最强大的英文论文摘要模板句子 Abstract Appendix
Appendix 1 - Concordances
Frequent patterns in the concordance of paper (cf. MB Abstracts)
In this paper we provide a ranking of European economics institutions
We se a unique enterprise level random survey of 150 firms
We study the effect of certain types of public compulsory insurance
We present a summary of recent microeconometric results
We study renegotiation in procurement auctions
We develop a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model
We consider the organisation of international antitrust as an issue
The authors examine whether homeowning benefits children
The author investigates J.C. Harsanyi’s utilitarianism aggregation
The authors show that a non-cooperative game with a finite set of
The authors analyse the impact of uncertainty on the level and
The author considers the principal multiple agents problem
The authors use an implementation approach to see whether
The authors test the effectiveness of the arbitrage pricing
The authors study a large market in which sellers compete
The authors question the validity of using TFP growth rates as a
This paper reviews the literature discussing historical patterns in defense
This paper reviews estimators for multiple regime selection models, which in
This paper reviews and appraises UNCED and outlines some of the developments The paper reviews some recent theoretical contributions on the modelization
This paper reviews existing studies of the role of emerging market business
The paper reviews the main findings on individual decision making under
This paper summarises a few useful methods, and shows how they can be suggests a plausible microstructural connection between
This paper reports new estimates of the elasticity of substitution between
This paper reports an experiment designed to separate these considerations,
This paper reports on an empirical examination of this proposition, by linking This paper reports the first analysis of the structure of Russian cities after 70
This paper reports quarterly ex ante forecasts of macroeconomic activity for
This paper reexamines the popular assumption that real estate commissions This paper reexamines the empirical evidence on the degree of spatial spillover This paper revisits the proposal to use options in corporate bankruptcy that
This paper reconciles the different results by showing that they depend in large This paper reconciles some conflicting interpretations of recent literature on
This paper studies a broad class of infinite-horizon economies that are
A large class of bounded-rationality, probabilistic learning
The welfare effect of foreign investment into an economy
The effects of regional integration on the location of labour
The simplest formulation of the general screening model
Three price-based policies for solid waste reduction: (1)
The impact of profit sharing and bonus payment on
The relationship between the degree of regional integration
Whether the price charged to a competitor for the use of
The provision of environmental quality in
The intertemporal allocation of funds through demand
The implications of buyer’s liquidity constraints
Coverage extension in a simple general equilibrium model
the paper shows that integration may turn an honest country into an evading
This paper shows how the model can be solved and the optimal escape clause
This paper shows generic determinacy of equilibria for sender-receiver cheap-
This paper shows that if, the consumption good production function is alpha-
this paper shows that it can be characterized in terms of restrictions on play
This paper shows that asymmetric information between lenders and borrower
This paper shows that additive purchasing power parity (PPP) methods, such
This paper starts by discussing the goals that should guide the design of
This paper uses a dynamic agency model to offer a resolution of the
A precise formalism to state and prove the following result:
Census evidence from mid-nineteenth century France to investi-
Uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to provide some of
A simultaneous model of census tract population and employment
Firm level date to examine the effectiveness of agreements
This paper provides a motivation for public involvement in internal improvement This paper provides evidence that the common factor restrictions (CFR) play
this paper provides an introduction and overview on the economics of international This paper provides a utility-theoretic interpretation of "Don't-Know" (DK)
This paper provides an axiomatic basis for a representation of personal prefer
The paper provides a theoretical insight into the causes of a recession and a
This paper provides a theoretical model of waste management which is dynamic
This paper provides a theory of diversification and financial structure of banks
This paper provides a simple model to discuss the financing of network
The paper proposes a new method for computing these probabilities, and
This paper proposes a signaling model that offers a new perspective on why
This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the effects of
This paper presents an approach to such multilateral bargaining problems. A
This paper presents a model of the beef sector of the Greek economy.
The paper presents an overview of state trading activities in Russia in light of
The paper presents a new social accounting matrix (SAM) for Argentina and
This paper presents a data system that gives consistent, complete and detailed
This paper presents a general equilibrium model of a multi-city economy where
The paper presents a model which allows identification of long-run response
This paper presents a simple game-theoretic model in which players decide
This paper presents new evidence concerning the importance of poor relief as
This paper presents the first attempt to explore recent changes in office-com
The following paper presents a simple neoclassical growth model where corruption is
This paper presents an amenity-based theory of location by income.
