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Cultural Differences in Chinese-English Brand Name’s Translation浅论汉英商标名称翻译的文化差异

Cultural Differences in Chinese-English Brand Name’s Translation浅论汉英商标名称翻译的文化差异
Cultural Differences in Chinese-English Brand Name’s Translation浅论汉英商标名称翻译的文化差异

Cultural Differences in Chinese-English Brand Name’s Translation

一、课题(论文)提纲

二、内容摘要

三、参考文献

Cultural Differences in Chinese-English Brand Name’s

Translation

Abstract:English and Chinese are two of the major languages in the world, reflecting two main cultures. It is well-known that language is a part of culture and is the carrier of culture as well. Language and culture cannot be separated from each other. Language would be meaningless without culture and the development of culture would be restricted by language. At the same time, translation is not only the bridge between different languages, but also the inter-cultural communication between different cultures. However, translators often encounter some barriers which are caused by cultural differences in the process of cross-cultural translating. This thesis attempts to explore the cultural differences and the cultural impact on brand name’s translation between Chinese and the Western countries through analyzing the characteristics of brand name’s translation. At the same time, the author gives more attention to

the main factors of cultural differences: cultural vacancy and cultural clash. Furthermore, the author analyzes the great influence of cultural factors in the process of brand name’s translation. When translating, translators should adopt some proper and useful strategies to avoid the barriers caused by different cultural backgrounds.

Keywords:language; cultural differences; cultural vacancy; cultural clash; brand name’s translation

Introduction

As the increase of international communication, the exported products have become one of the important windows to show the national culture to the ot her countries in recent. However, brand name’s translation involves language and culture, it as a very important cultural communication way, the brand name’s translation is closely related to cultural factors. However, during the process of translation, translators always encounter some difficulties caused by cultural differences. For instance, the translators can not find the equivalents in the target culture, or the translators often encounter some barriers that the connotative meanings of quite a lot of words in source language are in conflict with the connotative meanings of their equivalent words in target language.Then, the aim of this thesis is to probe the differences between the two cultures according to quite a lot of examples of brand name’s trans lation.

Cultural vacancy and cultural clash often lead to a lot of difficulties in the

process of brand name’s translation. And if translators can not deal with the difficulties caused by cultural differences, the consumers in the target market often misunderstand the connotative meanings of the brand names. On the contrary, effective brand name’s translation can help people from the entire world to intercommunicate freely. At the same time, brand name’s translation can make our culture richer and more vivi d, so good brand name’s translation plays an important role in introducing cultural information between two different cultures. In order to find whether the brand names at present market are translated properly or not, this thesis makes a systematic research on cultural differences in brand name’s translation. The study can improve the future intercultural translation into a higher level.

Generally speaking, Chinese culture is greatly different from English culture. Due to striking differences between Chinese culture and English culture, barriers often occur in brand name’s translation. This thesis is to study cultural differences in brand name’s translation between China and the Western countries in order to make people realize the important role of culture and help translators to obtain successful brand name’s translation.

The developments of the thesis are as follows: first is an introduction to the thesis. After introduction, the first chapter analyzes the close relationship among culture, language and br and name’s translation. Language is shaped by culture, and language carriers culture, spreads culture and helps to develop culture. And culture is learned by language. Language and culture are dependent

on each other. The second chapter analyzes the cultural differences between Chinese culture and the Western culture which include cultural vacancy and cultural clash. The third chapter explores the impact of cultural differences on brand name’s translation, which includes different value systems, different customs and habits, and different customer psychology. The fourth chapter is a problem-solving section, which explores the practices of brand name’s translation. Last is conclusion. From the analysis of previous chapters, it emphasizes again that brand name’s translation is a kind of cross-cultural communication. Owing to the close relation between culture and translation, it is impossible to study brand name’s translation without culture.

Ⅰ. the Relationship among Language, Culture and Brand Name’s Translation

1.1 Literature Review

As international trade expanded, the effects of culture are becoming more and more important. Chinese culture and English culture belong to two different systems. This thesis gives more attention to cultural vacancy. The definition of “vacancy” was first proposed by American linguist Charks Hockett in 1950s.He used “random holes in patterns” to describe the language phenomenon when contrasting grammatical patterns of two languages.

In China, there exist two main definitions a bout “cultural vacancy”: Wang Bingqin (1995:110) remarks that “vacancy” refers to the cultural vacancy resulting from unintelligible things in SL that will be easily misunderstood at all

by target culture receptors. Pan Huixiaand Li Hui(2000:74-77)give this definition that “vacancy” refers to the unique phenomenon of language and culture which is specific to a nation while does not exist in another culture.

Although these definitions are expressed in different words, they reflect one fact that cultural vacancy refers to the linguistic and cultural facts which exist in one national culture but default in another due to cultural differences.

The author divides the cultural vacancy into two aspects: lexical gap and semantic gap. Since lexical gap is closely related to language and culture, it is basically manifested at the word level and more specifically, to the denotation and connotation of a word between two languages. When mentioning lexical gaps, Professor Lin Dajin uses the term of “Psychological-associate d meaning” in Intercultural Communication Studies(1996:185-188)to distinguish the following five types: total absence of psychological association, the same denotation but different connotations, the same denotation but absent connotations, the same connotation but different denotations, different denotations and different connotations. Semantic gaps resulted from the non-equivalents are manifested in the denotation and the connotation of the words. Some words have less or more connotations in English than in Chinese, or, some words in both languages appear to refer to the same thing on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things. Since the “cultural turn” in the 1990’s, translation concerns not only the transferring between languages, but also the transferring between cultures. The main difficulties in translation come

from the fact that some words in source language can’t always have their equivalent words in target language. So, during the process of translating, the problem how to deal with the cultural differences is a meaningful task for our study.

