 2020年4月19日
高层建筑结构设计方案模拟题
《高层建筑结构设计》模拟题 一．填空题 1一般而论，高层建筑具有，，,的特点。 ２.从受力角度来看,随着高层建筑高度的增加,对结构起的作用将越来越大。3．现代高层建筑所采用的材料，主要是，两种。 4．高层钢结构具有,，等优点。 5.不同国家、不同地区、不同结构形式所采用的结构材料不同,大致有以下几种形式：,，。 ６．钢筋混凝土梁的破坏形态有两种形式:和。 ７. 一般用途的高层建筑荷载效应组合分为以下两种情况：,。 8．剪力墙中斜裂缝有两种情况:一是,二是。 W（ＫN/m2）可按下式计算： ９. 垂直于建筑物表面的单位面积上的风荷载标准值 K 10. 剪力墙配筋一般为：、和。 11. 影响柱子延性的因素主要是、和。 二．选择题 1. 关于高层建筑考虑风荷载的概念,下列何项正确？(） [Ａ］高层建筑的风荷载是主要荷载，其基本风压值的采用与多层建筑相同,按30年一遇的最大10 分钟平均风压来确定； [B] 高层建筑计算风振系数及风压高度变化系数时，都要考虑地面粗糙程度的影响; ［C]高层建筑的风振系数，与建筑物的刚度有密切关系,一般来说，刚度越大，建筑 物的风振影响就越大; ［D］所有的高层建筑，都要考虑风振系数>1．0的风振影响。 ２. 下列高层建筑中,计算地震作用时何者宜采用时程分析法进行补充计算？() [１]建筑设防类别为乙类的高层建筑; [2] 建筑设防类别为甲类的高层建筑; [３]高柔的高层建筑; [4] 刚度和质量沿竖向分布特别不均匀的的高层建筑。
[A] [1］[2]; [Ｂ］［1] [3]； ［Ｃ] ［2］[4]； [D] [3] [4]； 3．框架结构在竖向荷载作用下,需要考虑梁塑性内力重分布而对梁端负弯矩进行调幅,下列调幅及组合中哪项是正确的？() [Ａ] 竖向荷载产生的弯矩与风荷载及水平地震作用产生的弯矩组合后进行调幅； [B]竖向荷载产生的弯矩与风荷载作用产生的弯矩组合后再进行调幅,水平地震作用产生的弯矩不调幅； ［C] 竖向荷载产生的梁端弯矩应先调幅,再与风荷载及水平地震作用产生的弯矩组合; [D] 对组合后的梁端弯矩进行调幅，跨中弯矩将相应加大。 4. 在对一、二级抗震等级的框架体系中的框架柱进行截面设计时,往往需将其内力乘以一个增大系数，现有以下这些因素：() ［1] 在梁柱节点以保持强柱弱梁和截面设计中的强剪弱弯的要求; [2] 加强短柱(柱净高与柱截面尺寸之比小于4）受力的要求; [３] 提高角柱的抗扭能力； ［4] 保证底层柱的下端处不首先屈服； ［5] 考虑柱在整个框架结构中的重要性，宜适当扩大安全度的需要。 试指出乘以增大系数的正确原因，应是下列何项组合? [Ａ] [2] ［3] ［5]； [Ｂ] ［1] ［2］[4]； ［Ｃ］[１] [3] [5］; [Ｄ] ［1］[3］［４] ５. 联肢剪力墙中连梁的主要作用为:（） [A]连接墙肢，把水平荷载从一墙肢传递到另一墙肢； [B］连接墙肢，把竖向荷载从一墙肢传递到另一墙肢； [C] 连接墙肢,起整体作用； [D］洞口上方连梁起构造作用。 6. 在原框架结构中增加了若干榀剪力墙后，此结构是否安全可靠? () ［A] 整个结构更安全;
土木工程岩土类毕业设计外文翻译
姓名： 学号： 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 （2014届） 外文题目Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生XXX 学院XXXX 专业班级XXXXX 校内指导教师XXX 专业技术职务XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月
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英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
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毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
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7 Rigid-Frame Structures A rigid-frame high-rise structure typically comprises parallel or orthogonally arranged bents consisting of columns and girders with moment resistant joints. Resistance to horizontal loading is provided by the bending resistance of the columns, girders, and joints. The continuity of the frame also contributes to resisting gravity loading, by reducing the moments in the girders. The advantages of a rigid frame are the simplicity and convenience of its rectangular form.Its unobstructed arrangement, clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Rig id frames are considered economical for buildings of up to' about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If, however, a rigid frame is combined with shear walls or cores, the resulting structure is very much stiffer so that its height potential may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to a rigid frame, but with slabs replacing the girders As with a rigid frame, horizontal and vertical loadings are resisted in a flat plate structure by the flexural continuity between the vertical and horizontal components. As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses and checks can be made. The procedure may typically inc lude the following stages: 1. Estimation of gravity load forces in girders and columns by approximate method. 2. Preliminary estimate of member sizes based on gravity load forces with arbitrary increase in sizes to allow for horizontal loading. 3. Approximate allocation of horizontal loading to bents and preliminary analysis of member forces in bents. 4. Check on drift and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 5. Check on strength of members for worst combination of gravity and horizontal loading, and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 6. Computer analysis of total structure for more accurate check on member strengths and drift, with further adjustment of sizes where required. This stage may include the second-order P-Delta effects of gravity loading on the member forces and drift.. 7. Detailed design of members and connections.