This paper presents the results of a political stock market in the Netherlands
This paper presents a simple model of the links between education, democracy
This paper presents an extension of the Alesina and Drazen (1991. American
This paper offers a model of the allocation of funds in Chinese state-owned
the paper offers insights into the transition from a socialist economy into a
The paper offers a refined version of the procedure, and it also responds to
This paper offers a counter-argument to Friedman's (In: Essays in Positive
This paper offers a short survey of recent contributions about the information-
This paper offers an alternative analysis that relates voting outcomes to the
The main conclusion of the paper is that the Italian depression, comparable to that of other The main finding of the paper is that the desirability of an electoral area between two
The hypothesis examined in this paper is that the greater the investor's flexibility, the easier it is for
The aim of this paper is to evaluate whether structural change is a key element in acco
The contribution of this paper is to identify the presence of a profit-sharing system and an infor The purpose of this paper is to consider what determines the differences between the combi The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of the composition of economic activity o The objective of this paper is threefold. First, to estimate the productivity performances realiz
A further distinguishing aspect of the paper is its attempt to incorporate the impact of unobservable
The purpose of the paper is to reconcile the willingness to pay technique as a means of coll The novelty of this paper is twofold. First, it defines a range of competition policy implemen The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of spatial variability in physical param The aim of this paper is to construct theoretical models which help to shed light on the
The purpose of this paper is to explain empirical observations concerning the impact of exch The objective of this paper is to use input-output analysis to examine the resource allocation This paper investigates the empirical significance of underwriter reputation ca
This paper investigates the knowledge that people have of the spatial distribu
The paper investigates one aspect of party governance, namely the allocatio
This paper investigates the relationship between agglomeration and specializ
This paper investigates the impact on company behaviour of increases in fina
The paper investigates the optimal provision of public goods in the presence
This paper investigates institutional reasons for the soft-budget constraint pro
This paper investigates convergence for a group of seven countries during the
The paper investigates the impact of financial integration on asset return, ris
This paper explores the possibility of using the classical concept of 'civil soci
This paper explores the hypothesis that high tax rates can distort the decisio
This paper explores two sets of potential determinants of this decision. One
this paper explores the connections between the distribution of land, factor
This paper explores some relationships between promotion of competition an
The paper explains why bank loans and grants coexist with self-financing, w
This paper examines the effect of the MFC rules adopted by Medicaid on bot
This paper examines the quantitative effects of the transitional system of value
This paper examines the intertemporal optimal consumption and investment This paper examines an evolutionary model in which the primary source of This paper examines the access of small private-sector firms in Hungary to
This paper examines the relationship between community-level exposure to a This paper examines issues that senior human resource management execu
The paper examines a local public goods economy where individuals' tastes This paper examines the effects of age, occupation, population size of place The paper examines a large population analog of fictitious play in which play This paper examines how profit maximizing fishers respond to different types This paper examines incentive and valuation effects of debt financing on land This paper examines some general notions relating to the comparison of Cou This paper examines how a public wastewater treatment plant balances obje This paper examines the empirical validity of this explanation using data on o this paper examines to what extent licence contracts can internalize the bus This paper examines the impact of the various reform measures on the produ This paper examines the hypothesis of Harold Innis (1894ˉ1952) that there is this paper examines the roles of transportation policy and demographic chan This paper examines the spatial evolution of computers across 317 metro are This paper examines the implications of tax evasion for fiscal competition an This paper examines the argument that the availability of collateral rules out This paper examines the effects on technology transfer and spillovers derivin This paper examines the consequences of falling transport costs for intermed This paper examines the evolution of the role of income distribution in the pro This paper examines how the presence of a non-negligible fraction of reciproc This paper discusses some analytical and practical questions raised by MCI This paper discusses the structure of the individual AMT and examines the lo This short paper discusses recent insights of multitask agency theory. It considers The paper discusses the history of the plans beginning in the Soviet period, t This paper discusses some problems posed by foreign currency debt for em This paper develops an estimable model of recreation behavior in which the r This paper develops an econometric model that incorporates all three compo the paper develops a housing search model and measures the cost of discri This paper develops a general-equilibrium model of a system of core-peripher This paper develops a positive theory explaining pollution tax policy outcome This paper develops a model of price determination in insurance markets. Ins The paper develops conditions under which clusters of activity emerge. Auth This paper develops an analytical framework to assess these effects. Circum This paper develops a model of regulated open access resource exploitation. This paper develops and discusses a two-sector general equilibrium growth This paper develops a model of corporate hierarchy in which workers accumu This paper develops a model of the choice between bank and market finance This paper develops a dynamically consistent model of search, matching and This paper develops a particular technique for extracting market expectations This paper develops an interpretation of the Asian meltdown focused on mora This paper develops a model of an unregulated banking system based around This paper deals with t he problem by specifying an endogenous regime-switch This paper deals with c ompany expectations for l997 with regard to employment this paper deals with those two issues. It will be argued in favour of an anti-inf