In terms of translation principles, Bao Huinanstudies C-E brand name’s translation from the perspectives of language and culture. He advances this principle: translators must respect the national psychology and grasp the associative meaning. The chosen words should be simple, brief, and catchy (Bao Huinan, 2001:274-287). Bao Huinan (2001:274-287) agrees that culture plays an important role in brand name’s translation, stresses the importance of an appropriate conversation of cultural meaning and clearly puts forward the opinion that ignoring cultural differences may cause pragmatic failures in brand name’s translation.

According to the studies of other scholars, the author attempts to discuss cultural differences in C-E brand name’s translation.

1.2 Language and Culture

Language is a social phenomenon which satisfies human beings’ needs to express culture and create culture. The basic distinction between human beings and animals is that human beings have the ability to make use of language. Language is the central part of people’s social activity. Without language, the literature, sciences and economical systems can not exist. Bloch andTrager (1942:5) have a definition of language that a language is a system of arbitrary

vocal symbols used for human beings. And Samovar(2000:120)noted that “A language is a part of a culture and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate two without losing the signi ficance of either language or culture.”

Culture is a very complex concept. It is the product of the people through their creation work and it plays a significant role in people’s life. It is a system in which people share beliefs, values, customs and behaviors. Many definitions about culture have been given from different fields. The most important definition of culture was given by Edward Tylor,a British scholar in 1871. This definition was widely accepted over a hundred years ago. In the book Primitive Cu lture, he defined culture as “a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by individuals as members of a society(Tylor,1871:36).

The fact is that language and culture are closely related to each other and the two factors cannot be separated at any time. And it is generally agreed that it is because of the existing of language, culture can be transmitted from generation to generation through leaning. Therefore, if people want to learn a language, they must know well about the culture, and if people want to know the culture, they must study the language. On the other hand, any change in a culture often embodies corresponding change in its language, and gives rise to new brand names. For instance, when Chinese people are influenced by the Western culture and accept it, some new words in Chinese language appear.

Many Chinese words are from the Western religious culture, economical culture and so on. For example, the brand name“奔驰”is t ranslated from the brand name“Benz”.At the same time, it is easy for people to notice this phenomenon that as more and more new brand names appear in Chinese market, language has developed. So, if people are eager to understand a language, they must know well about the culture and the customs of the culture in which the language is spoken. It is very quite reasonable to say that learning a language is to learn the culture and leaning a culture is to lean the language. Therefore, it is very accurate for Nida(2002:146) to conclude that “language and culture often combine in a kind of symbiosis.” Chinese culture and English culture are different. Owing to the differences in the social environment, history, religion and region, cultural differences will be embod ied in language. Take “regional cultural differences” as an example. China is a country based on agriculture, and the majority of the people make a living by farming. So, there are many words and expressions which are related to“牛”, such as, the brand name“红牛”.However, most Westerners do not like to use the word “bull”as the brand name. It is the reason that“牛”has different cultural meanings in the minds of the Westerners because of the different regional cultures. Cultures differ from one another, and each culture is unique. As cultures are diverse, so are languages.

1.3 Culture and Brand Name’s Translation

It is common to assume that cultures differ from each other and each

culture is unique. Nevertheless, in the age of globalization, cultural boundaries are blurred. Translation leads to exchange of cultures between the Chinese culture and the Western culture. From the relationship between language and culture, it is obvious that translation is not only the process of transferring the source language into the target language, but also the process of a mutual communication and exchange of the two different cultures. The main purpose and characteristic of translation are to exchange ideas and cultures. Translation can also be called a “cultural translation”, b ecause culture factor is taken into consideration.

The differences between the source culture and the target culture are the main headaches for translators or theorists to bridge the cultural gap. The translation case of“White Elephant”(translated from the Chinese brand name“白象”) is a typical example to indicate the mistranslation between different cultures. Then, translators should be sensitive to cultural differences.

Culture is of great importance in brand naming, for the main usage of a brand name is t o attract consumers to purchase, or satisfy the consumers’ needs.

A successful brand name will bring benefits to the producers. Today, translators not only face the consumers from the same cultural background, but also consider the needs of consumers from different cultural backgrounds. It is impossible for all consumers from different cultural backgrounds to accept the cultural information which is loaded in brand names. On the other hand, culture is transmitted through brands. Brands, as an important carrier of cultural

information, indirectly or directly show or influence the cultural meanings of their own nation. Brand name’s translation is regarded as a kind of cross-communication between different cultures.

2. Two Aspects of Cultural Differences in Brand Name’s Translation

Owing to the close relationship between culture and language, brand name’s translation is closely related to culture. However, the striking different cultures often bring a lot of difficul ties in the process of brand name’s translation. So, cultural differences are the inevitable problems that translators must consider. To a large extent, cultural differences in brand name’s translation mainly include cultural vacancy and cultural clash.

2.1 Cultural Vacancy

Owing to cultural differences in historical backgrounds, religious beliefs, social culture, value systems, customs and habits, many expressions in source language have no their own equivalents in target language. This phenomenon has brought great barriers in the process of brand name translating. One of them is about “cultural vacancy” which is the main barrier in our cross-cultural translating. Cultural peculiarity is the main factor leading to cultural vacancy, which is the basic exampl e of cultural differences. The definition of “vacancy” was first proposed by American linguist Charks Hockett in 1950s.He used “random holes in patterns” to describe the language phenomenon when contrasting grammatical patterns of two languages.

In China, there exist two main definitions about “cultural vacancy” by

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