毕业论文之城市社区居民垃圾分类的影响因素研究外文文献
Comparison research on waste classification between China and the EU, Japan, and the USA
Abstract
Waste and waste management have become significant global issues and common challenges that we face. Efficient and effective waste management is an essential part of civilized society. A good waste classification system is the foundation and precondition for efficient waste management. In this paper, waste classification systems in China, the EU, Japan and the USA are reviewed for collection, transportation and treatment sectors. Comparison analysis results show that waste classification methods are diversified and process-oriented classification, substance-oriented and hazardous properties classification principles are widely adopted for waste generation and transportation. For waste treatment process, all the countries and regions adopt similar classification methods based on follow-up treatment process. In general, the EU and Japan all have established their own integrated waste classification system. How ever, the EU’s macro–micro integration waste classification systems are more suitable for China to learn which process-oriented waste classification is used for declaration and registration at the micro-level and substance-oriented waste classification system for environmental statistics at the macro-level.
Keywords: Waste classification; Process-oriented; Source-oriented;
Hazardous property ; Environmental management
Introduction
In China, waste means articles and substances in solid, semi-solid, or gaseous state in containers that are the result of production, living and other activities and have lost their original use values or are discarded or abandoned though haven’t yet lost use values, and articles and substances that are included into the management of solid wastes upon the strength of administrative regulations [1]. Although definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories among different countries or regions have slight differences, waste and waste management have become significant global issues and common challenges that we face. Efficient and effective waste management is an essential part of civilized society. Integrated waste management may include source separation, collection, transportation and treatment activities. Among the activities of waste management, one of the most important issues is waste classification. Waste classification is the process by which waste is assigned to one or more classes based on its properties, characteristics, components or other properties. Most countries and regions have developed their own waste classification systems. Although different waste classification systems exist in the EU, Japan, the USA and
China, there is one worldwide used classification, namely, the Basel Convention including classification for hazardous waste and nonhazardous waste [2]. Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing nations. A good waste classification system is the foundation and precondition for efficient waste management. When hazardous waste is transported within a country, it will be accompanied by a hazardous waste transfer manifest with waste codes.
China faces great challenges on waste management due to massive wastes thanks to the country’s fast development, mass production and consumption. Comprehensive waste classification systems in China have not been developed yet. Imperfect classification systems have resulted in a series of management problems, for example, there exists a blind zone in regulations for some new emerging wastes which are not covered by the current classification system and environmental statistics data cannot reflect the real situation.
It is, therefore, necessary to conduct comprehensive research on waste classification systems based on environmental management. In this paper, waste classification principles and systems from typical developed countries and regions such as the EU, Japan and the USA for waste generation, transportation and treatment are reviewed and analyzed. Relevant recommendations on improving China’s waste classification systems are proposed based on comparison analysis between China and the EU, Japan, and the USA.
Waste classification principles
The following principles are fundamental to the design and implementation of waste classification: systematicness, hierarchy, practical maneuverability and expansibility. Systematicness means that the whole waste classification system is an integration management framework. Hierarchy refers to a series of options for dealing with waste according to their environmental risks. Practical maneuverability means that the waste classification system can provide a user friendly tool for waste generators, recyclers and environmental managers. Good expansibility means that the waste classification system can adapt to changes and keep relative constancy.
Waste classification systems may contain multi-layer levels according to management practices. In this paper, waste classification systems between classifications were analyzed from macro-level and micro-level. The macro-level refers to waste classified by macro industrial structures or environmental risks or management responsibilities of state administrative organizations. While the micro-level is the detailed classification system under the macro-level and used for daily environmental management for waste generators, such as declaration and registration, and waste transportation.
Comparison on waste classification between China and the EU, Japan, and the USA
1. For waste classification at the macro-level, China, the EU, Japan and the USA all classify waste based on generation source and/or hazardous characteristics. The
advantages lie in the fact that it is very easy to distinguish corresponding responsibilities and to focus on management emphasis for environmental authorities.
2. For waste classification at the micro-level, classification methods are diversified and substance-oriented and process-oriented classification systems are widely used. A process-oriented classification system can help waste generators judge waste properties very easily and make the management process simpler and more feasible. For the EWC, it is quite easy to recognize or identify the relevant waste code to be used, because you have about 850 different entries in the catalogue. In that way the registration can provide very detailed information. The disadvantages lie in that production processes will be changed constantly with some typical processes disappearing and new processes emerging, which requires the lists to be adjusted accordingly. For substance-oriented classification systems, it is very simple and efficient for generators or managers who have a solid knowledge and understanding of all regulations and production process. Multi-oriented classification methods at parallel layers may occur overlaps of different waste categories and should be carefully adopted.
We analyzed the waste classification of the EU, Japan and the USA and put thinkable pros and cons in Table .From the view of systematicness, Japan’s waste classification system is much more integrated, not only at the macro-level, but also at the micro-level. From the view of hierarchy, the EU has clear and multi-level hierarchies, while Japan has clear and 2-level hierarchies. From the point of practical maneuverability, the EU’s waste classification system is much more us er friendly, while Japan’s waste classification system requires a certain degree of professional knowledge about the chemical and physical characteristics of the waste. From the perspective of expansibility, the EU classification system is superior to the other two systems.
大学生网络购物行为及其影响因素研究本科毕业论文
毕业论文 大学生网络购物行为及其影响因素研究
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毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
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我国消费者网络购物行为的影响因素分析毕业论文
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