This paper considers how cooperative solutions to games of sharing fish reso This paper considers the 'weak announcement proofness' criterion of S. A. M the paper considers dynamic allocation in an altruistic overlapping generatio This paper considers model worlds in which there is a continuum of individual this paper considers Australia's post-July 1997 regulatory regime for telecom The paper considers international per capita output and its growth using a pa This paper considers the optimal selling mechanism for complementary item The paper considers economic processes that may lead to the consolidation This paper considers a school choice plan, open enrollment, that allows stud This paper considers interjurisdictional tax competition in a two-period model This paper considers the implications of the decision of the Australian Industr This paper considers a smooth and noisy version of the statistical prediction This paper considers a fixed normal-form game played among populations of This paper considers why firms often ban monetary exchange between their This paper considers bidding behavior in a repeated procurement auction sett The paper concludes by examining welfare issues. This paper examines ho The paper concludes by explaining the relationship between the options appr This paper compares Bertrand and Cournot equilibria in a differentiated duopo This paper compares four equilibrium business cycle models with increasing This paper compares the two societies which have encouraged the study of e This paper combines statistical with economic equilibrium analysis in the co This paper attempts to show how the International Bank for Reconstruction a This paper attempts an analysis of the impact of migration on the scale and The paper attempts to reconcile some views on the Piccione-Rubinstein abs This paper argues that the analysis of these games involves a key technical i This paper argues that successful states in the ancient world depended on th This paper argues that while both technological opportunity and appropriabilit This paper argues that the way fiscal redistribution has managed to countera This paper argues that the sign of external effects of coalition formation provi The paper argues that in centrist parties, the high congruence of interest bet This paper argues that risk is related to long-run volatility of income and there This paper argues that the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) has This paper argues that unemployment insurance increases labor productivity This paper analyzes competitive allocations of an exhaustible resource in an the paper analyzes the role of crises and foreign assistance in bringing abo The paper analyzes the highlights of the country's economic recovery, explor The paper analyzes the effects of central bank independence on the position The paper analyzes a simple discrete-time noncooperative coalititional barga This paper analyzes the formation of trading groups in a bilateral market wher This paper analyzes repeated games with private monitoring where in each p This paper analyzes the relationship between unemployment duration and th This paper analyzes D. Pearce's (1984) notion of extensive form rationalizabil This paper analyzes the theory that Soviet farm marketing was so price unre The paper analyzes the institutional conditions under which policymakers ca This paper analyzes the effects of information on participation and time-of-us
This paper analyzes the deadweight loss of delegated auditing in a three-tier
This paper analyzes the deadweight loss of delegated auditing in a three-tier
This paper analyzes the optimal interest rate policy in currency crises. Firms
The paper analyses the welfare effects of these taxes as well as to what ext
This paper analyses the employment effects of revenue-neutral green tax refo
. This paper analyses the impact of modifying this assumption by allowing for
The paper analyses the switch from pay-as-you-go to funded pensions ˉ pen
This paper analyses the decision by firms under Cournot oligopoly as to reco
This paper analyses the factors determining the scale and location of Japane
this paper addresses the effect of rent control laws on two groups considere
In addition, the paper addresses the effects of open enrollment on competition between
this paper addresses the formalization and implications of the hypothesis th
This paper addresses two general questions. First, what is the effect of mark
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to consider what determines the differences between the combinations of financial and labour systems observed in some large market economies. The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of the composition of economic activity on innovation.
The purpose of this article is to explain the major changes made by the Basle Committee to its previous set of proposals (Basle Committee 1995) which were outlined in Hall 1995. The purpose of the paper is to reconcile the willingness to pay technique as a means of collecting information, put forward in earlier studies, with the growth theoretical approach
to social ac
The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the public sector with that of the private sector for the various sub-sectors of manufacturing in Turkey. The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of spatial variability in physical parameters in the design of efficient pollution regulations. The purpose of this paper is to explain empirical observations concerning the impact of exchange rate changes on industrial prices.
Framework
1 The optimum currency area analysis is reexamined in a MundellˉFleming framework with
local-currency pricing.
2 The authors consider Amartya Sen's familiar paradox of the Paretian liberal in a framework
where individual rights are represented as a game form.
3 Using a three-period framework, we provide approximate solutions for optimal consumption
choices
4 This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the effects of central bank
independence, of the degree of centralization of wage bargaining and of the interaction between
those institutional variables, on real wages, unemployment and inflation,
5 The present paper extends the standard framework to cover the case of labour-augmenting
technological progress.
6 This paper develops an analytical framework to assess these effects.
7 This paper applies this framework to an exchange-rate escape clause but is unable to solve
his model given a triangular distribution of the supply shocks.
8 In order to understand how self-fulfillment can be realized in a dynamic framework, the
authors investigate the relationship between
9 Using this bargaining framework, the paper analyzes the role of crises and foreign assistance
in bringing about a settlement to the distributional conflict.
10 Nonconvexities are not fundamental in this framework.
11 We use a framework that nests an increasing returns model of economic geography featuring
home market effects' with that of HeckscherˉOhlin.
12 We introduce a framework that has known models of oligopolistic competition with
differentiated products (the circle, the logit, and the CES) as limit cases.
13 the pros and cons of these different approaches within a coherent conceptual framework that
applies contract theory to the regulation of banking.
14 Conversely, it is shown in a general framework that any convex (thus progressive) tax
function satisfies the principle of equal sacrifice.
15 o show that the most important predictions of the standard theory hold in the general finite
framework studied here.
16 In this framework, prescription drug discounts appear to make some consumers (those in the
managed care sector) better off and other consumers (those outside the managed care sector)
worse off.
17 This paper analyzes the theory that Soviet farm marketing was so price unresponsive that rapid
industrialization within the framework of the NEP would have been choked off by rising farm prices and inadequate sales.
18 We first point out that the current framework of public international law allows for wide
discretion in the assertion of jurisdiction.
19 The analysis is carried out in the framework of a general equilibrium model of a mixed
economy with production.
20 We find that in this framework, much of the scope for conflict disappears.
21 Although seldom modeled outside the monopolistic competition framework, market
incompleteness and imperfect competition are central to the new growth theories.
22 A simple game-theoretic framework is applied to analyse international cooperation by
focusing on the prisoner's dilemma on the one hand and bargaining in the Coasian sense on the
other.
23 The model provides a simple theoretical framework in which the level of corruption as well as
the effects of corruption on income, consumption, and growth are identifiable.
24 This is modeled in the context of a political economy framework in which social cohesion
reduces wasteful rent seeking, and thus strengthens incentives for investment in human captial.
25 recently demonstrated a potential conflict between stability and efficiency in this framework.
26 Based on the principalˉagent framework I develop a simple model of policy loans, which are
granted by the government on non-market terms, to formalize this important banking
phenomenon in both China and other developing countries.
27 The model serves as the framework for an econometric study of participation in the
Conservation Reserve Program by Northeastern landowners.
28 In the absence of an institutional framework facilitating more dispersed ownership,
29 Studies of optimal growth in a multisector framework are generally addressed in reduced-
form models, defined by an indirect utility function which summarizes the consumer's
preferences and the technologies.
30 Instead, an incentive framework and legal environment should be created for the major
nongovernment creditors to initiate restructuring.
31 The authors develop this conceptual framework and assess the findings from three studies of
major commercial banks undergoing privatisation
Result in (Vb)
1 Ruggiero et al- (1997) argue that the 'Pythagorean Theorem' is an inappropriate basis for
evaluating baseball managers and has an illogical arithmetic property that can result in a
manager's evaluation being dependent upon the strength of his team.
2 Olewiler (199
3 and 1995) describe a model in which some competition can result in
suboptimal Nash equilibrium.
3 Rather, they may result in the formation of a megalopolis that consists of large core cities that
are connected by an industrial belt, i.e., a continuum of cities, where economic activities are
dispersed over an interval on the location space.
4 Violation of (ii) may result in cyclical behaviour of actions on each sample path.
5 Violation of (i) may result in an 'anything is possible' result: any stochastic process of actions is
consistent with maximizing behaviour and Bayesian updating.
6 and how the soft-budget constraint problem creates conditions which may result in a financial
crisis.
7 empirical finding suggests that the missing common factor restrictions may result in a quite
different and perhaps misleading inference.
8 In our benchmark, small reductions in working time, starting from the laissez-faire equilibrium
solution, always result in a small increase in the equilibrium employment, while larger
reductions reduce employment.
9 a one unit increase in (subsidized) free parking will result in more than one additional parker,
adding to neighbourhood spillovers.
10 says that the Board believes that this bill would improve the efficiency and competitiveness of
the financial services industry and result in better service to consumers
11 programs converge to a fixed point or to a cycle of finite period, and hence result in the
conservation of the resource.
As a result
1 some of these payments are made purely as a result of asymmetry in bargaining power and have
nothing to do with
2 increased parcel sizes would be associated with lower unit prices as a result of the concavity of
the land price function.
3 1.8 million defense-related jobs in the private sector would be lost as a result of the actual and
proposed cuts in spending
4 yields the corresponding consistent bankruptcy rule as a result of a unique outcome of Nash
equilibria.
5 As a result, international bodies such as the EU, ITU, OECD and WTO are
6 As a result, his finding undermines the credibility of the existing conclusion
7 As a result, GearyˉKhamis comparisons tend to underestimate
Result (N)
1 The main result states that if the payoff functions are semicontinuous and strong
2 The main result of this study is that a financial constraint may serve as a discipli
3 The main result obtained from the simulation of the theoretical model is that, alt
4 The main result is that regional integration, in the form of a reduction in transport
5 The main result is that if we take a certain order is greater than or equal to
6 The main result is convergence with probability one to a fixed pattern of pure
7 This result is consistent with suggestions that agricultural districts where t
8 This result is obtained by using martingale techniques to reformulate the in
9 This result is applied to game theory to obtain a natural interpretation of co
10 This result is shown to be consistent with available evidence on working
11 This result has implications for empirical work. Moreover, this negative effect
13 However, the fundamental reason for this result has nothing to do with vintages; rather,
14 This result follows the presumption that women are poorly motivated by
15 An example shows that this result does not carry over to stationary stochastic environments.
16 Their result is robust to a variety of specification tests. Using panel data
15The importance of the result is exemplified by the graduate tax.
16The result holds for a large class of consistent and monotone rules, including
17The result does not come from an effect of instability on investment.
Evidence
1. New evidence is presented that reaffirms the predominance of local-currency pricing
2. Evidence is found of local spatial externalities between university research and
3. Evidence is presented that it was the Ford Motor Company that first develope
4. Evidence is presented showing that job-finding probabilities of the unemployed
5. First, detailed historical evidence is studied. Second, Innis's ideas are translated into a
formal
6. Evidence is lacking on the extent to which groups facilitate rent-seeking or
7. Evidence is then presented showing that inflation is positively correlated with
8. Evidence is also lacking on the extent to which groups hamper the future deve
9. Furthermore, quantitative evidence is presented supporting the view that Federal Reserve
10. Empirical evidence is found in favour of a stable long-run M2 money demand function
11. Evidence from the French experience Thomas Piketty* CEPREMAP, 142 ru
12. It provides evidence from British and German data that is consistent with this view.
13. Evidence from industrial and developing countries: Francesco Giavazzi,
14. This paper uses census evidence from mid-nineteenth century France to investigate how
and to
15. Insider power and wage setting in transition: Evidence from a panel of large Polish firms,
16. The effects of wage distortions on the transition: Theory and evidence from China Roger
H.
17. Our evidence supports the finding that the social security system has substantially
18. The evidence suggests that migration between industry and agriculture was quite
19. I then argue that the existing evidence suggests that the performance effects of group
affiliation
20. The evidence suggests that five price series exhibit stochastic trends, while the
21. Empirical evidence strongly supports this finding for industrialized countries and Europe
22. Evidence shows that firms build their market position by accumulating knowledge
23. However, other evidence shows that general training is financed by firms, especially in
24. The evidence provides considerable support for the diversity thesis but little support
25. The evidence provides ways for the People's Bank of China to improve the effective
26. There exists evidence of a sizable shift of elderly households away from homeownership.
27. The author finds strong evidence of MAR (Marshall-arrow-Romer) (own industry, or
localization)
28. The model is consistent with the empirical evidence of SOEs restructuring in transition
29. We find strong evidence of significant dynamic own industry externalities for single plant
firm
30. Evidence of superior forecasting skill would imply that U.S. monetary authorities
31. found to provide strong evidence of local spillovers at the state level. At the MSA level, a
32. and little evidence of urbanization-Jacobs-knowledge type externalities. Corporate plant
33. With individual country tests, we find evidence of stationarity in only four of the thirteen
countries.
34. there is evidence of diminishing marginal productivity gains for both forms of ownership
35. present empirical evidence of significant spillovers from inward investment on technical
progress
36. The economic literature provides empirical evidence of the existence of technological cartels, Collocates of evidence: empirical (***), strong (**), recent, existing, systematic, experimental, direct, substantial, abstract, available, new, quantitative, historical.
Given (A + given)
1. We identify conditions such that for a given rationality parameter range the path of choices
over
2. If households sort efficiently across locations, then at a given location families receive the
same
3. Novel comparative statics show that debt value May increase for a given increase in asset
volatility
4. as the probability of entry increases, expected profit for a given firm, conditional on entry,
increases over some initial range.
5.to the event that a country joins the European Monetary Union at a given date.
6.signals a higher probability of joining EMU at a given date, or simply reflects improved (given + the/that)
7.At equilibrium, each player uses appropriate choice probabilities, given those used by the
others.
8.with private information about their types, choose utility-maximizing signals given these
prices.
9.It also shows that, given the observed matrix of subsequent tenure transitions, these impacts
o
10.Given the meager amount of informal assistance available to them, most
11.Given the strong theoretical presumption that state enterprises are less efficient
12.The equilibrium is second best, given the imposition of the revenue constraint on the
13.Second, given that essential local inputs are vulnerable to monopolization and
14.Given that the cities within an economy constitute some form of hierarchical
Appendix 2 - Transition Cues
Adapted from LEO, Literacy Education Online, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/be5274051.html,/style/transitioncues.html
Transitions help readers connect the ideas in a piece of writing; they're the glue that shows how pieces of your text fit together. Often all you'll need is a word or phrase to lead readers through your text.
There are words and phrases which help you…
1.lead readers forward from information they've already read to new information
2.move readers into specific examples
3.lead readers through a sequence
a.from one time-frame to another
b.draw readers' attention to a particular location or place
c.let readers know that a digression is about to begin or end
4.draw readers' attention to cause and effect relationships
a.to emphasize a cause or reason
b.to clarify the purpose of something
5.make readers stop and compare what they've just read to what they're about to read
6.lead readers into statements that clarify or emphasize
a.to clarify a point that readers have just read
b.to emphasize a point that readers are about to read
7.lead readers into concessions, reservations, dismissals, or conditions
a.to concede a point that readers are likely to think of
b.to clarify for readers the writer's reservations
c.to dismiss a point that readers are likely to think of
d.to establish a condition or conditions affecting the subject
8.lead readers into a summary or conclusion
a.To repeat a point you've already made
b.To summarize what you've already said
c.To introduce readers to a conclusion or conclusions
Here are some examples.
Appendix 3. Other sample abstracts
Working paper abstracts
Complexity and Empirical Economics
Steven N. Durlauf
This paper explores the state of interplay between recent efforts to introduce complex systems methods into economics and the understanding of empirical phenomena. The empirical side of economic complexity may be divided into three general branches: historical studies, the identification of power and scaling laws, and analyses of social interactions. I argue that, while providing useful “stylized facts,” none of these empirical approaches has produced compelling evidence that economic contexts exhibit the substantive microstructure or properties of complex systems. This failure reflects inadequate attention to identification problems. Identification analysis should, therefore, be at the center of future work on the empirics of complexity.
A Theory for Long-Memory in Supply and Demand
Fabrizio Lillo, Szabolcs Mike, and J. Doyne Farmer
Recent empirical studies have demonstrated long-memory in the signs of orders to buy or sell in financial markets [2, 19]. We show how this can be caused by delays in market clearing. Under the common practice of order splitting, large orders are broken up into pieces and executed incrementally. If the size of such large orders is power law distributed, this gives rise to power law decaying autocorrelations in the signs of executed orders. More specifically, we show that if the cumulative distribution of large orders of volume $v$ is proportional to $v^\alpha$ and the size of executed orders is constant, the autocorrelation of order signs is asymptotically proportional to $\tau^{-(\alpha-1)}$. This is a long-memory process when $\alpha<2$. With a few caveats, this gives a good match to the data. A version of the model also shows long-memory fluctuations in order execution rates, which may be relevant for explaining the long-memory of price diffusion rates.
Two-Factor Model of Income Distribution Dynamics
Makoto Nirei and Wataru Souma
This paper analyzes empirical income distributions and proposes a simple stochastic model to explain the stationary distribution and deviations from it. Using the individual tax returns data in the U.S. and Japan for 40 years, we first summarize the shape of income distribution by an exponential decay up to about the 90th percentile of income and a power decay for the top 1 percent. We then propose a minimal stochastic process of labor and asset income to reproduce the empirical characteristics. In particular, the Pareto exponent is derived analytically and matched with empirical statistics.
Tools of the Trade: The Socio-Technology of Arbitrage in a Wall Street Trading Room
Daniel Beunza and David Stark
Our task in this paper is to analyze the organization of trading in the era of quantitative finance. To do so, we conduct an ethnography of arbitrage, the trading strategy that best exemplifies finance in
the wake of the quantitative revolution. In contrast to value and momentum investing, we argue, arbitrage involves an art of association – the construction of equivalence (comparability) of properties across different assets. In place of essential or relational characteristics, the peculiar valuation that takes place in arbitrage is based on an operation that makes something the measure of something else – associating securities to each other. The process of recognizing opportunities and the practices of making novel associations are shaped by the specific socio-spatial and socio-technical configurations of the trading room. Calculation is distributed across persons and instruments as the trading room organizes interaction among diverse principles of valuation.
The Network Topology of the Interbank Market
Michael Boss, Helmut Elsinger, Martin Summer, and Stefan Thurner
We provide an empirical analysis of the network structure of the Austrian interbank market based on a unique data set of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB). We show that the contract size distribution follows a power law over more than 3 decades. By using a novel “dissimilarity” measure we find that the interbank network shows a community structure that exactly mirrors the regional and sectoral organization of the actual Austrian banking system. The degree distribution of the interbank network shows two different power-law exponents that are one-to-one related to two sub-network structures, differing in the degree of hierarchical organization. The banking network moreover shares typical structural features known in numerous complex real world networks: a low clustering coefficient and a relatively short average shortest path length. These empirical findings are in marked contrast to interbank networks that have been analyzed in the theoretical economic and econo-physics literature.
Dissertation Abstracts
Investigating Credit Card Debt: The Rationality of Consumers and The Effect on Consumption
Tufan Ekici
My dissertation focuses on two critical issues in the United States’ credit card market: (1) the determinants and the rationality of credit card borrowing and (2) the extent to which household consumption can be accounted for by credit card debt.
The first part analyzes the usefulness of price expectations and consumer confidence measures in predicting consumer borrowing on credit cards. It has been argued that there are irrational elements in the credit card market since consumers borrow on cards at very high interest rates. Previous empirical investigations have used the nominal interest rate as a determinant of borrowing. To investigate the issue of rationality, I use a new set of survey data (Ohio Economic Survey) that has information on both price expectations and credit card use. Thus, I can construct an expected real interest rate variable to test for consumer rationality. Censored regression estimation results show that when price expectations are taken into account, consumers adjust their credit card borrowing to the expected real interest rate, which is a rational economic behavior. Credit card borrowing is also found to be significantly related to two key income components of consumer confidence. Thus the behavior of credit card users is shown to be more complex and rational than what has been argued in previous research.
The second part of my work investigates the effect of credit card debt on household consumption. The Permanent Income Hypothesis predicts that debt should have no effect on consumption growth.
英语学术论文写作实践作业
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4 关键词 关键词是论文的检索标志，是表达文献主题概念的自然语言词汇，一般从论文的题名、摘要和正文中提取。每篇论文选取5～8个词作为关键词，将选出的关键词按照所涉及领域的范围从大到小顺序列出。首选主题词（索引规范化的词或词组），再选自由词（未规范化的词或词组）。 中、英文关键词分别置于中文摘要和英文摘要之下，每个关键词之间用分号隔开。 5 英文摘要的写作规范 5.1 英文摘要的时态 用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述结论。 如："The structure of dislocation core in Gap was investigated by weak-be am electro microscope.（过去时叙述作者所做的工作） The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of (80+10) and (40+10) A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively. " （现在时叙述研究的结论） 5.2 英文摘要的语态 主动语态和被动语态兼用。 5.3 英文摘要的文体风格 1)摘要第一句话切不可与题名(Title)重复。在EI中每篇摘要记录都是与题 名连排的，只是题名用黑体排印，因此可以认为题名便是摘要的第一句话。 2)用重要的事实开头，尽量避免用辅助从句开头。如：用"Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained
英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版
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科研论文及写作方法
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日、时刻、各种记数与计量等均采用阿拉伯数字；夏历、清代及其 以前纪年、星期几、数字作为语素构成的定型词、词组、惯用语、 缩略语、临近两数字并列连用的概略语等用汉字数字。外文字符须 分清大小写、正斜体、上下角，对易混淆之处请注明。 8、图表：文中尽量少用图表，必须使用时，应简洁，明了，少 占篇幅，建议累计不超过5幅。图表均采用黑色线条，分别用阿拉 伯数字顺序编号（如表1、图1），应有简明表题（放表上），图题（放图下），表中数字应注明资料来源。文中表格取消表头左上角 斜线，一律使用三线表，提供图片，照片必须清晰。图表中的文字，数字使用小5号宋体。 9、注释：是对文章某一特定内容的解释或说明，其序号为 ①②③??，注释文字与标点应与正文一致，注释置于文尾，参考文 献之前。 10、参考文献：是对引文作者、作品、出处、版本等情况的说明。必须为公开出版物，引用文献应在文章中的引用处右上角加注序号（如[1]，[2]??），详细引文情况按顺序排列文尾，用6号宋体字。 引用文献超过200字就应该列参考文献。 以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型：普通图书[M]、会议 论文[C]、报纸文章[N]、期刊文章[J]、学位论文[D]、报告[R]、标准[S]、专利〔P〕、汇编[G]、档案[B]、古籍[O]、参考工具[K]。格式 与示例如下： （1）图书类格式：[序号]主要责任者。文献题名：其他题名信 息（任选）[文献类型标识]。其他责任者（任选）。出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码。 示例：[2]辛希孟。信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集：A集[C]。北京：中国社会科学出版社，1994：58-61。示例：[3]吕启祥，林东海。红楼梦研究稀见资料汇编 [G]。北京：人民文学出版社，2001：22-27。
英语学术论文写作常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
科研论文格式与范文
科研论文格式 写作2008-05-06 10:17:52 阅读168 评论0字号：大中小 一、开题报告： 1.选题意义 2.国内外文献综述 3.写作框架：｛三段论：①问题；②原因；③对策、建议、措施｝ 4.正文： ①标题：｛不能超过20个汉字，超过后要用副标题｝ ——副标题：｛（以……为例）或（据＊＊＊统计…而得）｝ ②作者：｛１～３个作者为宜｝ ③作者单位：｛单位全称，所在省城市邮政编码｝ ④摘要：｛用第三人称写法（不以“本文”、“作者”等为主语，可用“文章”），200字之内｝ ⑤关键词：｛3-5个，中间用分号相隔｝ ⑥英语翻译：｛翻译①②③④⑤部分｝ ⑦正文：｛结构要严谨，表达要简明，语义要确切，论点要鲜明，论据要充分，引用要规范，数据要准确，层次不宜过多，层次序号为：一、（一）、1、（1）、1）｝ ⑧参考文献：｛文献类型标识，如专著：[M]；论文集：[C]；报纸文章：[N]；期刊文章：[J]；学位论文： [D]；报告：[R]；标准：[S]；专刊：[P]；统计年笺：[Z]｝ a论文集格式：作者．题名[文献类型标识]．编者．文集名．出版地：出版者，出版年． b期刊文章格式：主要责任者．题名[文献类型标识]．刊名，年，卷（期）． c报纸文章格式：主要责任者．题名[文献类型标识]．报纸名，出版日期（版次）． d网站格式：URL网址名称
◆同一专著、论文集、期刊、报纸文章，都一律只用一个序号，而且要把页码统一标注在文章中相应序号之后。 ⑨作者简介：｛作者姓名（出生年—）、性别、民族（汉族可省略），籍贯（省、市或县）、现供职单位全称及职称、学位、研究方向、联系方式｝ 二、论文级别： 1.一般刊物：｛省级、国家级｝ 2.核心刊物：｛省级、国家级｝ SCI｛［Science Citation Index］（科学引文索引）｝ SSCI｛［Social Sciences Citation Index］（社会科学引文索引）｝ CSSCI｛［Chinese Social Science Citation Infoemation］（中文社会科学引文索引）｝ EI｛［The Engineering Index］（工程索引）［English Index］(英文索引)或(英文简缩)｝ 三、注释：｛用于对文内某一特定内容的解释或说明，其序号为：①②③……，注释置于页脚｝ 标题 作者 （单位全称，所在省城市邮政编码） 【摘要】：…… 【关 科研论文格式 写作2008-05-06 10:17:52 阅读168 评论0字号：大中小 一、开题报告：
英语学术论文写作｜学术论文的写作要求及写作方法
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为针对研究的具体对象来命题。效果会好得多，例如"含镍名牌的合金材料疲劳强度的研究"，这样的题名就要贴切得多。再如"35Ni-15Cr型铁基高温合金中铝和钛含量对高温长期性能和组织稳定性能的影响的研究"这样的论文题目，既长又不准确，题名中的35Ni-15Cr是何含义，令人费解，是百分含量？是重量比？体积比？金属牌号？或是其它什么，请教不得而知，这就叫题目含混不清，解决的办法就是要站在读者的角度，清晰地点示出论文研究的内容。假如上面的题目中，指的是百分含量，可放在内文中说明，不必写在标题中，标题中只需反映含Ni 和Cr这一事实即可。可参考的修改方案为"Ni、Cr合金中Al和Ti含量对高温性能和组织稳定性的影响"。 关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。 2．简短精炼 力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求，并无统一的"硬性"规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息，使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。如?quot;（主标题）有源位错群的动力学特性--（副标题）用电子计算机模拟有源位错群的滑